No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Department of Political Science, June 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Sutelktumas, pasitikėjimas komanda, patiriamas stresas bei suvoktas Aš ir kolektyvinis efektyvumas laikomi svarbiais karinių komandų veiklos efektyvumo veiksniais. Visgi nėra aišku, kokia šių veiksnių tarpusavio sąveikos kryptis ir kokia jų reikšmė numatant karinių komandų veiklos efektyvumą. Specialiai tyrimui sukurti trys klausimynai: Karių patiriamo streso, Karių suvokto Aš efektyvumo ir Karių suvokto kolektyvinio efektyvumo klausimynas, taip pat Lietuvos karių populiacijai adaptuotos dvi kitų autorių sukurtos skalės. Apklausus 160 Lietuvos profesinės karo tarnybos karių, kurie priklausė 28 komandoms (skyriams) nustatyta, kad didesnis komandos sutelktumas, pasitikėjimas komanda, suvoktas Aš bei kolektyvinis efektyvumas yra susiję su didesniu komandos veiklos efektyvumu. Atlikta kelių analizė parodė, kad suvoktas kolektyvinis efektyvumas yra svarbiausias kintamasis, leidžiantis numatyti komandos veiklos efektyvumą ir karių patiriamą stresą. Karių komandos veiklos efektyvumą galima numatyti ir remiantis komandos sutelktumu, pasitikėjimu komanda ir suvoktu Aš efektyvumu, tačiau jie komandos veiklos efektyvumą numato ne tiesiogiai, o per suvoktą kolektyvinį efektyvumą. Taip pat nustatyta, kad aukštesniu Aš bei kolektyviniu efektyvumu pasižymi tarptautinėse operacijose anksčiau dalyvavę kariai. Eilinio laipsnį turintys kariai, palyginti su kitus laipsnius turinčiais kariais, linkę patirti daugiau streso ir mažiau pasitikėti savo komandomis. Skyriaus vadai ir likusieji kariai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Cohesion, team trust, stress, perceived Self and collective efficacy are considered to be significant factors of military teams performance efficacy. Still it is not clear, what the interaction between these factors are and in what way they predict performance efficacy. For the purpose of the study three questionnaires were developed: Perceived Military Stress, Perceived Military Self–efficacy and Perceived Military Collective Efficacy questionnaires, two scales of other authors were adapted to Lithuanian military population. 160 soldiers of Lithuanian professional military, belonging to 28 military teams (sections) took part in the research. It was estimated that cohesion, team trust, perceived Self and Collective efficacy are related to performance efficacy. Path model proves, that perceived collective efficacy is the most important variable predicting military team’s performance efficacy and stress. Team’s performance efficacy can also be predicted by cohesion, team trust and perceived Self - efficacy, but these factors predict performance efficacy not directly, but through perceived collective efficacy. Besides, higher levels of perceived Self and collective efficacy characterize person with international operation experience. Privates tend to experience higher levels of stress and to trust their teams less to compare to junior privates. Commanders of the section and their subjects evaluate their teams similar.

Cohesion, team trust, stress, perceived Self and collective efficacy are considered to be significant factors of military teams performance efficacy. Still it is not clear, what the interaction between these factors are and in what way they predict performance efficacy. For the purpose of the study three questionnaires were developed: Perceived Military Stress, Perceived Military Self –efficacy and Perceived Military Collective Efficacy questionnaires, two scales of other authors were adapted to Lithuanian military population. 160 soldiers of Lithuanian professional military, belonging to 28 military teams (sections) took part in the research. It was estimated that cohesion, team trust, perceived Self and Collective efficacy are related to performance efficacy. Path model proves, that perceived collective efficacy is the most important variable predicting military team’s performance efficacy and stress. Team’s performance efficacy can also be predicted by cohesion, team trust and perceived Self - efficacy, but these factors predict performance efficacy not directly, but through perceived collective efficacy. Besides, higher levels of perceived Self and collective efficacy characterize person with international operation experience. Privates tend to experience higher levels of stress and to trust their teams less to compare to junior privates. Commanders of the section and their subjects evaluate their teams similar. / Sutelktumas, pasitikėjimas komanda, patiriamas stresas bei suvoktas Aš ir kolektyvinis efektyvumas laikomi svarbiais karinių komandų veiklos efektyvumo veiksniais. Visgi nėra aišku, kokia šių veiksnių tarpusavio sąveikos kryptis ir kokia jų reikšmė numatant karinių komandų veiklos efektyvumą. Specialiai tyrimui sukurti trys klausimynai: Karių patiriamo streso, Karių suvokto Aš efektyvumo ir Karių suvokto kolektyvinio efektyvumo klausimynas, taip pat Lietuvos karių populiacijai adaptuotos dvi kitų autorių sukurtos skalės. Apklausus 160 Lietuvos profesinės karo tarnybos karių, kurie priklausė 28 komandoms (skyriams) nustatyta, kad didesnis komandos sutelktumas, pasitikėjimas