Milk protein content of cows in subtropical Queensland declines from the beginning of winter to the end summer and is a repeatable consistent observation across years. The genesis of such an event is hypothesised to lie in the nutritional and environmental changes that occur over this period with a change in forage type from the temperate species to the tropical species, a change in cereal grain supplementation and a reduction in intake associated with heat stress causing a change in the nutritional supply to the animal. A series of experiments examined the effect of high levels of ammonia absorption on milk production and milk components in dairy cows. The experiments used extensive, grazing trials with supplements of urea to increase ammonia absorption, and intensive, infusion of ammonia into cows indoors. Feeding urea in the supplement of cows grazing ryegrass increased milk protein significantly by 0.05 percentage units but had no effect on milk volume. Infusing ammonia intra-venously reduced milk volume (~ 20%) and milk protein content (<0.1 percentage units). The primary finding of these experiments was that infusion of high ammonia levels into dairy cows will depress milk protein production and content. However, the levels of ammonia absorption experienced under usual strip grazing conditions in Queensland over winter are not high enough to affect milk protein production and content. The effect of altering substrate supply and pattern associated with the shift in feed supply from winter to summer was examined by infusing different amino acid patterns and acetate into cows by a close arterial infusion method. Infusate was delivered to the external iliac artery, allowing the mammary gland first pass use of the nutrients. Supplying amino acids by infusion increased milk protein yield 18.7 vs 19.7 g/h (5.3 %) for infused half of the udder. Milk protein yield was increased more (19.2 vs 20.2 g/h for infused half of the udder) by infusion of a milk amino acid profile compared to a microbial amino acid profile. Infusing acetate has no effect on milk protein yield but decreased milk yield for infused half of the udder (560 vs 510 g/h). It may be concluded, that under the practical levels of crude protein and ammonia supply which arise from different agronomic practices (N fertiliser) and grazing management (stage of growth, strip grazing), that any practical increase in ammonia supply per se to the liver does not explain the depression in milk protein percentage seen in Queensland dairy herds.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute - Animal Sciences & Industry / Jayendra K. Amamcharla / High-protein dairy powders are added to a variety of products to improve nutritional, functional, and sensory properties. To have the intended properties, the powder must be soluble. The solubility is effected by processing storage, and dissolution conditions, as well as the type of powder. Various tests are used to determine solubility, but they are time-consuming and subjective. Literature has shown that ultrasound spectroscopy can characterize the solubility of high-protein dairy powders, but it requires expensive equipment and skilled technicians. An economical alternative is to use an ultrasonic flaw detector, which is commonly used in the construction industry. For this study, an ultrasonic flaw detector based method was developed to characterize the solubility of high protein dairy powders. To evaluate the method, commercially available milk protein concentrate (MPC) was obtained and stored at 25°C and 40°C and stored for four weeks to produce powders with different dissolution properties. To test the powders, a 5% (w/w) concentration of powder was added to water. A focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and solubility index were used as a reference method. After powder addition, data was collected at regular intervals for 1800s. The FBRM and solubility index showed that the powders lost solubility as the storage time and temperature increased. From the ultrasound data, one parameter was extracted from the relative velocity and three parameters were extracted from the attenuation data. A soluble powder had a low relative velocity standard deviation from 900-1800s, high area under the attenuation curve, low peak time, and high peak height. The ultrasonic flaw detector detected differences in solubility before the solubility index. When testing MPC with protein contents ranging from 85% to 90% and at a dissolution temperature of 40°C and 48°C, data from the ultrasonic flaw detector and FBRM showed that the solubility decreased as the protein content increased and increasing the dissolution temperature improved the solubility of the powder. Overall, the ultrasonic flaw detector can characterize the solubility of high-protein dairy powders.

