Dans cette thèse, j’ai conçu un nouveau test de rupture adapté à l’étude des matériaux fragiles sur une grande gamme de vitesse de fissure. Il a été mis en œuvre sur le PMMA, permettant de caractériser la transition entre un régime de rupture à grande vitesse v>vc=15 mms-1 avec des faciès optiquement plats et un autre régime pour v<vc avec une rugosité caractérisée par des motifs triangulaires. L’étude de la déformation du front dans le plan moyen de fissuration montre que le matériau est plus tenace à l’intérieur de ces triangles qu’à l’extérieur. Qui plus est, ces triangles sont décorés par de petits motifs en forme de toit d’usine, caractéristiques de l’instabilité de fragmentation sous mode I+III. Pour comprendre l’émergence de ces formes, nous revisitons tout d’abord les modèles de fragmentation en supposant que l’énergie de rupture dépend du cisaillement comme Gc(KIII/KI)=GcI[1+ (KIII/KI)2]. Le seuil de fragmentation (KIII/KI)thc ainsi prédit décroit significativement, réconciliant théorie et expérience. Le motifs triangulaires permettant de mesurer le paramètre exp à partir de la déformée du front et le degré de cisaillement (KIII/KI)exp par l’inclinaison des facettes qui est compatible avec la valeur de seuil prédite (KIII/KI)thc. A partir des valeurs exp et (KIII/KI)thc ainsi déterminées, nous prédisons que les facettes dérivent le long du front avec un angle compatible avec celui formé par les triangles. Cette compréhension fine de ces motifs nous permet donc de mettre en relation la transition rugueuse observée dans le PMMA avec l’instabilité de fragmentation et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour la compréhension de motifs similaires dans d’autres matériaux. / During this PhD thesis, a new fracture test geometry is designed for the accurate measurement of the fracture properties of brittle solids, subsequently applied to study failure in PMMA. At high crack speeds, their fracture surfaces are optically smooth. But below vc = 15 mms-1, a transition to rough surfaces occurs through the formation of puzzling triangular patterns. These patterns lead to significant toughening of the material that reflects through the pinned shape of the crack front as it crosses triangles. In addition, these triangles are found to be decorated by faceted features reminiscent of the crack front fragmentation instability in mode I+III. Assuming a shear-dependent fracture energy Gc(KIII/KI) = GcI[1+ (KIII/KI)2] we theoretically predict a fragmentation threshold (KIII/KI)thc that can be as low as a few percent while earlier models (that assumes = 0) predict a much larger value, inconsistent with various experimental observations. Applied to our experiments, this model allows us to measure exp from the deformation amplitude of the pinned front and the amount of applied shear (KIII/KI)exp from the facet inclination which is found to be compatible with the theoretically predicted threshold (KIII/KI)thc . Using the values (KIII/KI)exp and exp thus determined, one finally predict a drift of the facets from the propagation direction accounting for the triangle angle observed experimentally. To conclude, our study shows that the roughening transition in PMMA is a signature of front fragmentation under mode I+III. As a result, deciphering the triangular patterns at the transition led to significant improvements in the understanding of this instability.

