Techn. Univ., Habil.-Schr.--Freiberg, 2006.

Thesis (M.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 142-146). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Canterbury, 2007. / Typescript (photocopy). "June 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-94). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 221-249). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2010. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 492 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 214 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 203-209).

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The use of toxicity tests to evaluate the quality of streams affected by mixtures such as acid mine drainage (AMD), adds value to assessments whereby site-specific toxicological data may identify toxicants that pose a threat to humans. To successfully evaluate the risk of combined mixtures, an improved understanding of the individual components, their uptake, metabolism, excretion and mode of action is required. This study aimed to identify the extent of AMD toxicity in a dose dependant manner on the MCF-7 cell line. The first study site associated with gold mining was chosen as the Tweelopies Stream situated in the Gauteng province of South Africa. The AMD effluent (un-neutralised) contaminating the Tweelopies Stream had undergone pH-neutralisation using a reactor-bed limestone technology incorporating the use of both calcium carbonate (CaCO3) powder and limestone beds. The second study site, the Kromdraai River, is situated in the eMalahleni region of South Africa where a predominance of coal mining exists. The pH -neutralisation of the AMD (un-neutralised) contaminated Kromdraai River was performed using a caustic soda (NaOH) precipitation technique. This study demonstrated the rapid and effective application of the comet assay as a screening tool for AMD-associated DNA breakages in the human cell line, MCF-7. Moreover, the study analysed parameters of cellular survival, DNA fragmentation and variations in morphologies indicative of cellular death. Collectively, the cyto-genetic aberrations observed in the MCF-7 cells as a result of exposure to gold and coal mining associated AMD, confirms the urgency of incorporating high-throughput screening in ecological toxicity assessment to evaluate cellular damage at genetic levels in low dose exposures where detection might be missed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die gebruik van toksisiteitstoetse om die gehalte van strome te evalueer wat geraak word deur mengsels soos suur mynwater (SM), gee waarde aan spesifieke toksikologiese data van gifstowwe wat 'n bedreiging vir die mens kan identifiseer. Om die risiko van gekombineerde mengsels en hul individuele komponente beter te begrip en suksesvol evalueer, is hul opname, metabolisme, uitskeiding en modus van aksie nodig. Hierdie studie het gepoog om die omvang van SM-toksisiteit in 'n dosis afhanklike wyse op die MCF-7-sellyn te identifiseer. Die eerste studie-area wat gekies is, hou verband met goudmyn-ontginning, en is die Tweelopiesspruit, geleë in die Gauteng-provinsie van Suid-Afrika. Die SM-uitvloeisel (on-geneutraliseerde) wat die Tweelopiesspruit besoedel, het pH-neutralisasie ondergaan met behulp van die integrasie van 'n reaktor-bed kalksorpsietegnologie wat gebruik maak van beide kalsiumkarbonaat (CaCO3) poeier en kalksteenbeddens. Die tweede studie-area, is die Kromdraairivier geleë in die eMalahleni-streek van Suid-Afrika, waar steenkoolontginning die oorheersende aktiwiteit is. Die pH-neutralisasie van die SM (on-geneutraliseerde) in die geval van die Kromdraairivier word met behulp van 'n bytsoda (NaOH) neerslag tegniek, uitgevoer. Hierdie studie het die komeet-toets getoon as 'n vinnige en doeltreffende toepassing vir SM-geassosieerde DNA-breekskade in die menslike sel lyn, MCF-7. Verder het die studie parameters van sellulêre oorlewing, DNA-fragmentasie en variasies in sel morfologieë wat ‘n aanduiding van sellulêre dood is, ontleed. Gesamentlik dui die resultate daarop dat die sitogenetiese afwykings wat in die MCF-7-selle waargeneem is, as 'n gevolg van blootstelling aan goud- en steenkool-geassosieerde SM is. Die studie het verder die dringendheid van die integrasie van hoë-deurset tegnologieë in ekologiese toksisiteitstoetse in selle wat genetiese skade mag ondergaan, na 'n lae dosis blootstelling waar opsporing dalk gemis word, ondersteun.