Class of 2017 Abstract / Objectives: Milk protein allergy is estimated to affect 1.2% to as much as 17% of people of all ages. Advair® Diskus® (FP/SX) utilizes lactose as an excipient which limits the utility of this product for this population. Furthermore, Advair® Diskus® is formulated as an interactive physical mixture via a micronization process. Alternatively, spray dried engineering achieves narrow particle size distribution, allowing greater deposition in the targeted respiratory bronchioles. The purpose of this dry powder inhaler (DPI) study was to conduct an in vitro comparative analysis of the aerodynamic performance of a co-spray dried lactose-free formulation of FP/SX with a mannitol excipient as a molecular mixture versus the Advair® Diskus® 250/50 (FP/SX) interactive physical mixture product. Methods: Utilizing mannitol as an excipient, a co-spray dried FP/SX powder was prepared using the Buchi Mini-Spray Dryer B-290 under closed system configuration. The resulting feed solution was spray dried at pump rates of 25%, 50%, and 100% with all other parameters remaining constant (aspiration, atomization rate, nitrogen gas rate). The primary outcome measure, aerodynamic performance, was assessed using the Copley Next-Generation Impactor (NGI). NGI data for the DPIs was used to calculate mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), geometric standard deviation (GSD), and fine particle fraction (FPF) of each powder, including the Advair® Diskus®. Residual water content was quantified by Karl Fischer titration. Particle characteristics were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Results: FPF, MMAD, and GSD were calculated from NGI data; Wolfram Alpha software was used to calculate MMAD and GSD. T-test regression was used for comparative analysis of spray-dried and Advair® Diskus® powders. MMAD for each spray dried sample was analyzed using a t-test regression against the MMAD values from the Advair® Diskus®. Using aerodynamic analysis studies triplicated for each powder, there was no significant difference between the spray dried powder and Advair® Diskus® for MMAD and GSD (p-values >0.05). The 50% and 100% pump rate samples had similar FPF to the Advair® Diskus® (p-values >0.05). However, the 25% pump rate sample had a significantly improved FPF compared to the Advair® Diskus® (p <0.01). Conclusions: A co-spray-dried lactose-free formulation of FP/SX with a mannitol excipient demonstrated similar aerodynamic performance to the Advair® Diskus® which consists of a physical mixture of two drugs with lactose. Of significance, 25% pump rate spray-dry conditions demonstrated an improved FPF compared to the Advair® Diskus®.

There is considerable interest among food manufacturers to incorporate protein into food products in both developed and developing countries. Dairy proteins are excellent choices for many different applications, as they are known to have several nutritional and functional benefits. Membrane filtration techniques are often utilized as the preferred method of fractionation, due to the high throughput and continuous nature of the process. One such product produced from membrane filtration of skim milk is called milk protein concentrate. This product is valued for its high protein content, but it has historically exhibited poor solubility when reconstituted into water, which severely restricts the food applications for which it is suitable. There is some existing evidence that milk protein concentrates which contain elevated levels of sodium exhibit higher solubility upon reconstitution into water. The main objective of this thesis project was to demonstrate the effect of sodium chloride, added to diafiltration (DF) water utilized during the manufacturing process, on the solubility of milk protein concentrate. It was observed that the addition of sodium chloride into diafiltration water at levels of 50 mM, 100 mM, and 150 mM had a beneficial effect on the solubility of milk protein concentrate across a variety of reconstitution conditions. For example, when milk protein concentrate was mixed for 1 h on a stage mixer at 23 °C ± 1 °C, a significant increase (p < 0.001) in mean solubility was observed when at least 50 mM NaCl had been incorporated into DF water. The incorporation of 50 mM NaCl into DF water significantly increased (p < 0.001) the mean solubility of milk protein concentrate from 59.81 % to between 64.34 % and 71.78 %. The addition of 100 mM NaCl significantly increased (p < 0.001) the solubility to between 88.80 % and 96.24 %, and the addition of 150 mM NaCl significantly increased (p = 0.005) the solubility to between 92.79 % and 100 %. Minerals analysis of dry powders revealed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in levels of sodium. The addition of 50 mM NaCl into DF water was associated with a significant increase (p < 0.001) in powder Na content to between 2.48 mg/g and 7.44 mg/g. The addition of 100 mM NaCl into DF water was associated with a significant increase (p = 0.002) in powder Na content to between 5.80 mg /g and 10.75 mg/g, and the addition of 150 mM NaCl into DF water was associated with a significant increase (p = 0.001) in powder Na content to between 9.57 mg/g and 14.53 mg/g. A significant difference (p < 0.001) in magnesium level was also detected. Differences in calcium content were not found to be statistically significant (p = 0.016) at α = 0.01. Preliminary observations of milk protein concentrate upon reconstitution were made using a confocal laser scanning microscopy method. This method showed evidence of possible differences in powder particle rehydration and affinity for lipid association between powder particles manufactured at different treatment levels. As the level of NaCl incorporated into DF water increased, particle structures upon rehydration appeared more porous, and the incidence of lipid material that was not associated with powder particles appeared to increase. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of sodium content in determining the solubility of milk protein concentrate.

