Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:37:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Mendes Filho.pdf: 3436374 bytes, checksum: c1e27ed8da5440d5715cdfb24bb7aa6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-24 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Due to the growing demand for mobile communications, adaptive equalizers play an important role for enhancing the efficiency of data transmission. In this scenario, the Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) stands out. It presents a favorable tradeoff between computational cost and efficient behavior, mainly when compared to Linear Transversal Equalizer. In this work, the blind adaptation of DFE is investigated for the single and multiuser cases. In the single user case, the perfect equalization conditions for the DFE are revisited, considering the absence of noise and feedback of correct decisions. Assuming the joint blind adaptation of the DFE's feedforward and feedback filters, two stochastic gradient algorithms are also revisited. The first is based on the Constant Modulus cost function, subjected to a constraint to avoid degenerate solutions. The second considers the minimization of a cost function that takes into account the probability density function of the equalizers's output. This latter, known in the literature as the Soft Decision-Directed (SDD) algorithm, was proposed for the recovery of signals based on the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). From the division of the complex plane into regions containing 4-QAM type constellations, we propose a modification in the SDD algorithm based on the centers of these regions. The resulting algorithm presents a more favorable tradeoff between convergence rate and computational cost. Moreover, in order to mitigate the steady-state mean-square error, we consider concurrent algorithms based on the previous mentioned. As a core of this dissertation, the perfect equalization conditions and the remarked algorithms are extended to the multiuser case. Simulation results point out that the Modified SDD algorithm and its concurrent adaptation with the constrained Constant Modulus Algorithm present advantages in terms of convergence rate for the blind adaptation of DFE in the recovering of QAM signals. / Devido à crescente demanda por comunicações móveis, equalizadores adaptativos autodidatas desempenham um importante papel na melhoria da eficiência da transmissão de dados. Nesse cenário, destaca-se o equalizador de decisão realimentada (DFE - Decision Feedback Equalizer), que apresenta um compromisso favorável entre custo computacional e comportamento eficiente, principalmente quando comparado ao equalizador linear transversal. Neste trabalho, a adaptação autodidata do DFE é investigada tanto no caso mono quanto no multiusuário. Considerando o caso monousuário, revisitam-se as condições de equalização perfeita com o DFE, assumindo realimentação de decisões corretas e ausência de ruído. Revisitam-se também dois algoritmos do gradiente estocástico para adaptação autodidata conjunta dos filtros direto e de realimentação do DFE. O primeiro é baseado na função custo do Módulo Constante com uma restrição imposta, a fim de se evitar soluções degeneradas. O segundo considera a minimização de uma função custo que leva em conta a função densidade de probabilidade do sinal de saída do equalizador. Este último, conhecido na literatura como algoritmo de Decisão Direta Suave (SDD - Soft Decision-Directed), foi proposto para recuperação de sinais com modulação do tipo QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). A partir da divisão do espaço complexo em regiões contendo constelações do tipo 4-QAM, é proposta uma modificação ao algoritmo SDD baseada nos centros dessas regiões. O algoritmo resultante apresenta uma relação mais favorável entre velocidade de convergência e complexidade computacional. Ainda com o intuito de mitigar o erro quadrático resultante da adaptação autodidata, considera-se a utilização de algoritmos concorrentes baseados nos algoritmos supracitados. Como cerne desta dissertação, as condições de equalização perfeita e os algoritmos abordados são estendidos para o caso multiusuário. Resultados de simulações evidenciam que o algoritmo SDD modificado e sua adaptação concorrente com o algoritmo do Módulo Constante com restrição apresentam vantagens em termos de velocidade de convergência para adaptação autodidata do DFE na recuperação de sinais do tipo QAM.

