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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Hurdle technologies: microbial inactivation by pulsed electric fields during milk processing.

Rodriguez Gonzalez, Oscar 25 January 2011 (has links)
The application of non-thermal processes pulsed electric fields (PEF) and cross-flow micro-filtration (CFMF) continuous to be studied with the purpose of controlling microorganisms in milk. Trends suggesting increased adoption include the study of Food Safety Objectives as a safety criterion, the promotion of sustainable processing, and the implementation of hurdle strategies. While the advance of gentle processing is counteracted by the risk of enhanced resistance due to microbial stress response, several techniques can be applied to quantitatively assess its impact. The objective of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of microbial inactivation by PEF and CFMF at various steps of milk processing including shelf-life, its comparison with high temperature short time (HTST) pasteurization, and the quantitative assessment of the cross protection resistance to PEF of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Some differences in mesophilics inactivation were observed in milks (fat contents between 1.1% and 3.1%). Increasing the PEF inlet temperature decreased the treatment time by three or two-fold. The combination of CFMF/PEF yielded similar microbial reductions as CFMF/HTST. Higher inactivation of the coliforms was achieved in homogenized cream (12% fat) compared to non-homogenized. The linear relation between electrical conductivity and nutrient content (fat and solids content) was established. In a parallel study the PEF/CFMF sequence resulted in higher inactivation of mesophilics compared to CFMF/PEF and HTST. The shelf life was acceptable for CFMF/PEF and HTST after 7 days, while enterics and psychrotrophs grew more after PEF/CFMF, thermodurics did after HTST. The growth and stress of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in lactose containing broths was monitored by absorbance and fluorescence expression of stress reporters. Growth was explained using a secondary model, and stress response using mechanistic and probabilistic models. PEF inactivation was evaluated following the Weibull distribution after the cells reached stationary phase or maximum fluorescence expression. Similar resistances were observed within the cells grown in lactose broth at 10, 25 or 40°C, as within stressed cells (starved or cold shocked). Cells grown at 45 °C were more resistant compared to the cells grown in acid, high salt concentration while the ones grown at cold temperatures were the weakest. / Dairy Farmers of Ontario, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council.
12

Genes enterotoxigênicos e resistência à meticilina em Staphylococcus aureus isolados de leite caprino / Enterotoxigenic genes and resistance to methicillin in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from goat milk