Le présent travail s'inscrit dans le contexte de la mise au point de composites stratifiés utilisés dans des structures de sécurité de crash en avion et en hélicoptère. En cas d'accident grave, ces structures ont pour mission d'aborber au maximum l'énergie de l'impact pour protéger les passagers. Elles sont constituées d'un stratifié multicouche composé d'un empilement de plusieurs sous-stratifiés dont les stratifiés carbone/époxy de cette étude. La capacité du matériau à absorber de l'énergie mécanique est essentiellement liée au caractère endommageable de sa microstructure. Afin de pouvoir optimiser le stratifié multicouche, on s'intéresse aux propriétés mécaniques et à l'endommagement des sous-stratifiés. Le comportement des stratifiés carbone/époxy dépend de plusieurs facteurs parmi lesquels figurent le procédé d'élaboration, le mode de chargement mécanique et la vitesse de solliciation. Dans ce contexte, le projet de recherche réalisé suit une approche pluridisiciplinaire ayant pour objectif d'établir un lien entre le procédé d'élaboration, la microstructure du matériau créé et les propriétés mécaniques en résultant. Cette approche se décline en trois thèmes abordés dans le présent travail. Un premier thème porte sur le procédé d'élaboration: le procédé conventionnel en autoclave est comparé à un procédé alternatif basé sur le chauffage par micro-ondes. Les deux autres thèses concernent la réponse du matériau à une sollication mécanique à vitesse élevée. L'influence de la vitesse sur le comportement mécanique du stratifié est analysée pour deux modes de chargement: la traction appliquée sous 45° par rapport au renfort (traction "hors axe") et la sollicitation en mode l entrainant le délaminage des plis. Les travaux effectués commprennent le développement de moyens expérimentaux ainsi que l'analyse des matériaux par des observations macroscopiques et microscopiques. Un intérêt particulier est porté aux phénomènes d'endomagement responsables de la capacité du matériau à abosrber l'énergie d'un crash.

A new testing method was introduced and developed to determine Mode I fracture toughness of disc type rock specimens. The new method was named as Straight Notched Disc Bending and it uses disc specimens under three-point bending. 3D Numerical modeling was carried out with a finite element program ABAQUS to find stress intensity factors for both well-known Semi-circular Bending specimen models and Straight Notched Disc Bending specimen models for varying disc geometries. Both specimen types included notches where a crack front is introduced at the tip of the notch to compute the stress intensity factors. For stress intensity analysis, crack front-upper loading point distance and span length between the two roller supports at the bottom boundary of the specimens were changed. Fracture toughness testing was carried on Ankara G&ouml / lbaSi pink colored andesite for both specimen types / crack front-upper loading point distance and span length between the two roller supports at the bottom boundary of the specimens were changed during the tests. For both specimen geometries, notch lengths changing from 5 mm to 20 mm were used. For each notch length, two different roller supports with span lengths 60 mm and 70 mm were used. For both methods, fracture toughness values determined by using numerically computed stress intensity factors and failure loads obtained from the experiments were very close / the new method was verified by comparing the results. The new method had advantages of lower confining pressure at the crack front and lower stress intensities with a possible smaller crack tip plasticity region.

My aim with this study has been to examine how the fashion is a leading component in the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. I have studied the role fashion plays in the novel and in which way it can be seen as a way of letting the reader know the important role of fashion in 19tcentury England and the morals of Oscar Wilde. To prove my thesis I have used literature that shows how Oscar Wilde uses influences from his own life in his writing of The Picture of Dorian Gray. I have also used Judith Butler's theory of performativity in analyzing the characters in ordet to display their way of staging themselves and their lifestyles and their dependence of that performativity in their interactions. Even though the theory of performativity often is used to hold the importance of the sexes, I have concluded that it has an important role in the novel when Dorian Gray interacts with the character Sibyl Vane who is an actress. My results have shown that fashion in the novel is often a way of letting the reader know important elements of a character in the way that certain fabrics and items are mentioned when Wilde writes about his characters. I have also found that fashion is an important factor when the characters judge each when they speak about the way they dress. The way fashion is presented in the novel is important to my thesis and has shown me how fashion can be used in literature as symbolic elements guiding the narrative. Keywords: Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Fashion in literature, Performativity. Judith Butler

No description available.

The presented thesis is devoted to the experimental and numerical analysis of concrete fracture under the mixed-mode I/II load. This phenomenon was analysed on various concrete grades and types which are used in the fabrication of precast concrete structural elements. Subsequently, the Brazilian disc test with central specimen was used in experimental and numerical parts. The numerical part employs both linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach and non-linear material model to assess the concrete fracture and failure under the mixed mode I/II load. The LEFM part is dedicated to evaluation the geometry functions and higher order terms of the Williams’ expansion, while the non-linear analysis is dedicated to crack initiation and propagation throughout the specimen using the concrete damage plasticity model. The experimental part is dedicated to the analysis of the mixed mode-mode I/II fracture resistance by the generalised tangential stress (GMTS) criterion with focus set on the governing role of the critical distance rC. Furthermore, the experimental part validates the applicability of the Williams’ expansion on the concrete. For this, experimentally measured displacements by digital image correlation technique were used to calculate the Williams’s expansion terms. Lastly, the thesis deals with the influence of the aggressive environment on the material’s fracture toughness and on the fracture resistance under the mixed mode I/II has been studied.

