Orientador: Rodolfo Hoffmann / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T17:58:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_RegisBorgesde_M.pdf: 1913002 bytes, checksum: 504e722549a8b9348dd6a9902bf5e4b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Utilizando os dados da PNAD, o trabalho analisa a distribuição de rendimentos entre os empregados temporários e permanentes e com e sem carteira de trabalho na agricultura brasileira, de 1992 a 2008. Primeiramente são discutidos os principais condicionantes dos rendimentos dos empregados agrícolas, com atenção especial para a política de valorização do salário mínimo real. Além de chamar a atenção para os determinantes clássicos da desigualdade da distribuição dos rendimentos, foi encontrado que o salário mínimo afeta de maneira distinta os rendimentos das diferentes categorias de empregados agrícolas, tendo efeitos mais positivos sobre os rendimentos dos trabalhadores do segmento mais estruturado do mercado de trabalho (permanentes e com carteira). Por meio da decomposição das medidas de desigualdade utilizadas no trabalho, foi mensurada a contribuição da situação do empregado (permanente ou temporário e com ou sem carteira de trabalho) para a desigualdade total entre estes. Os resultados obtidos revelaram a importância da carteira de trabalho na conformação dos rendimentos dos empregados agrícolas, verificando-se que a diferença de remuneração associada à posse da carteira de trabalho é maior do que a diferença entre trabalhadores permanentes e temporários. Por fim, ajustando equações de rendimento para os empregados na agricultura brasileira pôde-se perceber o efeito de diversas variáveis sobre o rendimento desses empregados. As equações ajustadas ratificam a necessidade de disseminação de relações de trabalho formais na agricultura, bem como de maior fiscalização do trabalho na agricultura brasileira / Abstract: Using PNAD data, the paper analyses the income distribution between temporary and permanent workers and those with or without formal employment relationship in Brazilian agriculture, from 1992 to 2008. Firstly, the paper discusses the main factors affecting the agriculture employee's income, giving special attention to the policy that valorizes the real minimum wage. Besides highlighting the classical determinants of inequality income distribution, it was found that the minimum wage affects distinctively the different agriculture employment categories, with positive effects to workers participating of a more structured labour market (permanent workers and with formal employment relationship). By decomposing the inequality indicators used in the paper, the contribution of the employment categories (permanent employment or temporary and with or without formal employment relationship) to the total inequality between then was measured. The results revealed the importance of the formal employment relationship for the establishment of the agriculture employee's income, and it was verified that the difference related to the formal employment relationship is bigger than the difference between permanent workers and temporary ones. At last, adjusting income equations for the Brazilian agriculture employees, it was noted the effects of different variables at their income. The adjusted equations confirm the importance of the formal employment relationship in agriculture and the need of a more intense fiscalization over the Brazilian agriculture employment relationships / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Orientador: Maria Alejandra Caporale Madi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T22:08:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Toro_NuhuAbbayo_M.pdf: 3967794 bytes, checksum: a171718fe3a8deb0e89fefa61c289d9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Os impactos da crise financeira global na Nigéria têm se mostrado evidentes tanto no desempenho de seu sistema financeiro quando no setor real. Os sindicatos também foram profundamente afetados porque seu número diminuiu e muitos dos trabalhadores nos setores público, bancário e têxtil perderam seus empregos. A tese visa a demonstração da reação governamental e dos trabalhadores no pós-crise. As tensões entre o governo e os trabalhadores foram aprofundadas num contexto onde a flexibilização do trabalho coloca os sindicatos em posição de desvantagem para a barganha. Particularmente são analisadas as negociações acerca do salário mínimo. Entretanto, a crise financeira global também representou uma oportunidade para o governo da Nigéria considerar setores não relacionados ao petróleo como pilares do crescimento e desenvolvimento e para os sindicatos da Nigéria desenvolverem novas estratégias / Abstract: The global financial crisis' economic impacts on Nigeria have been evident in the performance of the financial system as well as in the real sector. The trade unions were also deeply affected because their number diminished and many of the workers in the public sector, banking and textile sectors lost their jobs. The thesis is aimed at showing the responses of the government and workers after the crisis. The tensions between the government and workers were deepened in the context where labor flexibilisation put the trade unions in a more disadvantaged position to bargain effectively. We particulary analyse the