Orientador: Celso de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T09:28:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MinangoNegrete_JuanCarlos_M.pdf: 1358924 bytes, checksum: 0b87bf307832cb8c65d04765674c0306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O uso da técnica de multiplex espacial, transmissão de feixes de símbolos independentes usando múltiplas antenas de transmissão, tem sido proposta para atingir a exigência de taxas de dados maiores dos futuros sistemas de comunicações sem fio de banda larga. No entanto, quando a técnica de multiplex espacial é aplicada a uma rede celular, seu desempenho é afetado pela interferência de co-canal. Este trabalho avalia e compara os efeitos da interferência de co-canal na taxa de erro de bit média, BER, entre sistemas de transmissão digital com multiplex espacial e sistemas de transmissão digital com uma única antena de transmissão, onde os parâmetros da potência de transmissão e eficiência espectral são levados em consideração, a fim de se fazer comparações justas entre os dois sistemas. O enlace direto em um ambiente com desvanecimento plano e lento do tipo Rayleigh na presença de um interferente de co-canal dominante foi considerado. Além disso, o uso do detector ótimo, MV, no receptor e os esquemas de modulação BPSK, QPSK e M-QAM foram também considerados. Simulações de Monte Carlo foram feitas para a obtenção dos desempenhos em termos da BER como uma função da relação sinal-ruído por bit, Eb/N0, e da relação sinal-interferência, SIR. Os resultados da avaliação e comparação de desempenho entre os sistemas com multiplex espacial e com uma única antena de transmissão apresentados neste trabalho, constituem uma ferramenta importante a fim de se conhecer os benefícios reais da técnica de multiplex espacial aplicada a uma rede celular, como por exemplo nos padrões WiMAX ou LTE / Abstract: Spatial multiplexing technique, consisting of independent symbol transmission on multiple transmission antennas, has been proposed to meet the requirement for higher data rates of future wireless broadband communication systems. However, when spatial multiplexing technique is applied to a cellular network, the performance is affected by co-channel interference. This work evaluates and compares the effects of co-channel interference on the mean bit error rate, BER, of spatial multiplexing systems and single transmission antenna systems, where transmit power and spectral efficiency parameters are taken into consideration, in order to make a fair comparison between both systems. The downlink of a cellular network in slowly-varying flat Rayleigh fading environment and in the presence of a dominant co-channel interferer is considered. Furthermore, the use of Optimum Detector on the receiver and BPSK, QPSK and M-QAM modulations is also considered. Monte Carlo simulations are realized for obtaining the performance in terms of the BER as a function of per-bit signal-to-noise ratio, Eb/N0, and signal-to-interference ratio, SIR. The evaluation and comparison performance results between spatial multiplexing and a single transmission antenna systems presented in this work, are important tools in order to know the real benefits of spatial multiplexing technique applied to a cellular network, as the standards WiMAX or LTE / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Renato Baldini Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T18:44:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cunha_EsdrasNicoletto_M.pdf: 1304733 bytes, checksum: 2cb2376bee70ca7af476d5b2635189f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Comunicação cooperativa faz uso da natureza de radiodifusão das comunicações sem fio, utilizando nós intermediários como retransmissores para produzir diversidade em um enlace de comunicação ponto a ponto. Esta diversidade permite que se aumente a capacidade, a velocidade (taxa) e o desempenho do sistema de comunicação. O processo de codificação de canal, que explora de forma inteligente a diversidade produzida pela comunicação cooperativa, é denominado de cooperação codificada. Para a obtenção de sistemas mais eficientes de comunicação entre dois pontos, a cooperação codificada pode utilizar ou adaptar várias técnicas conhecidas de codificação de canal, tais como: codificação convolucional, turbo, LDPC, RS (Reed-Solomon), etc. O objetivo deste trabalho é explorar as características da comunicação cooperativa associadas á técnica de codificação LDPC (Low Density Parity Check), com alfabeto binário, de forma a obter sistemas mais simples, confiáveis e eficientes / Abstract: Cooperative communications make use of the nature of wireless communications broadcasting, by using intermediate nodes as relays to introduce diversity into a communication link. This diversity allows an increase in capacity, speed and performance of the system. The process of channel coding, named cooperative coding, explores wisely the diversity of cooperative communications. The cooperative coding can use or adapt many known techniques of coding channel as convolutional coding, turbo, LDPC, RS, etc., to reach more efficiency between two nodes. The goal of this work is to exploit the characteristics of cooperative communications associated to LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) coding technique, with binary alphabet, to obtain simpler, reliable and efficient systems / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Celso