Na região sul do Brasil, muito aterros sanitários encontram-se próximos a áreas de mineração de carvão, cujos rejeitos são ricos no mineral pirita (FeS2). Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o tratamento de lixiviado de aterro sanitário com coagulantes férricos e ferrosos produzidos a partir da oxidação da pirita em meio aquoso. O lixiviado de aterro sanitário foi coletado no Aterro do Município de Campo Bom no Vale do Rio dos Sinos – RS. Pesquisou-se o efeito da dosagem do coagulante e avaliou-se comparativamente o desempenho com coagulantes comerciais produzidos a partir da dissolução de sucata ferrosa em ácido sulfúrico. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que os coagulantes férricos são eficiente no tratamento por coagulação dos lixiviados em dosagens superiores a 1 g/L. Verificou-se também que os coagulantes ferrosos podem ser aplicados no tratamento do chorume pelo processo Fenton (H2O2/Fe). Foram realizados ensaios considerando diferentes misturas de chorume e DAM, com e sem a adição de H2O2. O efeito de coagulação, em ambos os casos, melhorou as características do efluente em termos de carga orgânica, metais pesados e nutrientes. Porém, quando foi adicionado o H2O2 (Reação de Fenton), o efluente final apresentou melhores resultados em relação a cor, COT (Carbono Orgânico Total), nutrientes e, principalmente, em termos de bactérias do grupo coliforme. Os resultados demonstraram que a drenagem ácida de minas, especialmente as mais concentradas e ricas em Fe+2, podem ser empregadas a baixo custo como fonte de ferro para a Reação de Fenton. Desta maneira, surgem novas tecnologias para o tratamento primário de chorume com o uso de coagulante férricos e ferrosos produzidos a partir da oxidação da pirita presente em rejeitos de carvão. / In southern Brazil, most landfills are close to coal mining areas, whose tailings are rich in the mineral pyrite (FeS2). This work aimed at studying the treatment of landfill leachate with ferrous and ferric coagulants produced from the oxidation of pyrite in aqueous media. The landfill leachate was collected in the landfill of the city of Campo Bom in the region of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – RS, Brazil. The effect of the dosage of coagulant was evaluated and compared performance with commercial coagulants produced from the dissolution of ferrous scrap in sulfuric acid was researched for this paper. The results showed that ferric coagulants are effective in the treatment of leachate by coagulation at dosages greater than 1g / L. It was also found that the ferrous coagulants can be applied in the treatment of leachate by Fenton process (H2O2/Fe). Researches have been performed considering different mixtures of manure and AMD (Acid Mine Drainages), with and without the addition of H2O2. The coagulation effect in both cases, improved the characteristics of the effluent in terms of organic load, heavy metals and nutrients. However, when H2O2 (Fenton reaction) was added, the wastewater showed better results for color, TOC (Total Organic Carbon), nutrients, and especially in terms of coliform bacteria. The results showed that acid mine drainage, especially the most concentrated and rich in Fe +2, can be employed at low cost as a source of iron for the Fenton reaction. Thus, there are new technologies for the primary treatment of manure with the use of ferrous and ferric coagulant produced from the oxidation of pyrite present in coal tailings.