Rebouças, Germana Guimarães 28 September 2015 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GermanaGR_DISSERT.pdf: 1130619 bytes, checksum: 8a9b56b38e3290f0902f54c5111e97b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of enterotoxigenic and methicillin-resistant genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from goat milk obtained from Rio Grande do Norte state producers. To achieve such goal, 49 samples of goat milk and searched for S. aureus. The colonies were isolated in Petrifilm plates, Staph Express 3M model and biochemically identified. Afterwards, the isolated strains underwent an assessment to evaluate their antibiotic resistance profile, through the use of disk diffusion technique on Mueller-Hinton agar. Following we carried out a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to search for the following selected genes: 16S rRNA (for molecular identification of S. aureus), mecA (characterizes the methicillin-resistant S.aureus) and enterotoxigenic genes (sea, seb-sec, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej and tsst-1). Results from morphological and biochemical analyses revealed that all isolated strains belonged to the Staphylococcus aureus species. We also observed, through the antibiogram, high percentage of resistance to the antibiotics penicillin G (87.75%) and oxacillin (75.51%). Multidrug resistance was detected in 73.46% of the isolated strains. Analyzing the PCR, we confirmed that 100% of the isolated strains were S. aureus because of the amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. The mecA gene was found in 4.08% of the samples. In samples confirmed as S. aureus, concerning the research for staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), there was amplification of the sej gene fragments in 79.5% of the samples, followed by the sei gene in 48.9%, sed gene in 22.4%, sea gene in 12, 2%, seh and sec genes in 8.1%, and sec gene in 2% for the samples. We did not observe any amplification for the seb-sec, see and tsst-1 genes. The strains of S. aureus isolated from goat milk have shown the presence of genes responsible for the production of toxins, a fact that requires greater care when processing this milk in the dairy industry. In addition, to antibiotic resistance and detection of mecA gene also leads to concern, can pose risks to consumer health / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a presença de genes enterotoxigênicos e de resistência à meticilina em Staphylococcus aureus isolados de leite caprino obtido de produtores do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Para a realização do estudo, realizou-se a pesquisa de S.aureus em 49 amostras de leite caprino. O isolamento foi realizado em placas Petrifilm , modelo Staph Express 3M e identificadas bioquimicamente. Em seguida, os isolados foram submetidos a avaliação quanto ao perfil de resistência a antibióticos, utilizando a técnica de difusão em discos em Agar Mueller-Hinton. Seguiu-se com a realização da reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) para pesquisa dos seguintes genes selecionados: 16S rRNA (para identificação molecular dos S. aureus), mecA (que caracteriza S. aureus resistente à meticilina) e genes enterotoxigênicos (sea, seb-sec, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej e tsst-1). Os resultados das análises morfológicas e bioquímicas revelaram que todos os isolados pertenciam a espécie Staphylococcus aureus. Observou-se através do antibiograma realizado um maior percentual de resistência para os antimicrobianos penicilina G (87,75%) e oxacilina (75,51%). Multirresistência foi verificada em 73,46% dos isolados. Com a análise da PCR, confirmou-se que 100% dos isolados eram S. aureus, pela amplificação do gene 16S rRNA. O gene mecA foi detectado em 4,08% das amostras. Na pesquisa de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas (SE), nas amostras confirmadas para S. aureus, houve amplificação em 79,5 % dos fragmentos do gene sej, seguido de 48,9% do gene sei, 22,4% do gene sed, 12,2% para o gene sea, 8,1% para os genes seh e seg e 2% para o gene sec. Não foi observada nenhuma amplificação para os genes seb-sec, see e Tsst-1. As amostras de S. aureus isoladas a partir do leite caprino demostraram presença de genes responsáveis pela produção de toxinas, fato que exige um maior cuidado no tratamento deste leite pela indústria de alimentos. Além disso a resistência aos antibióticos e detecção do gene mecA também leva a preocupação, podendo representar riscos à saúde do consumidor
13

A EVOLUÇÃO DA ORGANIZAÇÃO E DA LOCALIZAÇÃO ESPACIAL DA AGROINDÚSTRIA DO LEITE NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL / THE EVOLUTION OF THE ORGANIZATION AND LOCATION SPACE OF DAIRY AGRO-INDUSTRY IN RIO GRANDE DO SUL

Fiegenbaum, Joel 08 August 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study aims to analyze the organization and location of dairy agro-industry in the state of Rio Grande do Sul between the years 1990-2010. This study seeks to assess the development of dairy agro-industry, in the aspects of industrial structure, production volume and location of the processing plant and capture raw. The theoretical references permeate the use of Commodity System Approach, the model structure-conduct-performance (SCP) dynamic strategies of Porter, the types of structure Guimarães and indicators Locational Quotient and Locational Gini. To conduct the study, we used the descriptive method and secondary data, followed by analysis of sectoral and geographical axis. In industry, discusses the structure of the agro-processing milk in Brazil and consequently the state of RS. In geographical axis seeks to determine the displacements of the primary production of milk, as well as the industrial processing of RS. The main results show that from 2002 to the expansion of demand for dairy products have as typologies of dairy industry in Brazil and RS three subgroups in the dairy industry, namely: a) subset of differentiated oligopoly among large firms sector b) subgroup of homogeneous oligopoly among firms of medium size, c) subgroup of competitive industry between firms marginal sector. Regarding performance, formulates the hypothesis that at the time the markets have become regionalized national (after the end of paradigm perishability milk) production units in RS when setting their prices through mark-up are watching what happens regarding the concentration level in Brazil. There is specialization and geographic concentration of production and processing of dairy in the northwestern state of RS. / O presente estudo visaanalisar a organização e a localização da agroindústria de leite no estado do Rio Grande do Sul entre os anos de 1990 a 2010. Busca-se neste estudo avaliar a evolução da agroindústria do leite, nos aspectos de estrutura industrial, de volume de produção e de localização do processamento fabril e da captação in natura. As referências teóricas perpassam pela utilização do Commodity System Approach, o modelo de estruturaconduta- desempenho (ECD) dinâmico, as estratégias de Porter, as tipologias de estrutura de Guimarães e os indicadores de Quociente Locacional e Gini Locacional.Para realização da pesquisa, utilizou-se o método descritivo e dados secundários, seguido da análise do eixo setorial e geográfico. No setorial, discute-se a estrutura da agroindústria de transformação do leite no Brasil e por consequência no estado do RS. No eixo geográfico procura-se determinar os deslocamentos da produção primária de leite, bem como da transformação industrial no RS. Os principais resultados apontam que a partir de 2002 com a expansão da demanda de lácteos têm-se como tipologias da indústria de laticínios no Brasil e no RS três subgrupos na indústria de lácteos, a saber: a) subgrupo de oligopólio diferenciado entre as grandes firmas do setor; b) subgrupo de oligopólio homogêneo entre as firmas de tamanho médio; c) subgrupo de indústria competitiva entre as empresas marginais do setor. Em relação ao desempenho, formula-se a hipótese de que no momento em que os mercados de regionalizados passaram a ser nacionais (após o fim do paradigma da pericibilidade do leite) as unidades produtivas no RS, ao fixarem seus preços através do mark-up estão observando o que ocorre em relação à concentração em nível de Brasil. Houve especialização e concentração geográfica da produção e industrialização do leite na região noroeste do estado do RS.
14

