The Romans were known for taking technology and advancements from other peoples they encountered and making them their own. This pattern holds true in military affairs; indeed, little of the Roman military was indigenously developed. This dissertation looks at the origins of the Roman's mainline weapons systems from the beginning of Roman Republic expansion in the fourth century BC to the abandonment of Western-style armaments in favor of Eastern style ones beginning in the late-third century AD. This dissertation determines that the Romans during that time relied predominately on the Celtic peoples of Europe for the majority of their military equipment. One arrives at this conclusion by examining at the origins of the major weapons groups: armor, shields, spears, swords, and missile weapons. This determination is based on the use of ancient written sources, artistic sources, and archaeological sources. It also uses the large body of modern scholarship on the individual weapons. The goal is to produce a unified work that addresses the origins of all weapons in order to see if there is an overarching impact on the Roman military from outside cultures. When one studies whence the weapons that ended up in Romans hands originated, a decided Celtic influence is easily found. That does not mean the Romans did not advance those weapons. The Romans proved very adroit at improving upon the basic designs of others and modifying them into new forms that met new needs. The Romans just did not develop their own technology very often. As a result, the Celts will exert a strong impact on the Roman military culture as it develops from 400 BC until it is overtaken by Eastern influences in the late 200s AD.

This thesis deals with roman military equipment with respect to various finding circumstances of civilian character. Based on the context of the find, this thesis also focus on the purpose, for which the subject was used (self-defense, hunting). There is also evaluated importance of fabricae in civilian sites, their beginnings, operation and reason of their termination. In addition, this work is complemented by a system of military workshops, for better understanding of production of military equipment in provincial areas. Goal of this thesis is assessment of roman military equipment, from civil contexts, especially from the Rhineland.

This thesis deals with roman military equipment with respect to various finding circumstances of civilian character. Based on the context of the find, this thesis also focus on the purpose, for which the subject was used (self-defense, hunting). There is also evaluated importance of fabricae in civilian sites, their beginnings, operation and reason of their termination. In addition, this work is complemented by a system of military workshops, for better understanding of production of military equipment in provincial areas. Goal of this thesis is assessment of roman military equipment, from civil contexts, especially from the Rhineland.

The Evolutionary Cluster Costing Methodology (ECCM) is proposed for estimating the cost of designing and producing a weapon system at the early design stage. The issue is related to the particular difficulties which system designers often encounter in the absence of cost data on present system details and historically relevant cases associated with the early development phase of a major acquisition project. This is especially relevant in the military environment. In general, the traditional approach for new system cost estimation is to use parametric methods with data from a number of historical cases. However, when there are limited cases it is difficult to establish appropriate and reliable cost models. As an approach to solving this problem, this research has developed ECCM to generate cost characteristics from only a few or even a single existing case to estimate new system costs. The purpose of ECCM is to extract cost characteristics from an existing system by separating it into mutually independent function clusters. Accordingly, ECCM consists of three essentials: function activity cost tables (FACT), an evolutionary clustering methodology, and cost pattern usages. Based on value engineering and system engineering, a system is made up of a particular group of functions, and each function is further supported by certain activities. Because activities can be represented as resources used for supporting related functions, cost employment among functions can be allocated as FACT. As part of the process, a binary incident matrix is constructed, where the values 1 or 0 represent the existence or non-existence of cost interactions between activity and function in FACT. The binary matrix can easily be deduced to represent the most relevant function clusters. To solve the N-P complete combinatorial problem, evolutionary algorithms and proposed cluster evaluation formulae are integrated into the evolutionary clustering methodology. Once the optimal function clusters have been grouped, the costs that interact among functions and activities can be relisted and rated into ratios within each cluster. Cost patterns can then be determined by activity cost ratios from individual clusters. The cost of a new system can be evaluated by considering each similar cluster as a cost parameter because each cluster represents the cost characteristics of a particular function group. Based on the fact that the technology is evolving gradually and the functions in a cluster are related to each other through certain resource relationships, the cost of new systems or products can be estimated by using those clusters. The cost estimates for the new system are obtained through comparing the needs of technologies or values in similar function clusters of existing systems. A case study from three generations of light-sport helicopters has shown that function and assembly clusters can be used to infer the cost of a new design. The results from the case study demonstrate that: 1) the various functions can be clustered to create a certain number of critical purposes, e.g., engine power or structural strength and safety related tasks; 2) ECCM can be used to estimate empirical costs given the absence of detailed design information; 3) the function and assembly similarities of clusters among systems are statistically significant; 4) the differences of cost ratios in related clusters between systems are not statistically significant; 5) the differences between cluster's estimated costs and actual costs in helicopter L-2 or L-3 are not significant statistically; and 6) the differences between assembly's estimated costs and actual costs in L-2 or L-3 are not significant statistically. The cost ratio patterns of individual clusters can be used to target the activity or assembly budgets for developing new systems.