negotiations around the minimum wage. However, the global financial crisis also represented an opportunity to the Nigeria Government to look at non oil sectors as pillars of growth and development and for the Nigeria trade unions to develop new union strategies / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Orientador: Anselmo Luís dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T15:59:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souen_JacquelineAslan_M.pdf: 2801808 bytes, checksum: b9606b4cd4ea03f94e37f3e24376768b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A partir de uma retrospectiva histórica da trajetória do salário mínimo no Brasil, observamos que, com exceção do período compreendido entre 1951 e início da década de 1960 - pré-golpe de 64 -, ocorreram recorrentes perdas do seu poder aquisitivo. Na fase recente, ainda que o movimento favorável do piso mínimo tenha dado o primeiro sinal já em 1993 e efetivamente iniciado em 1995, com a consolidação do Plano Real e a estabilização da moeda, foi no pós 2003 que se inaugurou uma fase particularmente distinta. A subida ao poder de um governo com estreita ligação junto ao movimento sindical e mais aberto ao diálogo e às reivindicações das centrais sindicais, a inflação relativamente controlada e a reativação da economia, em 2004, foram condições essenciais para a mudança na forma de conduzir a questão. No início do novo governo ainda era forte o discurso contrário aos mecanismos de regulação e proteção do trabalho, em especial do salário mínimo. Apontavam-se os impactos indesejados sobre as contas públicas, além de possíveis efeitos inflacionários, e crescimento do desemprego e informalidade. Contudo, havia um crescente debate de oposição a esse discurso, o qual indicava o fraco desempenho econômico como um dos principais obstáculos a uma efetiva política de recuperação do poder de compra do mínimo. Argumentava-se a necessidade de criar condições para a retomada do crescimento da economia, emprego e renda, modificando a estratégia de condução da política macroeconômica, abrindo caminho para uma maior formalização do mercado de trabalho, aumento da massa salarial, e elevação da arrecadação previdenciária e das contribuições sociais, reduzindo, assim, os possíveis constrangimentos de uma política consistente de recuperação do salário mínimo. Tal interpretação foi reforçada pelas principais Centrais Sindicais, as quais se organizaram num movimento unitário em 2004, reivindicando a urgência de um critério permanente de valorização do piso nacional. O objetivo do presente trabalho é fazer uma análise da evolução da política de valorização do salário mínimo neste contexto da retomada da atividade econômica, no governo Lula, bem como avaliar seus impactos para uma grande maioria de trabalhadores, sobretudo aqueles da base da pirâmide social, com rendimentos muito próximos do piso mínimo / Abstract: From a historical trajectory of the minimum wage in Brazil, it is observed that, except for the period between 1951 and the early 1960s - before the 64 coup d'état - recurring losses of the purchasing power occurred. Recently, although the movement in favor of the minimum wage gave its first sign back in 1993 - and actually started in 1995, with the consolidation of the Real Plan and the stabilization of the currency - it was after 2003 that a particularly distinct period was inaugurated. The rise to power of a government closely linked to the union movement, and more open to dialogue and the demands of the unions, the relatively controlled inflation and the reactivation of the economy, in 2004, were essential conditions for the change on the way of leading the issue. At the beginning of the new government the speech contrary to the mechanisms of regulation and protection of labor was still strong, particularly concerning the minimum wage. The undesired impacts on public accounts were pointed out, as well as possible inflationary effects and increasing unemployment and informality. However, there was a growing debate in opposition to this discourse, which indicated the poor economic performance as one of the main obstacles to an effective recovery policy of the minimum wage purchasing power. They argued the need of creating conditions for the resumption of economic, employment and income growth, by changing the strategy of macroeconomic policy, clearing the way for a greater formalization of the labor market, increased wages, and raising funds for the pension system and social contributions, thus reducing the possible constraints of a consistent minimum wage recovery policy. Such interpretation was reinforced by the major Central Trade Unions, which organized a unitary movement in 2004, claiming the urgency of a permanent recovery criterion of the national wage floor. The aim of this study is to analyze the evolution of the policy of valuing the minimum wage in this context of renewed economic activity, under Lula government, and assess its impacts on a large majority of workers, especially those from the base of the social pyramid, with incomes very close to the minimum wage / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Ce travail constitué de trois chapitres cherche à analyser l’impact du salaire minimum sur l’économie des départements français d’Amérique en se limitant aux effets sur la distribution