The geometry of surfaces of rotation in three dimensional Euclidean space has been studied widely. The rotational surfaces in three dimensional Euclidean space are generated by rotating an arbitrary curve about an arbitrary axis. Moreover, the geodesics on surfaces of rotation in three dimension Euclidean space have been considered and discovered. Clairaut's [1713-1765] theorem describes the geodesics on surfaces of rotation and provides a result which is very helpful in understanding all geodesics on these surfaces. On the other hand, the Minkowski spaces have shorter history. In 1908 Minkowski [1864-1909] gave his talk on four dimensional real vector space, with asymmetric form of signature (+,+,+,-). In this space there are different types of vectors/axes (space-like- time-like and null) as well as different types of curves (space-like- time-like and null). This thesis considers the different types of axes of rotations, then creates three different types of surfaces of rotation in three dimensional Minkowski space, and generates Clairaut's theorem to each type of these surfaces, it also explains the analogy between three dimensional Euclidean and Minkowskian spaces. Moreover, this thesis produces different types of surfaces of rotation in four dimensional Minkowski spaces. It also generalises Clairaut's theorem for these surfaces of rotations in four dimensional Minkowski space. Then we see how Clairaut's theorem characterization carries over to three dimensional and four dimensional Minkowski spaces.

Neste trabalho, introduzimos a teoria invariante e equivariante para a ação do grupo de Lorentz no espaço de Minkowski. Na teoria clássica, muitos resultados são válidos somente para a ação de grupos compactos em espaços Euclideanos. Continuamos o estudo para alguns subgrupos de Lorentz compactos e apresentamos uma forma de calcular as involuções de Lorentz em O(n;1). Fazemos uma empolgante discussão sobre uma classe de matrizes centrossimétricas polinomiais com aplicações em teoria invariante, estabelecendo um rumo para a pesquisa em subgrupos de Lorentz não compactos. Por fim, apresentamos alguns resultados da teoria equivariante para subgrupos de Lorentz. / In this work, we introduce the invariant and equivariant theory for the Lorentz group on the Minkowski space. In the classical theory, many results are valid only for compact groups on Euclidean spaces. We continue the study of some compact Lorentz subgroups and present a way of calculating the Lorentz involutions in O(n;1). We make an exciting discussion about a class of polynomial centrosymmetric matrices with applications in invariant theory, setting a course for research in non-compact Lorentz groups. Finally, we present some results for the equivariant theory of Lorentz subgroups.

This bachelor thesis shows a way to classify second order symmetric tensors in the Lorentz metric. Some basic prerequisite about indefinite and definite algebra is introduced, such as the Jordan form, indefinite inner products, the Segre type, and the Minkowski space. There are also some results concerning the invariant 2-spaces of a symmetric tensor and a different approach on how to classify second order symmetric tensor.

The central objective of this work is to present an analysis of the asymptotic conformal Killing vectors in asymptotically-flat space-times of general relativity. This problem has been examined by two different methods; in Chapter 5 the asymptotic expansion technique originated by Newman and Unti [31] leads to a solution for asymptotically-flat spacetimes which admit an asymptotically shear-free congruence of null geodesics, and in Chapter 6 the conformal rescaling technique of Penrose [54] is used both to support the findings of the previous chapter and to set out a procedure for solution in the general case. It is pointed out that Penrose's conformal technique is preferable to the use of asymptotic expansion methods, since it can be established in a rigorous manner without leading to the possible convergence difficulties associated with asymptotic expansions. Since the asymptotic conformal symmetry groups of asymptotically flat space-times Are generalisations of the conformal group of Minkowski space-time we devote Chapters 3 and 4 to a study of the flat space case so that the results of later chapters may receive an interpretation in terms of familiar concepts. These chapters fulfil a second, equally important, role in establishing local isomorphisms between the Minkowski-space conformal group, 90(2,4) and SU(2,2). The SO(2,4) representation has been used by Kastrup [61] to give a physical interpretation using space-time gauge transformations. This appears as part of the survey of interpretative work in Chapter 7. The SU(2,2) representation of the conformal group has assumed a theoretical prominence in recent years. through the work of Penrose [9-11] on twistors. In Chapter 4 we establish contact with twistor ideas by showing that points in Minkowski space-time correspond to certain complex skew-symmetric rank two tensors on the SU(2,2) carrier space. These objects are, in Penrose's terminology [91, simple skew-symmetric twistors of valence [J. A particularly interesting aspect of conformal objects in space-time is explored in Chapter 8, where we extend the work of Geroch [16] on multipole moments of the Laplace equation in 3-space to the consideration. of Q tý =0 in Minkowski space-time. This development hinges upon the fact that multipole moment fields are also conformal Killing tensors. In the final chapter some elementary applications of the results of Chapters 3 and 5 are made to cosmological models which have conformal flatness or asymptotic conformal flatness. In the first class here we have 'models of the Robertson-Walker type and in the second class we have the asymptotically-Friedmann universes considered by Hawking [73].

