Based on the assumption that security institutions are designed rationally, I study the variations in design schemes and their possible effects on institutional performance. Military alliances vary with respect to their membership size, level of security obligations undertaken by the allies, incorporation of non security clauses such as economic agreements, level of institutionalization, specified duration of existence, as well as the conditions under and reasons for which they are formed. This dissertation studies the effects of above mentioned design features on the probability of security alliances expanding their scope by addressing non-security agreements such as free trade agreements and conflict management clauses. I find support for the argument that states include economic agreements within a military alliance as a means to bolster the credibility of an otherwise weak security alliance. Results indicate that allies facing high levels of external threat and low levels of intra alliance cohesion are more likely to include conflict management provisions in the alliance. Finally, I conduct a systematic study of the possible effects of variation in structural design on the durability of an alliance. I find that design features that increase the costs of breaking the alliance increase the duration of an alliance.

Disertacijoje siekiama išnagrinėti Rusijos ir Baltarusijos karinio aljanso formavimąsi ir patvarumą veikiant išoriniams bei vidiniams veiksniams. Vieną darbo dalį sudaro aljanso formavimosi teorijos, karinė integracija ir patvarumo teorinis tyrimas. Disertacija pasitelkia aljansų teorijas, jas sintezuoja ir išskiria priežastinius veiksnius, kurie daro įtaką aljanso patvarumui. Didelis dėmesys skiriamas karinei integracijai, kuri padeda nustatyti aljanso formavimosi etapus ir išskiria patvarumo kriterijus. Antrojoje tyrimo dalyje analizuojamas dabartinis Rusijos ir Baltarusijos karinio aljanso plėtros dinamiškumas, potencialas ir struktūra, t. y. pasinaudojant karinės integracijos modeliu tiriama, kas, kaip ir kokiomis priemonėmis buvo pasiekta. Trečiojoje disertacijos dalyje įvertinamas veiksnių poveikis aljanso patvarumui ir raidai. Tyrime naudojami tradiciniai socialinių mokslų metodai, kurie padeda apibendrinti ir paaiškinti veiksnius ir susieja tyrimo dalis su išvadomis. Daroma išvada, kad karinių aljansų integracija yra laipsniškas procesas, o integracijos etapų modelis parodo valstybių karinio bendradarbiavimo patvarumą ir jų preferencijas. Pagal karinės integracijos modelį atlikus Rusijos ir Baltarusijos karinės sąjungos analizę, pabrėžiama, kad ši sąjunga yra aukščiausiame karinės integracijos etape. Aljanso dezintegracija mažai tikėtina, nes valstybių karinės pajėgos yra pasiekusios aukštą sąveikumo laipsnį ir sukurtos struktūros iš dalies prisideda prie... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Dissertation seeks to analyze the formation and durability of military alliance between Russia and Belarus by employing internal and external factors. One part of the research includes alliance theories, military integration and theoretical research of durability. Dissertation employs a number of causal factors deriving from alliance theories and points out those that influence the durability. A great importance is attached to the military integration which specifies the stages of alliance formation and indicates the criterions of durability. In the second part of the research the military alliance between Russia and Belarus is analyzed, placing an heavy emphasis on its structure, capabilities and potentiality. In other words, in using military integration models it is analyzed what, how and with what means the current alliance has achieved. The third part is devoted to the influence of the factors on the alliance durability and its development. Traditional social methods are used in the research in order to explain the factors and link up the research with outcomes. The research concludes that the military integration of alliances is an incremental process and its model demonstrates inter-state military cooperation and preferences. Having analyzed Russian-Belarusian case in accordance to the military integration model, it was concluded that this union has reached the highest military integration stage. The disintegration is unlikely because the military forces of Russia and... [to full text]

Dissertation seeks to analyze the formation and durability of military alliance between Russia and Belarus by employing internal and external factors. One part of the research includes alliance theories, military integration and theoretical research of durability. Dissertation employs a number of causal factors deriving from alliance theories and points out those that influence the durability. A great importance is attached to the military integration which specifies the stages of alliance formation and indicates the criterions of durability. In the second part of the research the military alliance between Russia and Belarus is analyzed, placing an heavy emphasis on its structure, capabilities and potentiality. In other words, in using military integration models it is analyzed what, how and with what means the current alliance has achieved. The third part is devoted to the influence of the factors on the alliance durability and its development. Traditional social methods are used in the research in order to explain the factors and link up the research with outcomes. The research concludes that the military integration of alliances is an incremental process and its model demonstrates inter-state military cooperation and preferences. Having analyzed Russian-Belarusian case in accordance to the military integration model, it was concluded that this union has reached the highest military integration stage. The disintegration is unlikely because the military forces of Russia and... [to full text] / Disertacijoje siekiama išnagrinėti Rusijos ir Baltarusijos karinio aljanso formavimąsi ir patvarumą veikiant išoriniams bei vidiniams veiksniams. Vieną darbo dalį sudaro aljanso formavimosi teorijos, karinė integracija ir patvarumo teorinis tyrimas. Disertacija pasitelkia aljansų teorijas, jas sintezuoja ir išskiria priežastinius veiksnius, kurie daro įtaką aljanso patvarumui. Didelis dėmesys skiriamas karinei integracijai, kuri padeda nustatyti aljanso formavimosi etapus ir išskiria patvarumo kriterijus. Antrojoje tyrimo dalyje analizuojamas dabartinis Rusijos ir Baltarusijos karinio aljanso plėtros dinamiškumas, potencialas ir struktūra, t. y. pasinaudojant karinės integracijos modeliu tiriama, kas, kaip ir kokiomis priemonėmis buvo pasiekta. Trečiojoje disertacijos dalyje įvertinamas veiksnių poveikis aljanso patvarumui ir raidai. Tyrime naudojami tradiciniai socialinių mokslų metodai, kurie padeda apibendrinti ir paaiškinti veiksnius ir susieja tyrimo dalis su išvadomis. Daroma išvada, kad karinių aljansų integracija yra laipsniškas procesas, o integracijos etapų modelis parodo valstybių karinio bendradarbiavimo patvarumą ir jų preferencijas. Pagal karinės integracijos modelį atlikus Rusijos ir Baltarusijos karinės sąjungos analizę, pabrėžiama, kad ši sąjunga yra aukščiausiame karinės integracijos etape. Aljanso dezintegracija mažai tikėtina, nes valstybių karinės pajėgos yra pasiekusios aukštą sąveikumo laipsnį ir sukurtos struktūros iš dalies prisideda prie integracijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