komanda, suvoktas Aš bei kolektyvinis efektyvumas yra susiję su didesniu komandos veiklos efektyvumu. Atlikta kelių analizė parodė, kad suvoktas kolektyvinis efektyvumas yra svarbiausias kintamasis, leidžiantis numatyti komandos veiklos efektyvumą ir karių patiriamą stresą. Karių komandos veiklos efektyvumą galima numatyti ir remiantis komandos sutelktumu, pasitikėjimu komanda ir suvoktu Aš efektyvumu, tačiau jie komandos veiklos efektyvumą numato ne tiesiogiai, o per suvoktą kolektyvinį efektyvumą. Taip pat nustatyta, kad aukštesniu Aš bei kolektyviniu efektyvumu pasižymi tarptautinėse operacijose anksčiau dalyvavę kariai. Eilinio laipsnį turintys kariai, palyginti su kitus laipsnius turinčiais kariais, linkę patirti daugiau streso ir mažiau pasitikėti savo komandomis. Skyriaus vadai ir likusieji kariai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Currently, the high level of burnout among military psychologists resulting from contemporary military service is gaining attention. However, there is insufficient knowledge of their lived experiences of burnout. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore burnout, based on the military occupational mental health, military job demand-resources models, and biopsychosocial models. Eleven active duty and prior service military psychologists were recruited for interviews using snowball sampling. The first phase of data analysis employed NVivo software. The second and third phase used the 7-step modified version of the Van Kamm method, resulting in 7 themes and 1 discrepant case. The key findings indicated that the unique nature of military bureaucracy provided the environment that fostered burnout into a taboo milestone. Furthermore, the challenging task associated with finding meaning and balance for the ambiguous role of being a military psychologist also compounded the experiential factors contributing to burnout. Several shared experiential indications foretelling of burnout were identified. However, the reality of how military psychologist experienced burnout differed from textbook knowledge, indicating there is a theory-practice gap in personally diagnosing burnout progression. Military psychologists also indicated the theory-practice gap between the available resources for burnout and their limiting utilization practicability. The results of this study can be used to make a positive social change by better informing the development of prevention strategies benefiting not only military psychologists but potentially all military members who routinely describe themselves as burned out.

Military service impacts not just service members but their families as well. In this series of studies, meta-analytic, longitudinal, and qualitative methods were used to examine the impact of post-9/11 military service on family function. Study 1 used meta-analytic methods to (1) examine the relationship between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder/posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSD/PTSS) in service members and three domains of family difficulties: parenting problems, family maladjustment, and child symptoms; and (2) examine the relationship between combat exposure and these domains of family difficulties. Across 22 studies, random effects meta-analytic models revealed positive, small- to medium-sized associations between PTSD/PTSS and all domains of family difficulties. Smaller, positive associations were found between parental combat exposure and the family difficulties listed above. Findings revealed great heterogeneity in the magnitude of associations as well as areas of methodological weakness in the literature, including predominantly cross-sectional designs and failure to include multiple informants. Study 2 used a multi-informant, longitudinal design to evaluate the relationship between parental PTSD/PTSS present during an offspring’s early childhood (ages 0-5) and family difficulties during that same child’s middle childhood (ages 5-12). Families were recruited through their participation in a post-deployment program seven years previously. Thirty military-serving families, including 24 male service member parents, 26 female home-front parents, and 30 children (20 male), completed questionnaires assessing parental PTSD, child symptoms, parenting stress, lack of parental warmth, and external parental locus of control. Consistent with hypotheses, greater parental PTSD during early childhood was associated with more child symptomatology and parenting difficulties during middle childhood. Study 3 used mixed methods in the same sample to explore how home-front mothers find benefit from their spouse’s military service. A qualitative interview and an adapted version of the self-report Benefit Finding Scale (Carver, 2013) were used to examine benefit finding among 26 home-front mothers. Consistent with hypotheses, participants endorsed a range of benefits associated with their family’s military service, including financial, educational, and career benefits, strength, friendships and community, pride, appreciation of time together and good military/life values in their family. Together, these findings reveal both positive and negative effects of military service on families.