Neste trabalho, introduzimos a teoria invariante e equivariante para a ação do grupo de Lorentz no espaço de Minkowski. Na teoria clássica, muitos resultados são válidos somente para a ação de grupos compactos em espaços Euclideanos. Continuamos o estudo para alguns subgrupos de Lorentz compactos e apresentamos uma forma de calcular as involuções de Lorentz em O(n;1). Fazemos uma empolgante discussão sobre uma classe de matrizes centrossimétricas polinomiais com aplicações em teoria invariante, estabelecendo um rumo para a pesquisa em subgrupos de Lorentz não compactos. Por fim, apresentamos alguns resultados da teoria equivariante para subgrupos de Lorentz. / In this work, we introduce the invariant and equivariant theory for the Lorentz group on the Minkowski space. In the classical theory, many results are valid only for compact groups on Euclidean spaces. We continue the study of some compact Lorentz subgroups and present a way of calculating the Lorentz involutions in O(n;1). We make an exciting discussion about a class of polynomial centrosymmetric matrices with applications in invariant theory, setting a course for research in non-compact Lorentz groups. Finally, we present some results for the equivariant theory of Lorentz subgroups.

The central objective of this work is to present an analysis of the asymptotic conformal Killing vectors in asymptotically-flat space-times of general relativity. This problem has been examined by two different methods; in Chapter 5 the asymptotic expansion technique originated by Newman and Unti [31] leads to a solution for asymptotically-flat spacetimes which admit an asymptotically shear-free congruence of null geodesics, and in Chapter 6 the conformal rescaling technique of Penrose [54] is used both to support the findings of the previous chapter and to set out a procedure for solution in the general case. It is pointed out that Penrose's conformal technique is preferable to the use of asymptotic expansion methods, since it can be established in a rigorous manner without leading to the possible convergence difficulties associated with asymptotic expansions. Since the asymptotic conformal symmetry groups of asymptotically flat space-times Are generalisations of the conformal group of Minkowski space-time we devote Chapters 3 and 4 to a study of the flat space case so that the results of later chapters may receive an interpretation in terms of familiar concepts. These chapters fulfil a second, equally important, role in establishing local isomorphisms between the Minkowski-space conformal group, 90(2,4) and SU(2,2). The SO(2,4) representation has been used by Kastrup [61] to give a physical interpretation using space-time gauge transformations. This appears as part of the survey of interpretative work in Chapter 7. The SU(2,2) representation of the conformal group has assumed a theoretical prominence in recent years. through the work of Penrose [9-11] on twistors. In Chapter 4 we establish contact with twistor ideas by showing that points in Minkowski space-time correspond to certain complex skew-symmetric rank two tensors on the SU(2,2) carrier space. These objects are, in Penrose's terminology [91, simple skew-symmetric twistors of valence [J. A particularly interesting aspect of conformal objects in space-time is explored in Chapter 8, where we extend the work of Geroch [16] on multipole moments of the Laplace equation in 3-space to the consideration. of Q tý =0 in Minkowski space-time. This development hinges upon the fact that multipole moment fields are also conformal Killing tensors. In the final chapter some elementary applications of the results of Chapters 3 and 5 are made to cosmological models which have conformal flatness or asymptotic conformal flatness. In the first class here we have 'models of the Robertson-Walker type and in the second class we have the asymptotically-Friedmann universes considered by Hawking [73]. / University of Bradford Research Studenship

In this paper, we study Bézier surfaces in View the MathML source three-dimensional Minkowski space. In particular, we focus on timelike and spacelike cases for Bézier surfaces. We also deal with the Plateau¿Bézier problem in View the MathML source, obtaining conditions over the control net to be extremal of the Dirichlet function for both timelike and spacelike Bézier surfaces. Moreover, we provide interesting examples showing the behavior of the Plateau¿Bézier problem in View the MathML source and illustrating the relationship between it and the corresponding Plateau¿Bézier problem in the Euclidean space R3.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:15:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Resumo - Denilso.pdf: 6952 bytes, checksum: d64faf1cec322aeb51d49ed61bf9358e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work the two-component spinor formulation of the classical theory of electromagnetic fields is presented. In particular, we obtain explicitly the wave equa-tion for photons of both helicities. For this purpose, we present first the formulation of the theory in Minkowski spacetime together with the homomorphism between SL(2;C) and the restricted Lorentz group. / Neste trabalho apresentaremos a formulação da teoria eletromagnética clássica em termos de espinores de duas componentes. Em particular, obteremos explicitamente as equações de onda para fotons de ambas helicidades. Para isso, primeiro trataremos explicitamente da formulação covariante da teoria eletromagnética clássica. Explicitaremos também o homomorfismo entre o grupo SL(2,C) e o grupo de Lorentz restrito.