No

Muitos locais de mineração de carvão estão próximos a centros urbanos, coexistindo, nestas regiões, a drenagem ácida de minas (DAM) e os esgotos domésticos, sendo que, ambos os efluentes afetam a qualidade da água dos corpos receptores se ali lançados sem o devido tratamento. A drenagem ácida de minas afeta a qualidade da água baixando o pH, aumentando a acidez e acrescendo quantidades indesejáveis de ferro, manganês, alumínio, sulfatos e outros metais enquanto que o esgoto doméstico caracteriza-se pela presença de alcalinidade, matéria orgânica e microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a DAM pode ser utilizada como agente coagulante no tratamento físico-químico dos esgotos e, baseado nisto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o tratamento combinado da DAM com o esgoto doméstico de modo que também ocorra a redução dos metais e acidez presentes na DAM. O processo baseia-se no fato de que a alcalinidade do esgoto pode, pelo menos em parte, neutralizar a acidez da DAM, proporcionando uma economia no consumo de reagentes para a correção do pH. Com a elevação do pH, o ferro e o alumínio presentes na DAM sofrem hidrólise e coagulam na forma de hidróxidos dos referidos metais, separando-se da fase líquida na forma de um precipitado gelatinoso que carrea consigo os sólidos suspensos presentes no esgoto constituídos, principalmente, de matéria orgânica e microrganismos patogênicos, fósforo e nitrogênio. Assim, a metodologia do presente trabalho consistiu em realizar o tratamento em laboratório de ambos os efluentes considerando diferentes proporções de mistura. Nas condições empregadas no presente trabalho, obteve-se um efeito coagulante ótimo, em pH próximo a 7,0, para a proporção DAM:esgoto de 1:2, correspondendo a concentrações de Fe e Al acima de 80 mg/L na mistura. Para estas condições a redução de carga orgânica, nutrientes, metais e microrganismos foi elevada. A remoção de carga orgânica em termos de DQO foi 67%, a redução de nitrogênio foi de 40%, a redução de fósforo foi de 90% e a remoção de bactérias do grupo coliforme comparável aos processos convencionais de tratamento de esgoto sanitário. Dos metais presentes na DAM, o Fe e Al sofreram reduções de 99% e o Zn de 95%. O Mn, reduziu apenas 13 % na faixa de pH 7,0 utilizada no trabalho, sendo necessário tratamento adicional para atingir os limites de emissão previstos em legislação.A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a mistura dos fluxos é uma alternativa para o tratamento combinado dos efluentes DAM e esgoto doméstico, onde coexistam em proporções e características físico-químicas definidas neste trabalho. / Many coal mining places are close to inhabited concentrations, where there are the acid mine drainage (AMD) and domestic sewage and both effluent affect the quality of water bodies if released without proper treatment. The AMD affects water´s quality decreasing pH, increasing acidity and the concentration of undesirable metals such as iron, manganese, aluminum, sulphates and other metals while the domestic sewage is characterized by the presence of alkalinity, organic matter and microorganisms, with possible presence of pathogenic. Previous studies have shown that the AMD can be used as an coagulant agent on physico-chemical treatment of sewage and, based on this, the aim of this work was to study the combined treatment of AMD and domestic sewage so that also occur metals and acidity reduction present in the AMD. The process is based on the fact that the sewage´s alkalinity could neutralize part of the AMD acidity, providing an economy in reagents for pH correction. At the same time, the pH increasing provides that the iron and aluminium present in the AMD, became hydrolyzed in the form of hydroxides of these metals, and provide a coagulation effect separating themselves from the liquid phase like as gelatinous precipitate which carry on suspended solids present in domestic sewage constituted mainly of pathogenic micro-organisms and organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus. Thus, the methodology of the present work consisted of laboratory experiments considering different proportions of mixtures. Over the conditions employed in this work, the best coagulant effect was obtained with pH value around 7,0 and effluent proportion of 1:2 (DAM:sewage) corresponding to concentrations of Fe and Al above 80 mg/L in the mixture. For these conditions the organic load reduction, nutrients, metals and microorganisms was high. Removal of organic load in terms of COD was 67%, the reduction of nitrogen was 40%, phosphorus was 90% and the removal of bacteria of coliform bacteria group comparable to conventional processes for the treatment of sewage. The metals present in the AMD also was removed; the Fe and Al cut of 99% each and the Zn cut of 95%. The Mn, reduced only 13% in the range of pH 7.0 used at work, and additional treatment is needed to achieve the emission limits laid down in legislation for this metal. It was concluded that the combined treatment of AMD and sewage can be an alternative to reduce the pollutants load in sanitary effluents. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the mixture flows is an alternative to the combined treatment of domestic sewage and DAM effluents, where they could coexist in the proportions and physico-chemical properties defined in this work.