Improving our understanding of milk protein production regulation and AA transport is important for successfully formulating diets for AA and improving N efficiency. The objectives were to study protein synthesis regulation and AA transport using in vitro and in vivo models. In the first experiment, the objective was to evaluate the ability of five distinct AA profiles and balancing Lys to Met ratio to 3:1 to stimulate protein translation. No single AA profile uniquely stimulated phosphorylation of translational machinery related proteins suggesting identification of a single optimal AA profile as unlikely. In the second experiment, an in vitro method using three different AA isotopes was developed to trace AA movement. The method assesses bi-directional transport of multiple AA simultaneously enabling evaluation of unidirectional uptake kinetics. This method was used to evaluate AA concentrations representing 16, 100, 186, and 271% of cow plasma AA concentrations. Amino acid uptake was not saturable within the in vivo range for eleven AA. Arginine, Val, and Pro exhibited saturation with the Michaelis-Menten km being 95, 49, and 65% of in vivo concentrations. Results suggest that AA transport is generally non-saturable and that high bi-directional transport exists which enables a mechanism for mitigating AA shortages. In experiment 3, the objective was to evaluate milk protein production and regulation from infusing Met, Lys, and His (MKH) or Ile and Leu (IL). The two EAA groups independently and additively increased milk protein yield. This finding contradicts the single limiting AA theory that a single nutrient will limit milk protein yield. Changes in udder AA extraction and blood flow from supplemental EAA reveal flexible delivery mechanisms. The phosphorylation state of proteins associated with the mTOR pathway was impacted by both EAA treatments. Changes in the udder proteome suggest negative feedback on mTOR pathway activation when milk protein yield was increased by the EAA groups separately but when supplemented together, negative feedback was lessened. Results indicate that multiple EAA can stimulate milk protein production, the ability of AA transport to match intracellular needs, and that the single limiting AA theory or existence of a unique optimal AA profile is likely irrelevant in dairy cows. / Doctor of Philosophy / Post absorptive metabolism of dietary protein and conversion to milk protein is not well described in dairy nutrition models resulting in poor predictions of response to changing protein supply. This partially constrains diet formulation with respect to successfully balancing diets for protein and amino acids or for improving N efficiency. The efficiency of absorbed AA into milk protein varies and udder AA uptake may contribute to this varying efficiency through transport regulation in an attempt to maintain intracellular AA homeostasis. Amino acid transport was assessed when AA supplies were varied below and above in vivo supplies. High bi-directional AA transport was saturating uptake for Arg, Pro, and Val within the normal in vivo range for lactating dairy cows. The high AA exchange suggest strong ability to manage changes in AA supply to meet needs for milk protein translation. When intracellular AA supply declines, efflux of the limiting AA out of the cell declines which results in greater uptake of the limiting AA by the cell. The theory that milk protein yield is limited by a single most limiting amino acid (e.g., the barrel and stave analogy) and that a single optimal EAA profile exists predominates in the field of animal nutrition, but implementation of this theory has not greatly improved N efficiency or been adopted widely. We observed that various AA profiles can equally stimulate milk protein translational machinery in mammary epithelial cells and that balancing Lys to Met ratio to 3 to 1 only had a minor effect. Multiple EAA can regulate milk protein production through signaling to synthesis machinery and delivery of AA to the udder. Supplementation of two iv groups of EAA, 1) methionine, lysine, and histidine and 2) isoleucine and leucine, independently and additively increased milk protein yield in dairy cows. These increases were achieved by changes in blood flow in the udder, AA uptake, and nutrient signaling related to protein translation regulation. Hence, results of this dissertation tend to not support the idea of a single limiting amino acid or a unique optimal profile of AA for milk protein production in dairy cattle.