des revenus et la croissance économique.Dans le premier chapitre, l’accent est mis sur les inégalités salariales telles qu’elles existent aux Antilles-Guyane, en comparaison avec la situation en France métropolitaine. Les inégalités de revenus restent fortes entre les catégories socioprofessionnelles dans les DFA. Le salaire moyen de l’ensemble des salariés de France métropolitaine est supérieur à celui des DFA.Le second chapitre présente tout d’abord les aspects historiques et réglementaires qui caractérisent le salaire minimum français et celui d’autres pays d’Europe. Le SMIC se classe en quatrième position parmi les salaires minimum les plus élevés d’Europe, et la France, le pays développé comptant la plus forte proportion de salariés au SMIC. Dans les Départements Français d’Amérique, les salariés payés au SMIC, bien plus nombreux en proportion qu’au niveau national, sont le plus souvent des femmes, des jeunes, des personnes peu qualifiées occupant un emploi à temps partiel dans les secteurs des services et du commerce. Il met également en évidence les effets du salaire minimum et de ses revalorisations sur la formation des salaires et le coût du travail. Les effets de diffusion du SMIC sont faibles et temporaires, variant de 0,1 à 0,2% tant en approche macroéconomique que microéconomique. Les hausses du SMIC entraînent une augmentation du coût du travail pour partie compensée par les allègements de charges octroyés aux entreprises.Le troisième chapitre contribue à la mise en lumière des interactions entre le salaire minimum, la croissance économique et la pauvreté dans la société Antillo-guyanaise. Il s’avère que le dynamisme de l’économie insulaire est loin d’avoir gommé tous les écarts de niveau de vie entre les DFA et la France métropolitaine, malgré l’alignement du salaire minimum et des prestations diverses. La simulation sur les données de l’enquête Budget de famille 2006 montre que la proportion de salariés au SMIC est faible dans le bas de l’échelle des revenus. Ces salariés sont répartis sur l’ensemble de l’échelle des niveaux de vie. Le SMIC occupe une place relativement importante dans le revenu disponible des ménages, y compris dans le haut de l’échelle des revenus.En conclusion, le niveau élevé du salaire minimum dans les départements français d’Amérique conduit au maintien d’un grand nombre de salariés payés au voisinage du SMIC. En dépit des allègements de cotisations sociales abaissant le coût du SMIC, les départements d’outre-mer demeurent des régions fortement touchées par le chômage et la pauvreté. De plus, les inégalités salariales se sont accrues entre les individus les plus modestes et les plus aisés de ces régions. La montée du chômage est un facteur aggravant de cet accroissement des inégalités. Si en effet, les résultats de notre étude permettent d’affirmer que le SMIC n’est pas le meilleur instrument pour lutter contre les inégalités salariales et la pauvreté, ils soulèvent en même temps la question d’un SMIC DOM en lien avec les conditions et capacités réelles des économies ultramarines. / This work consists of three parts seeking to analyze the impact of minimum wages on the French departments of America's economy by limiting the effects on the distribution of incomes and economic growth.In the first chapter, the focus is an overview of income inequality as they exist in the Antilles and Guiana, in comparison with the situation in France. Income inequalities remain high between occupational groups in the DFA. The average salary of all employees in mainland France is higher than the DFAThe second chapter first presents the historical and regulatory aspects that characterize the French minimum wage and that of other European countries. SMIC is the fourth highest minimum wage in Europe, and France developed country with the highest proportion of employees the minimum wage. In the French Departments of America, employees paid the minimum wage, many more in proportion than at national level, are most often women, youth, low-skilled people employed part-time in the service sectors and trade. It also highlights the impact of the minimum wage and its revaluation on the formation of wages and labor costs. SMIC diffusion effects are small and temporary, varying from 0.1 to 0.2% in both macroeconomic and microeconomic approach. The increases in the minimum wage lead to higher labor costs partly offset by expense reductions granted to companies. The third chapter contributes to highlighting the interaction between the minimum wage, economic growth and poverty in the Antillean-Guyanese society. It turns out that the dynamism of the island economy has all but erased all living differentials between overseas departments and metropolitan France, despite the alignment of the minimum wage and various benefits. The simulation on data from the 2006 survey of “Budget of families” shows that the proportion of employees with the minimum wage is low in the bottom of the income scale. These employees are spread over the entire scale of living. SMIC has an important place in household disposable income, including the top of the income scale.In conclusion, the high level of the minimum wage in the French departments of America led to the maintenance of a large number of employees paid near the minimum wage. Despite cuts in social security contributions lowering the cost of SMIC, departments remain areas with high unemployment and poverty. Moreover, wage inequality increased between the poorest and the wealthiest individuals in these areas. Rising unemployment is an aggravating factor of the increase in inequality. Since the results of our study make it possible to affirm SMIC is not the best tool to fight again wage inequalities and poverty, they also raise the question of a SMIC DOM linked with the real conditions and capacities of the overseas economies.