This dissertation investigates the U.S. military presence in World War II-era China, Americans’ first attempt to forge a nominally equal military alliance with a non-Western nation. Drawing on overlooked Chinese and English-language sources from archives in six countries, it recasts how we view that relationship. Other studies attribute the wartime deterioration of Chinese-American relations to the contentious relationship between Chinese President Chiang Kai-shek and U.S. General Joseph Stilwell, or to conflicting wartime and postwar strategic aims. This study, by contrast, shows how the success and failures of the alliance turned upon the actions of a far larger cast of characters: GIs and Chinese soldiers, ordinary civilians, interpreters, hostel workers, farmers, prostitutes, thieves, bandits, and smugglers. It argues that the power asymmetries between these various actors permeated all levels of Sino-American interaction, undermining the Guomindang government, stoking American feelings of superiority, exacerbating Chinese sensitivities about unequal treatment, and making these allies into adversaries even after Stilwell left China but also long before Cold War animosities solidified. A military occupation, friendly or otherwise, required a daunting set of arrangements that are rarely examined in detail. Beginning in 1941, as some 70,000 U.S. troops trickled into China, American commanders and their Chinese hosts set about solving knotty problems of alliance management related to providing food, lodging, and interpreters. Interactions between GIs and Chinese civilians nevertheless proved fraught, particularly in relation to issues of money, legal privileges, cultural norms, and sex. As theft, misconduct, and violent encounters snowballed, military-to-military relations also deteriorated. From Chinese perspectives, the alliance became an occupation. From American perspectives, the Chinese became impediments—rather than partners. The wartime alliance marked a key turning point in how the United States projected power around the world as well as a seminal moment for modern Chinese perceptions of Americans. After Japan’s surrender, Chinese Communists would exploit local resentment against American servicemen to attack the Chinese Nationalists and seize and consolidate power. Meanwhile, the U.S. military’s legal, cultural, economic, political, and sexual impact on China set recurring patterns of American military behavior that have complicated U.S. policy down to the present day. / 2020-12-03T00:00:00Z

States commit to military alliances for numerous reasons. Consensus on many variables among the states in these alliances is a key factor in why they form alliances and establish written treaties. However, not all military cooperation results in a written treaty, even when facing an external threat. This study explores the role of consensus on external threats as an explanation for why some states formalize their military cooperation in a written treaty while others do not. Using a case study comparing the Nato-alliance and the Quad-cooperation, this study uncovers how the ideological threat, coupled with shared state security interests, serves as an explanatory factor. This insight has implications at the strategic military level, helping to define common security interests among states and foster consensus on dealing with external threats, ultimately leading to the establishment of written treaties.

The study aim to investigate perceptions of military personnel with regard to HIV/AIDS in the SANDF in some military Units of Bloemfontein. The military personnel includes all males and females whose ages range between 19 - 47 years, were included in the sample. The approach utilised were both qualitative and quantitative. The data collection technique were: Closed and open-ended questionnaires were distributed to 548 respondents. ~ Participant observation. ~ Review of documents. • Unstructured observations. .. Unstructured interviews. This different data collection techniques to gather valid and reliable information with regard to HN/AJDS in the SANDF were triangulated. The findings revealed poor perception with regard to HIV/AIDS in the workplace, health education, lack of privacy, and discrimination on the benefit of HIV/AIDS. The recommendations of this project deals with aspects which include HIV/AIDS education, inclusion of HIV/AIDS in all military courses, distribution of policy on HIVIAIDS to all military personnel, and involvement in HIV/AIDS awareness. / Health Studies / M. Cur. (Health Studies)

The study aim to investigate perceptions of military personnel with regard to HIV/AIDS in the SANDF in some military Units of Bloemfontein. The military personnel includes all males and females whose ages range between 19 - 47 years, were included in the sample. The approach utilised were both qualitative and quantitative. The data collection technique were: Closed and open-ended questionnaires were distributed to 548 respondents. ~ Participant observation. ~ Review of documents. • Unstructured observations. .. Unstructured interviews. This different data collection techniques to gather valid and reliable information with regard to HN/AJDS in the SANDF were triangulated. The findings revealed poor perception with regard to HIV/AIDS in the workplace, health education, lack of privacy, and discrimination on the benefit of HIV/AIDS. The recommendations of this project deals with aspects which include HIV/AIDS education, inclusion of HIV/AIDS in all military courses, distribution of policy on HIVIAIDS to all military personnel, and involvement in HIV/AIDS awareness. / Health Studies / M. Cur. (Health Studies)