Resumo: Vacas com alto potencial para produção de leite requerem suplementação com alimentos concentrados para suprir suas exigências nutricionais. A utilização do milho como parte desses alimentos torna-se freqüente, já que é a fonte de amido mais utilizada. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da substituição dos grãos secos de milho (GSM) pela silagem de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM) sobre a produção e composição do leite, foram utilizadas cinco vacas da raça Holandesas (HPB), primíparas com média de 112 dias pós-parto, confinadas em Tie Stall, no setor de Bovinocultura Leiteira da Universidade de Marília - UNIMAR. Foram avaliadas cinco rações balanceadas de acordo com o NRC (2001) para 17,5% PB (MS) e 2,4 Mcal EM/kg MS, contendo farelo de soja, GSM e/ou SGUM, silagem de cana de açúcar e feno. Níveis de substituição dos GSM pela SGUM estão descritos nos tratamentos: 1) 0%; 2) 25%; 3) 50%; 4) 75% e 5) 100%. O período experimental teve duração de 70 dias, divididos em cinco fases de 14 dias cada. A produção de leite e o consumo de matéria seca foram registrados diariamente. Os animais foram submetidos a duas ordenhas diárias (6:00 e 18:00 h), sendo as amostras de leite coletadas nas ordenhas consecutivas de cada fase experimental (quatro dias de coleta). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o Quadrado Latino 5x5 e os dados analisados pelo programa estatístico SAS. O peso corporal (508 kg), produção de leite (23,6 kg), produção de leite corrigida (22,7 kg), consumos de matéria seca (17,13 kg), não apresentaram diferença com a inclusão da SGUM na dieta, porém os consumos de FDN (6,67 kg), FDA (3,39 kg) e eficiência alimentar para produção de leite (1,41 kg leite/dia), apresentaram diferença. Para a composição do leite, apenas o nitrogênio uréico (17,67 mg/dL) apresentou diferença com a inclusão de SGUM na dieta, indicando desta forma... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Cows with high potential for milk production require extra concentrated food in order to supply their nutritional demands. The use of corn as part of their feeding has been frequent, since it is the most used source of starch. Intended for evaluating the effects of the substitution of the dry shelled corn (DSC) for the high moisture corn silage (HMCS) on the production and composition of the milk, five Holstein cows (BWH) were used. They were primiparous, with a postpartum time of around 112 days, confined in Tie Stall, in the dairy cattle sector of the University of Marília - UNIMAR. It was evaluated five rations balanced in agreement with NRC (2001) to 17.5% CP (DM) and 2.4 Mcal ME/kg DM, containing soybean meal, DSC and/or HMCS, sugar silage and hay. Levels of substitution of DSC for the HMCS are described in the treatments: 1) 0%; 2) 25%; 3) 50%; 4) 75% and 5) 100%. The experimental period was 70 days, divided into five phases of 14 days each. The production of milk and consumption of dry matter were registered daily. The animals were submitted to two milk daily rates (6h00 and 18h00), and the milk samples were collected in the following milking of each experimental phase (four days of collection). It was used the method of Latin Square 5x5 and the data analyzed by the SAS statistical program. Body weight (508 kg), production of milk (23.6 kg), production of milk corrected for 4% of fat (22.7 kg), and dry matter consumptions (17.13 kg) did not present any difference with the inclusion of HMCS in the diet, unlike the FDN (6.67 kg), FDA (3.39 kg) intake and feed efficiency production of milk (1.41 kg milk/day) presented difference. As for the composition of the milk, only the urea nitrogen (17.67 mg/dL) presented difference with the inclusion of HMCS in the diet, thus indicating that HMCS... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Ciniro Costa / Coorientador: Gercílio Alves de Almeida Júnior / Banca: Paulo Roberto de Lima Meireles / Banca: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Mestre

Cation-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography separated whole casein into β-casein A2, A1, and B, K-casein, αs1-casein, and αs2-casein fractions as well as γ-caseins and several unidentified peaks using a urea-acetate buffer at pH 5 and a NaCl gradient. The whole casein fractions eluted in the following order: breakdown products of β-casein and unidentified peaks; β-casein A2, Al, and B; additional breakdown products of β-casein and unidentified peaks; K-casein; αs1-casein; and αs2-casein. The calculated composition of the four major caseins correlated well with values obtained using anion-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography at pH 7. An acid-PAGE gel confirmed that the three β-casein peaks were variants of β-casein. Incubating herd bulk whole casein with neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) removed carbohydrate from K-casein. Anion-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography separated whole casein into β-casein breakdown products, K-casein A and B, β-casein, αs2-casein, and αs1-casein peaks as well as three unidentified fractions using bis-Tris-propane-urea buffer at pH 7 and a NaCl gradient. Fractions of whole casein eluted in the following order: breakdown products of β-casein and unidentified fractions A and B; K-casein fraction; unidentified C fraction; β-casein; αs2-casein; and αs1-casein. Following treatment with neuraminidase, K-casein eluted as K-casein B and A rather than a series of peaks. Casein samples from individual cows containing known combinations of K-casein A and B confirmed that the peaks were K-casein variants. Isoelectric focusing on a PhastSystem™ separated K-casein A and B; β-casein A1, A2, A3, and B; αs1-casein Band C; β-lactoglobulin A and B; αs2-casein A; and α-lactalbumin B. Minimal preparation and a short separation time enabled many whole milk and whole casein samples to be phenotyped daily. Stepwise regression equations derived to predict samples as homozygous or heterozygous for K-casein A and B and β-casein A1, A2, and B had coefficient of determination values of .18, .58, .82, and .72 for K-casein A and B, β-casein A1, β-casein A2, and β-casein B. Although amino acid analysis can identify whether β-casein A1, A2, or B variants are present, it cannot identify whether K-casein A and B variants are present. Percentages of K-casein, β-casein, αs1-casein, and αs2-casein obtained with isoelectric focusing, cation-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography, and anion-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography compare well with published results. Isoelectric focusing and anion-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography methods separated K-casein into its A and B variants. Isoelectric focusing and cation-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography separated β-casein into its A1, A2, and B variants. Individual cows homozygous for K-casein A or B expressed the same amount of K-casein. When results from individual cows heterozygous for K-casein are combined, the two alleles are expressed equally; on an individual cow basis, however, some cows expressed more K-casein B than K-casein A. Individual cows homozygous for β-casein A1, A2 or B expressed the same amount of β-casein. When the results for individual cows heterozygous for β-casein are combined, the two β-casein alleles are expressed equally. In milk from individual cows typed β-casein A2B, slightly more B than A2 was expressed with cation-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography.