M.Com. (Business Management) / The overall aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the wage-setting institutions, including bargaining councils and minimum wages, on the creation and long-term survival of small, medium and micro-enterprises (SMMEs) in South Africa. The objectives of the study focused on (i) gaining an understanding of how the legislative requirements impact on SMMEs; (ii) investigating what needs to be done to assist small companies in order to cope with the burden of compliance with "the prescriptions and provisions of the law; (iii) demonstrating how the current wage setting mechan-isms are partly responsible for the promotion of capital intensive firms at the expense of small- and medium sized entities; (iv) investigating how other countries approach the issue of exemption of small businesses from the stringent requirements of labour legislation; and (v) exploring the possibility for the establishment of a separate dispensation that may be utilised to govern the wage-setting environment for the SMME sector. The study commenced with the review of different literature sources. First, the importance of the SMME sector in wealth creation and the role of the government in developing SMMEs were dealt with. Existing constraints and problems, other than labour-related factors, facing the SMMEs were identified with the sole purpose of highlighting the general conditions under which they operate. The support offered by government and other stakeholders in developing SMMEs in South Africa were also discussed. Second, an overview of wage-setting institutions that shape the South African labour market, i.e. the National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC), bargaining councils and the Employment Conditions Commission (ECC) was provided. For the purposes of this study, two case studies (i.e. Sweden and Egypt) were chosen and a comparative analysis of these case studies focusing on the wage setting environment was performed, with the hope of drawing important lessons for South Africa. The cross-case analysis revealed that there are differences and similarities in the nature of wage-setting institutions that are found in Sweden, Egypt and South Africa. The lessons for South Africa are that there is a need (i) of strengthening of the role of NEDLAC (tripartism); (ii) of recognising the fact that globalisation is not a myth but a reality, even for SMMEs; (iii) of creating an institutionalised dialogue for the SMME sector, i.e. SMME representative body; and (iv) of expanding the role of workplace forums in the South African environment to facilitate meaningful collective bargaining at local level. Following the cross-case analysis, the research findings on the effects of wage-setting institutions on SMMEs were presented. This was achieved by examining empirical evidence. First, an analysis of collective bargaining and minimum wages was conducted by focusing on the different aspects of the wage-setting institutions that may be considered to have an impact on the creation and long-term survival of small and medium enterprises. This was followed by an exploration of empirical evidence if there is a need for creating a separate dispensation, i.e. two-tier labour market, for the SMME sector in South Africa. Despite an intense scrutiny of the relationship between wage-setting institutions and their effects on SMMEs, the study found that there are no discernible impacts on small and medium businesses. As a result, this study proposes that the policy framework for developing a suitable environment for small and medium businesses in South Africa should be based on targeted strategic policy interventions rather than general measures such as tax reduction or labour market deregulation. These strategic policy interventions are given as recommendations of this study. In concluding the study, the following recommendations are made: • Strengthening of the social dialogue and collective bargaining in South Africa through the expansion of the role of workplace forums; • The establishment of a separate dispensation for SMMEs in South Africa, e.g. two-tier wage system, is not necessary; • A case is made for the establishment of a SMME representative body or bodies, independent of large companies, to collectively represent the interests of smaller businesses in general or in a particular sector of the economy or a geographical area in South Africa; • A need for a shift in small and medium-sized enterprise policy in the South Africa away from "one size fits all" approach to clustering SMMEs in economic sectors that have growth potential; and • SMME policies need to be re-focused to address the economic challenges the country faces due to external competition and globalisation, and this will ensure a more co-ordinated approach to the development of SMME policy in South Africa.