Análise das transações e estruturas de governança na cadeia produtiva do leite no Brasil : a França como referência.

Schiavi, Sandra Mara de Alencar 23 February 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseSMSB.pdf: 2269647 bytes, checksum: c02657deaeb5ec0b5ae9897f017c93db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-23 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Since the 90 decade, Brazilian milk sector has suffered important changes, mainly due to macroeconomic, concurrential and consumption modifications in the country. Among those changes, it is been observed new transaction forms between rural producers and milk processing companies. Governance structures between those agents are still under construction, thus not being considered definitive. In some countries, such as France, it is possible to note high coordination level in the chain and consolidated governance structures. The present thesis has analyzed transactions and governance structures between milk producers and processing companies in the region of São Carlos /SP and in the western region of France. Theoretical fundaments of New Institutional Economics, Transaction Cost Economics and Industrial Organization are considered. To accomplish the work, it has been used secondary data, as well as field research in the two countries, with rural producers, milk processing companies representatives and key-agents. It has been identified bilateral governance in the region of São Carlos /SP, and trilateral governance in the West of France. Besides the predominance of informal contracts in both studied regions, it has been observed differences in terms of transaction characteristics and negotiation aspects. Such differences are due to distinctions of institutional and organizational environments, agents and coordination level. It has also been concluded that not only transaction attributes influence governance structures. The work remarks the role of trust, power in the relation and dependence between agents as relevant aspects to understand transactions and governance structures. / Desde o início dos anos 90, o SAI do leite no Brasil tem sofrido profundas alterações, decorrentes principalmente de mudanças macroeconômicas, concorrenciais e de consumo no país. Dentre essas mudanças, pode-se destacar o estabelecimento de novas formas de transação entre produtores rurais e laticínios. Essas formas de governança ainda se encontram em fase de transição, não podendo ser, portanto, consideradas definitivas. Em alguns países, dentre os quais a França, pode-se observar um elevado grau de coordenação da cadeia e estruturas de governança consolidadas. O presente trabalho analisou as transações e as estruturas de governança estabelecidas entre esses produtores rurais e empresas processadoras na região de São Carlos / SP (Brasil) e no Oeste da França. Para tanto, os fundamentos teóricos da Nova Economia Institucional, da Economia dos Custos de Transação e da Organização Industrial são utilizados como base. Foram utilizados dados secundários, bem como realizadas pesquisas de campo nos dois países, junto a produtores rurais, laticínios e agentes-chave. Identificou-se na região de São Carlos /SP, governança bilateral e no Oeste França, governança trilateral. Apesar da predominância de contratos informais para negociação do leite cru nos dois países, verificaram-se características das transações e termos de negociação bastante distintos nas duas regiões estudadas. Tais diferenças decorrem de distinções em termos de ambientes institucional e organizacional, características dos agentes e coordenação dos SAIs. Pôde-se concluir também que não só os atributos das transações, mas também outros fatores influenciam as transações e estruturas de governança. Destaca-se o papel da confiança, o poder na relação e a dependência entre os agentes como fatores relevantes para compreensão das transações e estruturas de governança.
15