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Butter and milk fat from different composition and quality raw, peculiarities of production technology, and influence for butter in join-stock “ Kauno pienas” Laura Lazdauskienė, GT fakultetas VI kurso studentė Mokslinio darbo vadovas dr.Doc.Kazimieras Pauliukas Introduction A main problem of join-stock is production realization. The company purpose – to extend products assortment and reform their quality, likewise to improve process of technology. Methods. Work accomplished join-stock Company “ Kauno pienas”. Milk was investigated in chemical and microbiology laboratories. The date about milk composition and quality were compared with enterprise “ Pieno tyrimai “. The main indicators of milk quality ( fat, proteins, lactose) a milk quality indicators ( somatic cell count, total bacterial contamination ) have influence for butter production. Results and discussion. At most, influences for butter production have fats, which vary in milk. The fat amount in milk is major in wintertime, in summer time is lesser. Influence for amount fats has triglyceride in milk. During wintertime, their amount increase and fat amount in milk likewise increase. The consistence of make butter in wintertime is solid and grain, in summertime – soft. Given a major fat amount in milk, less remain in skinny milk. Somatic cell count and total bacterial contamination has influence for butter quality. This indicator was compared with average of republic. It was noticed, that this indicator during five... [to full text]

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is becoming a more common diagnosis of younger children. In recent years the perception that some ingredients in our food may have a negative effect regarding the symptoms in children with ADHD has grown stronger. Children with ADHD often suffer from irritated bowel syndromes which affect their ability to digest food. This may result in malnutrition as well as a release of substances that are harmful.The purpose of this report is to compile and illustrate the knowledge of how special food, particular milk protein and gluten, may affect the symptoms of children with ADHD. Also, the report aims to evaluate if there should be changes made in Kindergarten to increase the well-being of these children. The report is a summary of research results on the effects milk protein and gluten have on children with ADHD.The majority of children with ADHD demonstrate decreased symptoms if they receive a diet without milk protein and gluten.If children with ADHD would be given a special diet excluding milk protein and gluten it is realistic to assume that their ADHD-symptoms might be reduced with a greater sense of well-being and quality of life as a result. / Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) är en allt mer vanligt förekommande diagnos hos förskolebarn. Uppfattningen om att en anpassad kosthållning kan lindra symtomen hos barn med ADHD har växt sig starkare de senaste åren. Barn med ADHD lider ofta av en irriterad tarm som har en störd matspjälkningsfunktion, vilket kan leda till att näringsämnen bryts ner ofullständigt och resulterar i näringsbrister och frisättning av ämnen som kan påverka oss negativt.Syftet med rapporten är att sammanställa och belysa kunskapen om hur kosten kan påverka symtomen hos barn med ADHD, med särskild inriktning på påverkan från mjölkprotein och gluten. Samt att belysa vilken nytta skolverksamheten kan ha av dagens forskning inom ämnet.Rapporten är en sammanställning av de forskningsresultat som finns inom ämnet ADHD-anpassad kost där mjölkprotein och gluten utesluts.Majoriteten av barn med ADHD påvisar en minskade symtom om de får en anpassad kost utan mjölkprotein och gluten.Om förskolan skulle erbjuda barn med ADHD en anpassad kost är det realistiskt att anta att deras ADHD-symtom skulle kunna minska med ett ökat välbefinnande som följd.