de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T05:03:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BenitezOlivo_EdgarEduardo_M.pdf: 1173114 bytes, checksum: 1fc0181244059954a5184599ee11635c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A análise da eficiência espectral de uma rede celular é fundamental para se otimizar o aproveitamento da banda com cobertura na célula. Neste trabalho, o desempenho do enlace reverso de redes celulares é obtido em termos de sua eficiência espectral média. O cenário estudado considera um canal com perda de propagação exponencial, desvanecimento plano e lento Rayleigh e interferência de co-canal (ICC). A modelagem matemática do sistema leva em consideração vários parâmetros de planejamento, incluindo o fator de reuso de frequência, arranjo de antenas na estação rádio base (ERB), esquema de combinação por diversidade do tipoMRC (maximal ratio combining), modulação adaptativa e controle de potência. Neste contexto, uma expressão analítica da probabilidade de erro de bit (PEB) para o esquema de modulação M-QAM (multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation) é obtida em função da relação sinal-ruído por bit (Eb/N0) e da relação sinal-interferência (SIR, do inglês signal-to-interference power ratio), considerando a presença de um interferente dominante. Esta expressão constitui uma ferramenta importante para a avaliação correta do desempenho de sistemas digitais celulares. Os resultados mostram que utilizar um fator de reuso de 1, conjuntamente com controle de potência, em geral, é a maneira mais eficiente de se usar o espectro, garantindo cobertura total na célula / Abstract: The analysis of the spectral efficiency of a cellular network is essential to optimize the bandwidth usage with coverage, which is one of the major limitations on network planning. In this work, the performance of the uplink of cellular networks in terms of the mean spectral efficiency is obtained. The studied scenario considers a channel with exponential path-loss, slowly-varying flat Rayleigh fading and co-channel interference (CCI). The mathematical modeling of the system takes in consideration many parameters, including frequency reuse factor, antenna array at the base station, maximal ratio combining (MRC) diversity scheme, adaptive modulation and power control. In this context, an analytical expression of the bit error probability for the M-QAM (multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation) scheme as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio per bit (Eb/N0) and the signal-tointerference power ratio (SIR) is obtained, by considering the presence of a single dominant interferer. This expression is an important tool for the correct evaluation of the performance of digital cellular systems. The results show that using a frequency reuse of 1, jointly with power control, in general, is the most efficient way to use the spectrum, by ensuring full coverage in the cell / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Communication between people has become more and more important in society today and so has the way to communicate. Our work, which this master thesis is based upon, has been to evaluate and redesign an existing web application that works like a communication tool. To carry out this work we have compiled two questions; how to facilitate the interaction for an application that is used as a tool, focusing on interface design, usability and flow; how can the usability be improved in a system, with help of flow theory. To deal with these two questions we have used a number of methods that have had different kinds of influence of our work. The one that has had the greatest impact of the work with the evaluation has been cognitive walkthrough. For the design we have used literature studies along with the result of the evaluation. A problem during our work has been that the user has not been specified the design should work at a generic group of users. The problem has not been to define the target group rather to suit the interface to everybody. This has been the challenge of this semester and we found designing an interface infusing usability with help from flow as interesting. / Kommunikation mellan människor liksom sättet att kommunicera har blivit allt viktigare i samhället idag. Vårt arbete, som magisterarbetet bygger på, har varit att utvärdera och omdesigna en existerande webbapplikation som fungerar som ett kommunikationsverktyg. För att genomföra arbetet har vi utarbetat två frågor; hur förenklas interaktion för en applikation som används som ett verktyg, med fokus på gränssnittsdesign, användbarhet och flow; hur kan användbarheten öka i ett system, med hjälp av flow teorin. För att kunna ta itu med dessa frågor har vi använt ett antal metoder som har påverkat vårt arbete på olika sätt. Den för arbetet med utvärderingen mest betydelsefulla har varit kognitiv genomgång. För designen har vi använt oss av literaturstudier tillsammans med resultatet från utvärderingen. Ett problem under vårt arbete har varit att användarna inte har varit specificerade utan designen bör fungera på en allmän grupp användare. Problemet har inte varit att definiera målgruppen utan snarare att anpassa gränssnittet till alla. Detta har varit en av utmaningarna under denna termin och vi tycker en annan intressant utmaning har varit att designa ett gränssnitt genom att ingjuta användbarhet med hjälp från flow.

