Em junho de 2013, o Governo Federal enviou ao Congresso Nacional uma proposta para o novo marco regulatória da mineração. No entanto, críticos dessa proposta alegam que, caso o aumento dos royalties da mineração pretendido pelo Governo não ocorra no bojo de uma reforma tributária mais ampla, a nova carga tributária pode inflar demasiadamente o custo de extração de alguns minérios no Brasil, prejudicando sua inserção no mercado internacional e, consequentemente, desestimulando investimentos produtivos no país. Neste sentido, o objetivo desta tese é realizar uma análise econômica sobre a compensação financeira pela exploração dos recursos minerais no âmbito do novo Código de Mineração. Através de um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável, foram simulados os potenciais impactos do aumento na carga tributária incidente sobre a indústria de mineração, considerando seus efeitos sobre a economia nacional e sobre os principais estados brasileiros produtores de minério. Os resultados encontrados apontam que, apesar da queda no investimento e na produção da indústria mineral, o aumento dos gastos públicos regionais deve aquecer as economias locais, gerando renda e elevação de preços. Entretanto, o modelo adotado na simulação não considera que mudanças na base de cálculo da CFEM podem mudar o comportamento dos mineradores e que os novos recursos da compensação podem alterar a política fiscal dos governos contemplados. Para avaliar a primeira possibilidade, foram analisados modelos teóricos que indicam que o novo arcabouço regulatório está caminhando no sentido contrário da neutralidade do arranjo tributário, o que, a princípio, não é desejável. No entanto, tendo em vista que a assimetria de informação entre investidor privado e regulador também gera perdas ao poder público, sugere-se um arranjo alternativo para a CFEM, onde ela é composta por um componente fixo e um componente ad valorem, sendo que os valores pagos em cada modalidade pelo minerador devem ser definidos no leilão que atribuirá às jazidas minerais aos investidores interessados. Por fim, foram avaliados os impactos da CFEM na política fiscal dos municípios contemplados vis-à-vis o comportamento dos municípios não contemplados. Para isso, foram estimados diversos modelos econométricos elaboradas com base em um propensity score weighting espacial. São testados os efeitos da CFEM sobre o esforço fiscal dos municípios, sobre a contratação de empregados no setor público e sobre os gastos públicos correntes das prefeituras. Os resultados encontrados apontam que, em geral, as rendas da CFEM: (i) diminuem o esforço de arrecadação próprio dos municípios; (ii) aumentam a contratação de pessoal no setor público; e (iii) provocam uma expansão dos gastos públicos correntes significativamente maior do que aquela resultante de aumentos da renda per capita dos contribuintes, o chamado efeito flypaper. Com base nestes resultados, é sugerida a adoção de um Fundo de Recursos Soberanos para a administração federal dos recursos da CFEM, sendo que os estados e municípios beneficiados seriam cotistas do fundo, mas resgatariam os recursos sob algumas regras pré-definidas / In June 2013, the Brazilian Government sent to the Congress a proposal for the new regulatory framework of the mining sector, which includes an increase in royalties paid by mining companies. Critics of this proposal argue that this increase does not occur under a broader tax reform. Therefore, the new tax can rise the extraction cost of some minerals in Brazil, hampering the integration of companies into the international market and hence discouraging productive investment in the country. The aim of this thesis is to conduct an economic analysis of the financial compensation for the exploitation of mineral resources (CFEM) under the new Mining Code. Through a general equilibrium model, it simulated the potential impact of the increased royalties on the mining industry, considering their effects on the national economy as well as on the main Brazilian mining states. Results show that despite the falling investment and production on the mining industry, the rise of regional public spending should boost local economies, generating income and higher prices. However, the model adopted in the simulation does not take into account that changes in the CFEM\'s calculation basis can affect the behavior of miners and that the new revenues can change the fiscal policy of benefiting governments. In order to assess the first possibility, theoretical models were analyzed, whose results indicate that the new Mining Code is moving away from a neutral taxation arrangement, which is not desirable. However, since the information asymmetry between investor and regulator also generates losses to the government, it is suggested a new alternative, which consists in a two-component CFEM: a fixed one and a variable one. The proportions of each component should be set by auctions in order to allocate mineral rights to interested investors. With the purpose of considering the second hypothesis, the impacts of CFEM on the fiscal policy of the municipalities were analyzed. In order to do so, several econometric models based on a spatial propensity score weighting are estimated. The effects of CFEM on the tax effort of the municipalities, on the hiring of employees by the public sector and on the current public spending of municipalities are tested. Results show that, in general, CFEM rents: (i) decrease the effort of municipalities; (ii) increase the hiring in the public sector; and (iii) cause an expansion of current public spending significantly higher than that resulting from increases in income per capita (flypaper effect). Based on these results, it is suggested the adoption of a Sovereign Resources Fund for federal administration of CFEM. States and municipalities should be shareholders of the fund, but some predefined rules to rescue resources should be observed