Investigação da presença e da formação de biofilmes por estafilococos em micro-usina de beneficiamento de leite /

Santos, Suzy Sviech dos. January 2009 (has links)
Orientador: Antonio Nader Filho / Banca: Angela Cleusa de Fatima Banzatto de Carvalho / Banca: Luiz Francisco Zafalon / Resumo: O leite é um alimento altamente nutritivo e excelente substrato para a multiplicação de microrganismos. Os estafilococos estão entre os principais contaminantes do leite, seja em decorrência da mastite ou de falhas de higienização. A contaminação do leite pode favorecer a adesão bacteriana sobre superfícies com a formação de biofilmes, cujos fragmentos podem se desprender e contaminar o produto durante o processo de beneficiamento, o que representa um risco à saúde do consumidor. Tendo isto em foco, objetivou-se o presente estudo, em uma micro-usina do Estado de São Paulo, a fim de investigar a presença e formação de biofilme por Staphylococcus spp, antes e após o processo de higienização. Colheu-se o total de 60 amostras por meio de suabes, antes e após o processo de higienização, das superfícies do tanque de recepção, do tanque de estocagem de leite cru, da tubulação de saída do pasteurizador, do tanque de estocagem de leite pasteurizado, e da tubulação da máquina de envase. Foram colhidas, ainda, amostras de leite no tanque de recepção, no tanque de estocagem de leite cru, na tubulação de saída do pasteurizador e amostras de leite envasado, assim como das embalagens plásticas vedadas e vazias, utilizadas para o envase do leite pasteurizado. Dentre 41 estirpes de Staphylococcus spp isoladas, 16 (39,0%) mostraram-se positivas na prova da coagulase, enquanto que 25 (61,0%) foram negativas. Por meio de análise genotípica, com a técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), pode-se observar que, dentre as 16 estirpes coagulase positivas, quatro (25%) apresentavam o gene icaA e 16 (100%) possuíam o gene icaD. Dentre as 25 estirpes coagulase negativas, 11 (44%) possuíam o gene icaA e 25 (100%) possuíam o gene icaD. Visualizou-se, por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Milk is a highly nutritious food and excellent substrate for the multiplication of microorganisms. Staphylococci are one of the major contaminants of milk whether due to mastitis or hygiene failures in cleaning. Milk contamination may encourage bacterial adherence on surfaces with the formation of biofilms, whose fragments can detach and contaminate the product during beneficial processing, which represents a health risk to the consumers. With this in focus as the objective of this present study, to investigate the presence and formation of biofilm of Staphylococcus spp before and after the cleaning process in a micro-dairy plant in São Paulo State. A total of 60 swab samples were collected before and after the cleaning process from the reception tank surfaces, the raw milk storage tank storage, the pasteurizer outlet pipe, the pasteurized milk storage tank, and the filling machine. Further samples were collected of the milk in the receiving tank, the raw milk storage tank, from the pasteurizer outlet pipe, and packaged milk, as well as the empty sealed plastic packaging used for packaging the pasteurized milk. Of the 41 strains of isolated Staphylococcus spp, 16 (39.0%) indicated positive in the coagulase test, while 25 (61.0%) were negative. Through genetic analysis, using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique, it was observed that within the 16 strains of coagulase-positive, four (25%) presented the gene icaA and 16 (100%) had the gene icaD. Of the 25 strains of coagulase-negative, 11 (44%) had the gene icaA and 25 (100%) had the gene icaD. It was seen using a scanning electron microscope the start of bacteria adhesion and the formation of biofilm for all the isolated strains. From the obtained results it was possible to see evidence to the potential risk to the health of the consumer represented... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
16

Strategická analýza oboru zpracování mléka a výroby mléčných výrobků v ČR / Strategic analysis of the field of milk processing and dairy production in the Czech Republic

Michalčáková, Lucie January 2013 (has links)
The aim of this thesis is to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the field of processing milk and dairy production in the Czech Republic using strategic and financial analysis. In strategic analysis is an analysis of the external environment and internal analysis of resources and capacity of the company is replaced by a financial analysis of selected companies. A part of this thesis is the comparison among the largest competitors in the market. In the conclusion there are summarized all the lessons learned and there are evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of analyzed field and given opportunities and threats.

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