In the thesis, the user body effect on antennas in a mobile terminal is discussed. In order to overcome the degradation of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) performance due to the user body effect, a quad-elements MIMO antenna array which can mitigate the body effect through an adaptive antenna switching method is introduced for 4G mobile terminals. In addition, various bezel MIMO antennas that are robust to the impedance mismatching caused by the user effect have also been presented. The study of user body effect is later extended to frequency bands at 15 GHz and 28 GHz for future 5G communication systems. The results reveal that a human body will cause a significant shadowing loss, which will be a critical loss in 5G cellular networks. The electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure of a mobile terminal is also studied in this thesis. Below 6 GHz, the simultaneous transmission specific absorption rate (SAR) for MIMO antennas is the primary concern due to its complicated assessment procedures. Above 6 GHz, the free space power density is adopted as the basic parameter of exposure limits globally, and preliminary studies have been presented to address major challenges in EMF exposure assessment for 5G mobile terminals. / <p>QC 20171005</p>

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Technology: Business Administration, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / The term “wireless network” pertains to a very comprehensive field and at different points in history, meant different things. For example, in 1901 it would have meant Marconi’s first transatlantic communication and later, to the walkie-talkie in the Second World War. Since the late 1940’s, large companies and emergency services have used wide area private networks which could also be catergorised as wireless networks. However, public consciousness of wireless networks only arose in the 1980’s through the commercial distribution of cellular mobile radio. The telecommunications industry is experiencing a phenomenal revolution in which; the driving factors are innovative technologies, deregulation and globalization. Innovative technologies introduce dynamic changes in the way that telecommunication business is conducted. Deregulation is the liberalization of telecommunications which significantly increases the telecommunications market, while also allowing for strong competition amongst mobile service providers. Globalisation is the breakdown of legacy barriers which forces monopolistic service providers to compete in the international arena. With service delivery being identified as one of the key components for a successful telecommunications service provider, along with the Quality of Service of their network, both components are evaluated to determine how efficient the organisation is within the mobile telecommunications industry. Telecommunications service delivery is a way of ensuring the Quality of Service delivered for outsourced and retained services. The responsibilities of the mobile operator include monitoring, analyzing and reporting on service delivery performance in order, to ensure that customer satisfaction is met or even exceeded by the mobile operator. The South African mobile telecommunication industry is experiencing phenomenal growth, just like the rest of the world. Over the last two decades, the South African mobile telecommunications industry has experienced dramatic changes. Fixed line service providers have expanded into the mobile arena. Mobile operators are trying to form mergers and purchase fixed line companies. This study investigates the challenges faced by a mobile service provider in meeting internal customer needs. The Quality of Service (QoS) of the mobile network was evaluated and the various elements which contribute to challenges experienced by the service provider were identified. A mixed methods data collection method was employed for this study. To obtain the qualitative data, semi-structured interviews were conducted with management staff. Quantitative data was obtained through the use of questionnaires and an existing discourse analysis was conducted to identify characteristics on existing reports which were generated from within the organisation, for data collection. The results showed that the mobile operators had to be innovative and competitive simultaneously. Mobile operators face various challenges. The increased level of competition amongst service providers ensured improved QoS and service delivery to consumers. The mobile operator’s network foot print has to increase to provide its own network availability to clients. In order to avoid or reduce network sharing or roaming of network services as this comprises the client network coverage on the network. The mobile service provider should actively analyse network traffic to avoid potential disruptions and, to ensure that customers have a seamless connection. This study concludes that the changing environment of communications forces organizations to consistently re-evaluate their strategies and necessary re-align their strategies to the business needs of the organisation. The initial planning entails making technology choices to meet the overall business goals. However, technology is changing at an exponential rapid rate; therefore the organization should reach the completion of the product life cycle to ensure that this product is still required in the market. The main finding of this study reinforced the contention that planning is the most critical part of mobile network strategy. The organisation’s strategy may change to accommodate environmental changes. However, these changes should not affect the life cycle of the blueprint design. / M