Nous étudions certains processus de Lévy à valeurs dans les groupes d'isométries respectifs des espace-temps de Minkowski, de De Sitter et de Anti-De-Sitter. Le groupe d'isométries est vu comme le fibré des repères de l'espace-temps et les processus de Lévy considérés se projettent sur le fibré unitaire en un processus markovien relativiste ; c'est-à-dire que les trajectoires dans l'espace-temps sont de genre temps et que le générateur est invariant par les isométries. Dans la première partie nous adaptons pour les diffusions hypoelliptiques générales un résultat de Ben Arous et Gradinaru concernant la singularité de la fonction de Green hypoelliptique. Nous déduisons de cela un critère d'effilement de Wiener local pour les diffusions relativistes dans le groupe de Poincaré, groupe des isométries de l'espace-temps de Minkowski. Dans les deux dernières parties nous nous intéressons au comportement asymptotique du flot stochastique associé à ces processus de Lévy dans les différents groupes d'isométries. Sous une condition d'intégrabilité de la mesure de Lévy nous calculons explicitement les coefficients de Lyapounov des processus dans le groupe de Poincaré. Nous effectuons un travail similaire pour les espace-temps de De Sitter et Anti-De-Sitter en nous limitant au cas des diffusions. Nous explicitons de plus la frontière de Poisson pour la diffusion dans le groupe d'isométries de l'espace-temps de De Sitter. / We study some Lévy processes with values in the isometry group of Minkowski, De Sitter and Anti-de-Sitter space-times. The isometry group is seen as the frame bundle of the space-time and the Lévy processes we consider are some lift of relativistic markovian processes with values in the unitary tangent bundle of the space-time. Theses processes are relativistic in the sense that theirs trajectories are time-like and their generators are invariant by the isometries of the space-time. In the first part of this work we adapt to the case of a general hypoelliptic diffusion a result of Ben Arous and Gradinaru concerning the singularity of the hypoelliptic Green function. We deduce of this a local Wiener criterion for the relativistic diffusion in the isometry group of Minkowski space-time. In the two last parts we are interested to the asymptotic behavior of the stochastic flow associated to these Lévy processes in the different considered space-times. Under a integrability condition on the Lévy measure we compute explicitly the Lyapunov coefficient for such flows in the isometry group of Minkowski space-time. Then, we do a similar work in the context of de Sitter and Anti-de-Sitter space-times limiting ourselves to the case of diffusions. In fine, we explicit the Poisson boundary of the diffusion in the isometry group of de Sitter space-time.

O objetivo deste trabalho à apresentar um teorema de classificaÃÃo para hipersuperfÃcies completas e de curvatura mÃdia constante em variedades de Lorentz de curvatura seccional constante, sob certas limitaÃÃes da curvatura escalar. Para isto usaremos a fÃrmula de Simons, que nos dà uma relaÃÃo entre as transformaÃÃes de Newton Pr e o laplaciano da norma ao quadrado do operador de Weingarten Ã, e um princÃpio do mÃximo devido H. Omori e S. T. Yau. Como primeira aplicaÃÃo obtemos uma classificaÃÃo das hipersuperfÃcies tipo-espaÃo completas e de curvatura mÃdia constante no espaÃo de De Sitter, com curvatura escalar R maior ou igual a 1. ConcluÃmos tambÃm que toda hipersuperfÃcie tipo-espaÃo completa e de curvatura mÃdia constante positiva do espaÃo de Lorentz-Minkowski, com curvatura escalar nÃo-negativa, à um cilindro sobre uma curva plana e, a menos de isometrias, determinamos tal curva. / Our aim in this work is to show a classification theorem for complete CMC hipersurfaces in Lorentz manifolds of constant sectional curvature, under certains bounds on the scalar curvature. To this end we use Simons formula, wich gives a relation between Newton transformations and the Laplacian of the squared norm of the Weingarten operator A, as well as a maximum principle due to H. Omori and S. T. Yau. We obtain, as a first application, a classification of complete spacelike CMC hypersurfaces of the De Sitter space, having scalar curvature R maior ou igual a 1. We also conclude that all complete spacelike hypersurfaces with positive constant mean curvature and nonegative scalar curvature in the Lorentz-Minkowski space are cylinders over a plane curve and, up to isometries, we determine this curve.