To many economists the public's support for the minimum wage (MW) institution is puzzling, since the MW is considered a "blunt instrument'' for redistribution. To delve deeper in this issue we build models in which workers are heterogeneous in ability. In the first model, the government does not engage in any type of redistributive policies - except for the payment of unemployment benefits; we find that the MW is preferred by the majority of workers (even when the unemployed receive very generous unemployment benefits). In the second model, the government engages in redistribution through the public provision of private goods. We show that (i) the introduction of a MW can be preferred by a majority of workers only if the unemployed receive benefits which are substantially below the after-tax earnings they would have had in the perfectly competitive case, (ii) for a given generosity of the unemployment benefit scheme, the maximum, politically viable, MW is lower than in the absence of in-kind redistribution, and (iii) the MW institution is politically viable only when there is a limited degree of in-kind redistribution. These findings can possibly explain why a well-developed social safety net in Scandinavia tends to co-exist with the absence of a national MW, whereas in Southern Europe the MW institution "complements'' the absence of a well-developed social safety net.

This thesis analyzes minimum wage, its development, determination and influence on increasing or decreasing of employment in the Czech rebublic and in the other countries of European union. It starts with determination of theoretical background of minimum wage, economical models that deals with the impact of minimum wage on employment and czech and foreign papers concerning relevant topic. In the analytical part, the thesis concerns characteristics of the system of minimum wages in particular countries of European union and their comparison. In the last part of the thesis, econometrical model was done. The aim was to find out if any of determined variables have impact on total unemployment rate in the Czech republic. Model was performed with statistical data from 2000 to 2015. The impact of some variables was proved, for example number of university graduates that have negative influence on total employment in the Czech republic.

This thesis analyzes the impacts of raising the minimum wage to transfer payments for social insurance in the period 2004 - 2014. It compares development and changes in the rate of minimum wage in selected EU countries and examines the context of the events that preceded these changes. The conclusions of many theses show that minimum wage increases the employer's costs for employees, who subsequently seek different ways how to avoid these additional costs. This thesis did not confirm the hypothesis that an increase in the minimum wage significantly affects the rate of income from social insurance.

This thesis compares different theoretical principles concerning the relationship between minimum wages and unemployment. In the empirical part examines the impact of minimum wages on unemployment in the Czech Republic for the period 1994 - 2012. The results of the econometric analysis indicate that the minimum wage significantly affects unemployment. I conclude that a 1% increase in the real minimum wage compared to the previous year will result in approximately a 0.17% increase in the unemployment rate for workers with at most primary education compared to the previous year and approximately 0.07% increase in the unemployment rate of men compared to previous year. Based on the extension of the basic models is rejected that the minimum wage statistically negatively influenced overall unemployment, unemployment of women and unemployment of workers under 25 years.

The Master's thesis deals with analysis of the minimum wage in the Czech Republic and European Union. The first three chapters describe the function and development of the minimum wage, as well as the theoretical approaches of the minimum wage. Furthermore the arguments for and against the minimum wage are summarized. In the practical part the development of the minimum wage in the Czech Republic from 1991 is analyzed and the minimum wage across the EU countries is compared. The last analysis follows minimum wage based on further criteria: unemployment rate and poverty. The results show that during the years, in which the minimum wage increases more than average wage, the unemployment rate in Czech Republic is higher. Moreover, the countries with higher minimum wage have lower in-work-poverty rate.