The wide-spread coverage and ubiquitous presence of mobile networks has propelled the usage and adoption of mobile phones to an unprecedented level around the globe. The computing capabilities of these mobile phones have improved considerably, supporting a vast range of third party applications. Simultaneously, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) overlay networks have experienced a tremendous growth in terms of usage as well as popularity in recent years particularly in fixed wired networks. In particular, Distributed Hash Table (DHT) based Structured P2P overlay networks offer major advantages to users of mobile devices and networks such as scalable, fault tolerant and self-managing infrastructure which does not exhibit single points of failure. Integrating P2P overlays on the mobile network seems a logical progression; considering the popularities of both technologies. However, it imposes several challenges that need to be handled, such as the limited hardware capabilities of mobile phones and churn (i.e. the frequent join and leave of nodes within a network) intensive mobile networks offering limited yet expensive bandwidth availability. This thesis investigates the feasibility of extending P2P to mobile networks so that users can take advantage of both these technologies: P2P and mobile networks. This thesis utilises OverSim, a P2P simulator, to experiment with the performance of various P2P overlays, considering high churn and bandwidth consumption which are the two most crucial constraints of mobile networks. The experiment results show that Kademlia and EpiChord are the two most appropriate P2P overlays that could be implemented in mobile networks. Furthermore, Network Address Translation (NAT) is a major barrier to the adoption of P2P overlays in mobile networks. Integrating NAT traversal approaches with P2P overlays is a crucial step for P2P overlays to operate successfully on mobile networks. This thesis presents a general approach of NAT traversal for ring based overlays without the use of a single dedicated server which is then implemented in OverSim. Several experiments have been performed under NATs to determine the suitability of the chosen P2P overlays under NATed environments. The results show that the performance of these overlays is comparable in terms of successful lookups in both NATed and non-NATed environments; with Kademlia and EpiChord exhibiting the best performance. The presence of NATs and also the level of churn in a network influence the routing techniques used in P2P overlays. Recursive routing is more resilient to IP connectivity restrictions posed by NATs but not very robust in high churn environments, whereas iterative routing is more suitable to high churn networks, but difficult to use in NATed environments. Kademlia supports both these routing schemes whereas EpiChord only supports the iterating routing. This undermines the usefulness of EpiChord in NATed environments. In order to harness the advantages of both routing schemes, this thesis presents an adaptive routing scheme, called Churn Aware Routing Protocol (ChARP), combining recursive and iterative lookups where nodes can switch between recursive and iterative routing depending on their lifetimes. The proposed approach has been implemented in OverSim and several experiments have been carried out. The experiment results indicate an improved performance which in turn validates the applicability and suitability of ChARP in NATed environments.

Masters of Science / This thesis investigates the use of mobile phones as service-delivery devices in a sign language machine translation system. Four sign language visualization methods were evaluated on mobile phones. Three of the methods were synthetic sign language visualization methods. Three factors were considered: the intelligibility of sign language, as rendered by the method; the power consumption; and the bandwidth usage associated with each method. The average intelligibility rate was 65%, with some methods achieving intelligibility rates of up to 92%. The average size was 162 KB and, on average, the power consumption increased to 180% of the idle state, across all methods. This research forms part of the Integration of Signed and Verbal Communication: South African Sign Language Recognition and Animation (SASL) project at the University of the Western Cape and serves as an integration platform for the group's research. In order to perform this research a machine translation system that uses mobile phones as service-delivery devices was developed as well as a 3D Avatar for mobile phones. It was concluded that mobile phones are suitable service-delivery platforms for sign language machine translation systems. / South Africa

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of mobile phones in organizing ad-hoc vehicle ridesharing based on hitch-hiking trips involving private car drivers and commuters in South Africa. A study was conducted to learn how hitch-hiking trips are arranged in the urban and rural areas of the Eastern Cape. This involved carrying out interviews with hitch-hikers and participating in several trips. The study results provided the design specifications for a Dynamic Ridesharing System (DRS) tailor-made to the hitch-hiking culture of this context. The design of the DRS considered the delivery of the ad-hoc ridesharing service to the anticipated mobile phones owned by people who use hitch-hiking. The implementation of the system used the available open source solutions and guidelines under the Siyakhula Living Lab project, which promotes the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in marginalized communities of South Africa. The developed prototype was tested in both the simulated and live environments, then followed by usability tests to establish the viability of the system. The results from the tests indicate an initial breakthrough in the process of modernizing the ad-hoc ridesharing of hitch-hiking which is used by a section of people in the urban and rural areas of South Africa.