A influência ambiental é tida como certa no desenvolvimento humano. Contudo, alguns ambientes específicos exercem influências tardias no desenvolvimento. A psicologia militar tem se estabelecido como campo de pesquisa e atuação profissional desde a Primeira Grande Guerra, principalmente nos Estados Unidos e Europa. O ambiente militarizado, costumeiramente relacionado com a fase adulta de vida, tem sido pouco estudado no Brasil, suscitando uma lacuna importante de conhecimentos psicológicos. Neste estudo, cadetes da Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (N=373) e universitários (N=73) responderam instrumentos psicológicos sobre bem-estar subjetivo, estilos parentais e personalidade. Para fins de análise, a amostra militar foi subdividida por diversos critérios: ter pai militar, ter estudado em Colégios Militares, ter parentes militares (que não o pai). Diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre a amostra militar e universitária e entre filhos de militares e não-filhos de militares. Filhos de pais militares apresentaram maior satisfação de vida e maior freqüência de pais e mães responsivos que outros cadetes. Ex-alunos de Colégio Militar mostraram-se mais autônomos e propensos a novas experiências, além de melhor adaptação ao meio militar. Observou-se que a pontuação na escala de Afiliação foi significativamente mais alta entre os militares, entre outras diferenças nas escalas do IFP, mas não houve diferença na Escala de Desejabilidade Socia!. Os resultados apontam a necessidade de novos estudos na área e com diferentes populações. / There seems to be no doubt that the environment has an influence in human psychological development. Nevertheless, it also seems that some specific environments may have an influence in development later on life. Military Psychology was established as research and work field since World War I, mainly at United States and Europe. The military environment, usually related to the adult stage of life, has received little attention from Brazilian psychologists and little is known of its effects in our country. The present study attempts to fill this gap investigating possible psychological differences between persons who live in a military environment and those who do not have any contact with it. Participants were 373 male students at Academia Militar de Agulhas Negras (a military school for training officers for the Brazilian army) and 73 male undergraduate students who never had any contact with a military environment. The military sample was further divided into groups of students who 1) have studied in military schools, 2) have a parent serving in the armed forces, and 3) have other relatives serving in the armed forces. The participants responded to scales to assess subjective well-being, parental styles, and personality traits. The results showed significant differences between the military and the undergraduate sample and between participants who had a father serving at the armed forces and those who did not. Participants whose father was serving presented higher subjective well-being scores and perceived their father and mother as more authoritative. Those who had studied at military secondary schools presented more autonomy and were more open to new experiences. The non-military undergraduate participants tended to perceive their parents as more authoritarians. Affiliation scale score was higher to army cadets, among other significant differences, but Social Desirability scale shown no difference. The results stress the need to study the influence of military environments on psychological development in a more systematic way in Brazil.

A influência ambiental é tida como certa no desenvolvimento humano. Contudo, alguns ambientes específicos exercem influências tardias no desenvolvimento. A psicologia militar tem se estabelecido como campo de pesquisa e atuação profissional desde a Primeira Grande Guerra, principalmente nos Estados Unidos e Europa. O ambiente militarizado, costumeiramente relacionado com a fase adulta de vida, tem sido pouco estudado no Brasil, suscitando uma lacuna importante de conhecimentos psicológicos. Neste estudo, cadetes da Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (N=373) e universitários (N=73) responderam instrumentos psicológicos sobre bem-estar subjetivo, estilos parentais e personalidade. Para fins de análise, a amostra militar foi subdividida por diversos critérios: ter pai militar, ter estudado em Colégios Militares, ter parentes militares (que não o pai). Diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre a amostra militar e universitária e entre filhos de militares e não-filhos de militares. Filhos de pais militares apresentaram maior satisfação de vida e maior freqüência de pais e mães responsivos que outros cadetes. Ex-alunos de Colégio Militar mostraram-se mais autônomos e propensos a novas experiências, além de melhor adaptação ao meio militar. Observou-se que a pontuação na escala de Afiliação foi significativamente mais alta entre os militares, entre outras diferenças nas escalas do IFP, mas não houve diferença na Escala de Desejabilidade Socia!. Os resultados apontam a necessidade de novos estudos na área e com diferentes populações. / There seems to be no doubt that the environment has an influence in human psychological development. Nevertheless, it also seems that some specific environments may have an influence in development later on life. Military Psychology was established as research and work field since World War I, mainly at United States and Europe. The military environment, usually related to the adult stage of life, has received little attention from Brazilian psychologists and little is known of its effects in our country. The present study attempts to fill this gap investigating possible psychological differences between persons who live in a military environment and those who do not have any contact with it. Participants were 373 male students at Academia Militar de Agulhas Negras (a military school for training officers for the Brazilian army) and 73 male undergraduate students who never had any contact with a military environment. The military sample was further divided into groups of students who 1) have studied in military schools, 2) have a parent serving in the armed forces, and 3) have other relatives serving in the armed forces. The participants responded to scales to assess subjective well-being, parental styles, and personality traits. The results showed significant differences between the military and the undergraduate sample and between participants who had a father serving at the armed forces and those who did not. Participants whose father was serving presented higher subjective well-being scores and perceived their father and mother as more authoritative. Those who had studied at military secondary schools presented more autonomy and were more open to new experiences. The non-military undergraduate participants tended to perceive their parents as more authoritarians. Affiliation scale score was higher to army cadets, among other significant differences, but Social Desirability scale shown no difference. The results stress the need to study the influence of military environments on psychological development in a more systematic way in Brazil.