Six poly(ether ketone ketone)/carbon composite panels were manufactured from powder coated towpreg. All six panels were initially processed using a hot press equipped with controlled cooling. Four of the panels were used to investigate the effect of cooling rate on crystallinity. A fifth panel was used to investigate the effect of annealing the composite after completion of the standard fabrication process. The sixth panel was used to investigate changes in toughness due to manufacturing towpreg with polymer that had been reclaimed from the towpreg fabrication system’s air cleaner. Cooling rates of 2°C/min, 4°C/min, 6°C/min, and 8°C/min resulted in composites with crystallinities of 33%, 27%, 24%, and 23%, respectively. The principal investigation of the effect of cooling rate on crystallinity and mode I and mode II strain energy release rates, G_Ic and G_IIc, respectively, showed that G_Ic and G_IIc values increase with increasing cooling rate. Comparison of the toughness values as a function of crystallinity showed that the dependence of toughness on crystallinity is approximately equivalent to the dependence of toughness on cooling rate. Comparison of the data from the annealed panel to that from the analogous principal panel showed that annealing increased the crystallinity and decreased the mode I strain energy release rate. There was no effect, however, on the mode II strain energy release rate. Comparison of the data from the panel made with reclaimed polymer to that from its analogous principal panel showed that the reclaimed polymer panel had equivalent crystallinity and G_Ic values. On the other hand, the G_IIc values in this panel were lower than in the analogous principal panel. / Master of Science

L’utilisation des goujons collés dans les structures bois répond au souci de conservation du bâti et de discrétion de l’intervention. A ce jour, plusieurs procédés de caractérisation et de dimensionnement sont disponibles, sans pour autant donner un socle commun à l’évaluation de la résistance des assemblages collés. L’utilisation des goujons collés suscite des interrogations concernant leur tenue au feu. Bien que le matériau bois entourant les tiges de renforcement soit isolant, il est nécessaire de fournir de plus amples estimations concernant la tenue mécanique des polymères pour différentes températures que l’on pourrait trouver au sein d’une liaison au cours d’un incendie. La présente étude permet de coupler méthodes expérimentales et simulations numériques, afin d’appréhender les mécanismes gouvernant la rupture de ces assemblages. La caractérisation expérimentale permet d’estimer les propriétés mécaniques locales des assemblages suivant divers paramètres (les longueurs de scellement, l’orientation du fil du bois, l’essence de bois, ou encore la température d’exposition), ainsi que les propriétés intrinsèques aux matériaux constitutifs. Cette base de données expérimentale est indispensable pour l’ajustement du modèle aux éléments finis en élasticité linéaire. L’approche numérique met en évidence une présence importante de contraintes normales en tête de collage, avant l’apparition de contraintes de cisaillement. Les outils de la Mécanique Linéaire Élastique de la Rupture équivalente permettent d’établir des courbes de résistance liées à chaque mode de ruine (mode I et mode II). Enfin, afin de décrire précisément le processus complet de rupture de ces assemblages, un critère de rupture en mode mixte (mode I et mode II) est utilisé. Une formulation analytique permettant d’estimer la charge au pic est proposée et permettra la réalisation d’abaques de dimensionnement des assemblages par goujons collés, utilisables en bureau d’études. / Glued-in-rods lead to overcome the use of traditional bolted connections, preserve a large part of original timber and offer aesthetic benefits (since the repair is hidden in the cross sections of the members). Despite previous research programs in many countries, some design rules, predicting the axial strength of such connections, are available, but a common criterion is still lacking. However, the durability of this process according to fluctuating temperature is not well known. During fire exposure, connections are not directly in contact with flames, since they are isolated by surrounding wood. The current study combines experiments with finite element computations, in order to lead a better to a better knowledge about their mechanical and fracture behaviors. An important experimental campaign is carried out on such connections and provides the influence of various parameters, such as the anchorage length, the rod-to-grain angle, the specie of wood or the temperature exposure, on their mechanical behaviors. Moreover, the inherent mechanical properties of the rod and the adhesives used are also studied. The finite element modeling reproduces the experimental configuration, and reveals significant tensile stresses in comparison with shear stresses. Within the framework of equivalent linear elastic fracture mechanics, R-curves in mode I and mode II can be estimated for each specimen. Finally, a fracture criterion in mixed mode is used to describe the complete fracture process of glued-in rods. An analytical formulation is then proposed and allows the evaluation of peak load of each specimen. This approach leads to realize design tables, usable by design offices.