Em junho de 2013, o Governo Federal enviou ao Congresso Nacional uma proposta para o novo marco regulatória da mineração. No entanto, críticos dessa proposta alegam que, caso o aumento dos royalties da mineração pretendido pelo Governo não ocorra no bojo de uma reforma tributária mais ampla, a nova carga tributária pode inflar demasiadamente o custo de extração de alguns minérios no Brasil, prejudicando sua inserção no mercado internacional e, consequentemente, desestimulando investimentos produtivos no país. Neste sentido, o objetivo desta tese é realizar uma análise econômica sobre a compensação financeira pela exploração dos recursos minerais no âmbito do novo Código de Mineração. Através de um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável, foram simulados os potenciais impactos do aumento na carga tributária incidente sobre a indústria de mineração, considerando seus efeitos sobre a economia nacional e sobre os principais estados brasileiros produtores de minério. Os resultados encontrados apontam que, apesar da queda no investimento e na produção da indústria mineral, o aumento dos gastos públicos regionais deve aquecer as economias locais, gerando renda e elevação de preços. Entretanto, o modelo adotado na simulação não considera que mudanças na base de cálculo da CFEM podem mudar o comportamento dos mineradores e que os novos recursos da compensação podem alterar a política fiscal dos governos contemplados. Para avaliar a primeira possibilidade, foram analisados modelos teóricos que indicam que o novo arcabouço regulatório está caminhando no sentido contrário da neutralidade do arranjo tributário, o que, a princípio, não é desejável. No entanto, tendo em vista que a assimetria de informação entre investidor privado e regulador também gera perdas ao poder público, sugere-se um arranjo alternativo para a CFEM, onde ela é composta por um componente fixo e um componente ad valorem, sendo que os valores pagos em cada modalidade pelo minerador devem ser definidos no leilão que atribuirá às jazidas minerais aos investidores interessados. Por fim, foram avaliados os impactos da CFEM na política fiscal dos municípios contemplados vis-à-vis o comportamento dos municípios não contemplados. Para isso, foram estimados diversos modelos econométricos elaboradas com base em um propensity score weighting espacial. São testados os efeitos da CFEM sobre o esforço fiscal dos municípios, sobre a contratação de empregados no setor público e sobre os gastos públicos correntes das prefeituras. Os resultados encontrados apontam que, em geral, as rendas da CFEM: (i) diminuem o esforço de arrecadação próprio dos municípios; (ii) aumentam a contratação de pessoal no setor público; e (iii) provocam uma expansão dos gastos públicos correntes significativamente maior do que aquela resultante de aumentos da renda per capita dos contribuintes, o chamado efeito flypaper. Com base nestes resultados, é sugerida a adoção de um Fundo de Recursos Soberanos para a administração federal dos recursos da CFEM, sendo que os estados e municípios beneficiados seriam cotistas do fundo, mas resgatariam os recursos sob algumas regras pré-definidas / In June 2013, the Brazilian Government sent to the Congress a proposal for the new regulatory framework of the mining sector, which includes an increase in royalties paid by mining companies. Critics of this proposal argue that this increase does not occur under a broader tax reform. Therefore, the new tax can rise the extraction cost of some minerals in Brazil, hampering the integration of companies into the international market and hence discouraging productive investment in the country. The aim of this thesis is to conduct an economic analysis of the financial compensation for the exploitation of mineral resources (CFEM) under the new Mining Code. Through a general equilibrium model, it simulated the potential impact of the increased royalties on the mining industry, considering their effects on the national economy as well as on the main Brazilian mining states. Results show that despite the falling investment and production on the mining industry, the rise of regional public spending should boost local economies, generating income and higher prices. However, the model adopted in the simulation does not take into account that changes in the CFEM\'s calculation basis can affect the behavior of miners and that the new revenues can change the fiscal policy of benefiting governments. In order to assess the first possibility, theoretical models were analyzed, whose results