<div> <p>This research addresses the issues of electrical energy storage that warfighters in the U.S. military face. A device is presented that combines an on-demand hydrogen reactor with a state of the art proton exchange membrane fuel cell. This thesis focuses on the design criteria and analysis of the chemical hydride reactor. On demand hydrogen release can occur by controlling the hydrolysis reaction of Ammonia Borane (AB). Maleic acid is used to promote rapid release of hydrogen and trap the ammonia released from AB. Reactor designs are categorized as either delivering liquid or solid ammonia borane into an acid filled reactor. In an effort to design as simple of a system as possible, the delivery mechanisms presented do not use electronically powered devices. The primary safety criterion is that the hydrogen does not overly pressurize and meets the consumption rate of the fuel cell. Two liquid delivery architectures are proposed and tested using the assumption that a pressure differential between two chambers will deliver ammonia borane solution into a reactor. Methods of controlling the exposure of solid ammonia borane to a promoter is also presented. Pressed AB pellets were experimentally analyzed in order to characterize the interaction of solid AB in acidic solution. Designs are ranked against each other using system parameters that are applicable to man portable device. Liquid delivery architectures provided a safe and robust method of hydrolysis control. A bag reactor system that met the hydrogen requirements of a fuel cell was developed and tested. When used to compliment a fuel cell and military grade batteries, such a reactor will save weight and volume for extended missions requiring electronic equipment.<b></b></p> </div> <b><br></b>