A influência ambiental é tida como certa no desenvolvimento humano. Contudo, alguns ambientes específicos exercem influências tardias no desenvolvimento. A psicologia militar tem se estabelecido como campo de pesquisa e atuação profissional desde a Primeira Grande Guerra, principalmente nos Estados Unidos e Europa. O ambiente militarizado, costumeiramente relacionado com a fase adulta de vida, tem sido pouco estudado no Brasil, suscitando uma lacuna importante de conhecimentos psicológicos. Neste estudo, cadetes da Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (N=373) e universitários (N=73) responderam instrumentos psicológicos sobre bem-estar subjetivo, estilos parentais e personalidade. Para fins de análise, a amostra militar foi subdividida por diversos critérios: ter pai militar, ter estudado em Colégios Militares, ter parentes militares (que não o pai). Diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre a amostra militar e universitária e entre filhos de militares e não-filhos de militares. Filhos de pais militares apresentaram maior satisfação de vida e maior freqüência de pais e mães responsivos que outros cadetes. Ex-alunos de Colégio Militar mostraram-se mais autônomos e propensos a novas experiências, além de melhor adaptação ao meio militar. Observou-se que a pontuação na escala de Afiliação foi significativamente mais alta entre os militares, entre outras diferenças nas escalas do IFP, mas não houve diferença na Escala de Desejabilidade Socia!. Os resultados apontam a necessidade de novos estudos na área e com diferentes populações. / There seems to be no doubt that the environment has an influence in human psychological development. Nevertheless, it also seems that some specific environments may have an influence in development later on life. Military Psychology was established as research and work field since World War I, mainly at United States and Europe. The military environment, usually related to the adult stage of life, has received little attention from Brazilian psychologists and little is known of its effects in our country. The present study attempts to fill this gap investigating possible psychological differences between persons who live in a military environment and those who do not have any contact with it. Participants were 373 male students at Academia Militar de Agulhas Negras (a military school for training officers for the Brazilian army) and 73 male undergraduate students who never had any contact with a military environment. The military sample was further divided into groups of students who 1) have studied in military schools, 2) have a parent serving in the armed forces, and 3) have other relatives serving in the armed forces. The participants responded to scales to assess subjective well-being, parental styles, and personality traits. The results showed significant differences between the military and the undergraduate sample and between participants who had a father serving at the armed forces and those who did not. Participants whose father was serving presented higher subjective well-being scores and perceived their father and mother as more authoritative. Those who had studied at military secondary schools presented more autonomy and were more open to new experiences. The non-military undergraduate participants tended to perceive their parents as more authoritarians. Affiliation scale score was higher to army cadets, among other significant differences, but Social Desirability scale shown no difference. The results stress the need to study the influence of military environments on psychological development in a more systematic way in Brazil.

The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq initiated a surge of texts by US soldiers who utilized recent Web 2.0 technology to forge new types of war narratives, such as the so-called “milblogs.” Milblogs merge letter and journal writing with journalistic reporting, and they maintain contact between soldiers and their social environment. They are at once public and private communication. Military psychology since Vietnam has referred to warrior traditions of Native American communities to discuss public narration and ceremonial acknowledgment of a soldier’s war experience as vital elements for veteran readjustment and trauma recovery. This article analyzes an exemplary milblog to argue that the interaction between blogger and audience does similar cultural work and has comparable ceremonial and, therefore, therapeutic functions: Soldiers publicly share their experience, reflect on it with their audience, receive appreciation and support, and thus mutually (re-)negotiate group identity.