indicate that the new Mining Code is moving away from a neutral taxation arrangement, which is not desirable. However, since the information asymmetry between investor and regulator also generates losses to the government, it is suggested a new alternative, which consists in a two-component CFEM: a fixed one and a variable one. The proportions of each component should be set by auctions in order to allocate mineral rights to interested investors. With the purpose of considering the second hypothesis, the impacts of CFEM on the fiscal policy of the municipalities were analyzed. In order to do so, several econometric models based on a spatial propensity score weighting are estimated. The effects of CFEM on the tax effort of the municipalities, on the hiring of employees by the public sector and on the current public spending of municipalities are tested. Results show that, in general, CFEM rents: (i) decrease the effort of municipalities; (ii) increase the hiring in the public sector; and (iii) cause an expansion of current public spending significantly higher than that resulting from increases in income per capita (flypaper effect). Based on these results, it is suggested the adoption of a Sovereign Resources Fund for federal administration of CFEM. States and municipalities should be shareholders of the fund, but some predefined rules to rescue resources should be observed

M.Comm. (International Taxation) / Lyn Bourne (n.d.) once wrote "The concept of royalties evolved from a time when the government owned all of the land, including mines, to the situation where free miners won the right to claim minerals, but paid a portion of their production to the royal treasury. Today, a mineral royalty is a payment to the owner of the mineral rights for the privilege of producing the mineral commodity"...

A dynamic shift in the ownership, management and development of the country’s mineral heritage took place after the inauguration of the new political dispensation in South Africa in 1994. This resulted in the enactment of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (28/2002) (MPRDA) in 2002. In accordance with the MPRDA the country’s mineral and petroleum resources are the common heritage of the people of South Africa and the State acts as the custodian of these resources for the benefit of all people. In this capacity, the State may determine and levy a fee or consideration payable in respect of these resources. The Minerals and Petroleum Resources Royalty Act (28/2008) (MPRRA) was enacted on 24 November 2008 to impose a mineral royalty on the extraction of South Africa’s mineral resources to compensate the nation for the depletion of its mineral wealth. This legislation is likely to have a significant impact on the South African mining industry. The aim of this study was to review the development of this legislation to gain an understanding of the issues considered when it was developed and to identify certain aspects of the MPRRA that may require further research in order to be improved in future. The analysis consists of a qualitative comparison of the draft versions of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Royalty Bill (MPRRB) and related commentary. The study recommends that legislators reconsider the level of royalties to be levied as well as the mechanism contained in the MPRRA to promote downstream beneficiation to ensure optimal benefits from extracting the nation’s mineral resources. Further research of these aspects could improve the South African mineral royalty regime in future. Copyright / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Taxation / unrestricted

The Barrett (1972-1975) and Harcourt-Clark (1991-2001) New Democratic Party (NDP) governments attempted to redefine their relationship with the mining industry by changing the regulatory structures that governed mining in British Columbia. In both cases the mining industry publicly resisted these attempts, and was successful in having the reforms dismantled by subsequent free-enterprise oriented governments. These instances of conflict were centred on a foundational debate over government’s role in, and/or duty to, the mining industry. Intense industry-led resistance occurred when the traditional industry-government compact, which required government to serve as a promoter of the industry, and a liquidator of Crown owned mineral resources, was perceived to have been violated. The Barrett government more stringently asserted its ownership of public mineral resources through the enactment of a mineral royalty, and by assuming greater regulatory authority over mining operations. These actions instigated a substantial public relations campaign against the Barrett government over taxation laws. The Harcourt-Clark government pursued the development of strategic land-use plans and rejected the historic consensus that mining was innately the highest and best use of the land. This led to substantial anti-government rhetoric and an industry withdrawal from all public engagement and land-use planning processes. In both cases the mining industry was able to revive the traditional relationship when free-enterprise oriented governments replaced the NDP administrations. / Graduate / 2018-12-15