En tant que colonie romaine, capitale administrative de la province de Lyonnaise, la ville de Lugdunum tisse depuis ses origines des liens étroits avec l’exercitus romanus. Impliquée directement, et à plusieurs reprises, dans des conflits militaires de grande ampleur, elle est la seule ville de Gaule à avoir accueilli une cohorte urbaine, dont l’existence est attestée par les sources écrites comme par les inscriptions funéraires. Face à ces témoignages, et à défaut de découvertes récentes, l’archéologie, jusqu’ici peu prise en compte, apparaît comme une source complémentaire de poids pour comprendre les modalités de la présence et de l’occupation militaire de Lugdunum. Le développement récent de l’archéologie programmée et préventive a favorisé la collecte d’un mobilier toujours plus abondant. Parmi les ensembles d’instrumentum recueillis, certains objets, appelés militaria, relèvent de la sphère militaire. Le travail exposé au sein de cette thèse se propose donc de traiter de la question de la présence militaire romaine à Lugdunum à travers le prisme de ces artefacts archéologiques. L’étude proposée s’appuie sur un corpus de de 496 fragments pour 337 objets, répartis sur quarante sites disséminés sur le territoire de la colonie romaine et ses abords proches. Chaque artefact fait l’objet d’une étude exhaustive selon les catégories fonctionnelles en usage (armement offensif et défensif, ceintures/baudrier, harnachement, autres). Une discussion d’ordre technologique, typologique et chronologique est proposée pour chacun d’eux, sur la base des comparaisons observées à l’échelle du monde romain. A l’appui des données collectées, une discussion d’ordre quantitative, spatiale et contextuelle est engagée ainsi qu’une réflexion sur une éventuelle production artisanale de certaines catégories d’armement et d’équipement militaire à Lugdunum. Les résultats de l’étude servent de point d’appui pour un discours élargi sur la présence militaire romaine à Lyon entre le Ier et le IVe s. apr. J.-C. La confrontation des données archéologiques, historiques et épigraphiques permet de proposer plusieurs hypothèses sur la nature de l’occupation militaire de Lugdunum, sur son évolution et sa densité mais aussi son intégration au tissu urbain de la colonie de droit romain. / As a roman colony and administrative capital of the Gaul Lyonnaise province, the city of Lugdunum entwines, since its origins, direct links with the exercitus romanus. This city was entangled directly and often in major military conflicts. Furthermore, it was the only settlement in Gaul to welcome a roman cohort, whose existence is confirmed by written sources such as funerary inscriptions. Taking into account these evidences, and lacking of recent findings, Archeology, lightly valued till now, appears as a great important source to understand the procedures of the military presence and occupation in Lugdunum. Recentdevelopments in both rescue and voluntary Archeology, favored the assemblage of a great number of collections. Among the gathered sets of instrumentum, certain objects arise mainly from the military sphere, the militaria.The work set out at the center of this thesis enables to approach the interpretation of the roman military presence in Lugdunum through the perspective of these archeological artifacts. The present study relies on a militaria corpus of 496 fragments to 337 objects, diffused over forty sites, scattered on the territory of the roman colony and its outskirts. Each artifact wassubjected to a thorough research, according to the classifications in use: defensive and offensive armament, belts, straps, harness and others. A technological, typological and chronological analysis is proposed for each one of them, based on the fieldwork observed at the scale of the roman world. After analyzing the data collected, conclusions about space, context and quantity can be established, as well as the notion of a possible craft-related production of certain types of military weaponry and equipment in Lugdunum.The results of this study provide a support for a broader discussion, as it concerns the roman military occupation in Lyon between the 1st century BC and the 4th century AD. The combination of the archaeological, historical and epigraphical data allows several hypothesis on the nature of the military establishment in Lugdunum, but also on its evolution, density andits role on the urban network of the colony of roman law.

This study aims to shed light on the ethical implications of Sweden’s arms export to Saudi Arabia. It compares the compatibility of such exports with fundamental human rights standards and analyses the Swedish Government's justification of arms trade to Saudi Arabia in relation to international and local ethics, considering the principles of human rights, conflict resolution, states’ responsibility in promoting peace and conflict resolution and the recognition of people’s shared responsibility for the well-being of all people. It analyses governmental statements, documents on arms trade and Swedish legislation in comparison to their international commitments through the lens of the analytical framework grounded in international ethics. The thesis has been conducted as a qualitative case and desk study with abductive reasoning. The findings highlight the complex tension between ethical responsibility of states in the international arena. By applying international ethics as the analytical framework, it offers insight into the role of states in promoting ethical standards in arms trade and the broader realm of international relations.

This thesis addressed the arms export control in the Federal Republic of Germany during the tenure of chancellor Helmut Kohl and Gerhard Schröder between 1989 and 2005. To this end this thesis elaborated an analytical framework, which analyses this phenomenon thought government arms export policy. Due to lack of preceding research in this area it was necessary to devote significant space for conceptual definition of the arms export policy and contextualization of analytical framework. It was argued that arms export policy of the Federal Republic of Germany should be analyzed as a passive sub-category within security policy. Analytical framework employed to analyze the period between 1989 and 2005 thus reflected four factors or standpoints that exert influence on arms export policy (foreign pressures, security policy, European coordination and legislative and institutional framework). This thesis designed as disciplined interpretive case study posited two hypothesis based on concepts that have been partially applied to arms export phenomenon in different context and time period. First hypothesis concerns the nature of change of arms exports control, which was supposed to change between periods restriction and relaxation of export control. Second hypothesis postulates the nature of change of arms exports...