Práce je zaměřena na šíření únavových trhlin v módech II, III a II + III v prahové oblasti v kovových materiálech. Byly provedeny experimenty pro ARMCO železo, titan, nikl a austenitickou ocel na třech druzích vzorků pro zatěžování trhliny ve smykových módech. Byl použit zvláštní způsob vytváření iniciační trhliny, který eliminoval efekt zavírání trhliny na začátku smykového zatěžování. Ve všech zkoumaných materiálech byly efektivní prahové hodnoty v módu II přibližně 1,7 krát nižší než v módu III. Měřením úhlů lokálních odklonů a natočení lomových faset s použitím stereofotogrammetrie v SEM bylo usuzováno na tendenci trhliny k vyhýbání do lokálního módu I. Nejmenší úhly byly zjištěny u ARMCO železa pro trhliny v módech II i III, středně velké úhly u titanu a niklu a největší úhly (vyhnutí do čistého módu I) byly pozorovány u austenitické oceli. Tyto rozdíly lze vysvětlit různým počtem dostupných skluzových systémů v krystalových mřížkách daných materiálů. Poměry mezi naměřenými prahovými hodnotami v módu I, II a III byly srovnány s předpověďmi teoretických modelů. Byl navržen analytický vztah pro efektivní prahové hodnoty v módu II, který byl v dobré shodě s experimentálními výsledky. Pomocí efektivních prahových hodnot bylo vyčísleno kritérium pro vyhýbání do módu I, které vedlo ke kritickému úhlu odklonu 40° souvisejícímu s přechodem z lokálního smykového módu do otevíracího módu.

Mode I interlaminar fracture of 3k 8-Harness-Satin Carbon cloth, with identical fill and weft yarns, pre-impregnated with Newport 307 resin was investigated through the DCB test (ASTM D5528). Crack propagations along both the fill and weft yarns were considered for both post-bonded (co-bonded) and co-cured laminates. A patent-pending delamination insertion method was compared to the standard Teflon film option to assess its applicability to mode I fracture testing. The Modified Beam Theory, Compliance Calibration method, and Modified Compliance Calibration method were used for comparative purposes for these investigations and to evaluate the validity of the proposed Equivalent Stiffness (EQS) method. Crack propagation, in all specimens, proceeded in a run-arrest manner for both delamination directions. Energy dissipation in the form of transverse yarn debonding, matrix deformation, and out of plane crack growth was witnessed for specimens with delaminations along weft yarns. A complete comparison between post-bonded and co-cured laminates was not achieved. The patent pending delamination insertion method was found to cause fewer instances of non-linear crack initiation behavior than the Teflon insert and, when non-linear behavior did occur, it was less prevalent. The EQS method was found to achieve fracture toughness values within 5% of the other three data reduction methods for 63% of the propagation values and achieved conservative values for over 33% of the propagations. Suggestions for future studies aimed at completing the comparisons above are provided in Chapter 5.