This study aims to discover and create an overview of how model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is utilized in Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) settings. The overall goal is to identify the challenges and opportunities, the best practices and to find different publication trends that exist for this combination. The combination is interesting to investigate given that MBSE is considered to traditionally be a waterfall-based way of working, whereas SAFe is an Agile way of working. The study was executed by conducting a systematic mapping study. The results we found that were linked to the publication trends where that the number of primary studies investigating the combination of MBSE and SAFe were relatively low, and that the amount of grey literature that were found were higher than peer-reviewed primary studies. The best practices of the combination of MBSE and SAFe were identified by analyzing different methods, tools, and processes. Identified challenges and opportunities of this combination were that it provides: enhanced collaboration and communication capabilities, centralized information about the system under development, reduction of complexity, and decreased development time.

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Dieser Beitrag erläutert die Umsetzung der Digitalisierung speziell im Anwendungsgebiet des Engineering. Dabei wird die Digitalisierung, sowohl des eigentlichen Produktes als auch der im Rahmen von Service-orientierten Geschäftsmodellen entwickelten Dienstleistung, vorgestellt. Ein weiterer wesentlicher Punkt der Digitalisierung sind die horizontale und vertikale Integration der technischen und administrativen Arbeitsprozesse entlang des Produktlebenszyklus. Bei den vertikalen Integrationen handelt es ich um die Integrationen der Autorensysteme entlang den Lebenszyklusphasen Anforderungsmanagement, Systemarchitektur, CAD in Mechanik, Elektronik, Softwareentwicklung, Simulation, Test, Prozessplanung und Digitale Fabrik. Bei der horizontalen Integration stehen die administrativen Funktionen wie Freigabe-, Änderungs- und Konfigurationsmanagement über den gesamten Produklebenszyklus und die technische Integration der in den einzelnen Produktlebenszyklus-Phasen erzeugten Informationen im Vordergrund. Hier ist vor allem die Verteilung und Orchestrierung der Funktionen zwischen SysLM, MES und PPS relevant.

Discrete Event Logistics Systems (DELS) are a class of dynamic systems that are defined by the transformation of discrete flows through a network of interconnected subsystems. The DELS domain includes systems such as supply chains, manufacturing systems, transportation networks, warehouses, and health care delivery systems. Advancements in computer integrated manufacturing and intelligent devices have spurred a revolution in manufacturing. These smart manufacturing systems utilize technical interoperability and plant-wide integration at the device-level to drive production agility and efficiency. Extending these successes to enterprise-wide integration and decision-making will require the definitions of control and device to be extended and supported at the operations management and the business planning levels as well. In the future, smart operational control mechanisms must not only integrate real-time data from system operations, but also formulate and solve a wide variety of optimization analyses quickly and efficiently and then translate the results into executable commands. However in contemporary DELS practice, these optimization analyses, and analyses in general, are often purpose-built to answer specific questions, with an implicit system model and many possible analysis implementations depending on the question, the instance data, and the solver. Also because of the semantic gap between operations research analysis models such as job-shop scheduling algorithms and IT-based models such as MES, there is little integration between control analysis methods and control execution tools. Automated and cost-effective access to multiple analyses from a single conceptual model of the target system would broaden the usage and implementation of analysis-based decision support and system optimization. The fundamental contribution of this dissertation is concerned with interoperability and bridging the gap between operations research analysis models and practical applications of the results. This dissertation closes this gap by constructing a standard domain-specific language, standard problem definitions, and a standard analysis methodology to answer the control questions and execute the prescribed control actions. The domain specific language meets a broader requirement for facilitating interoperability for DELS, including system integration, plug-and-play analysis methods and tools, and system design methodologies. The domain-specific language formalizes a recurring product, process, resource, and facility description of the DELS domain. It provides a common language to discuss our systems, including the questions that we want to ask about our systems, the problems that we need to solve in order to answer those questions, and the mechanisms to deploy the solution. A canonical set of control questions defines the comprehensive functional specification of all the decision-making mechanisms that a controller needs to be able to provide; i.e. a model of analysis models or a metamodel of operational control. These questions refine the interoperability mechanism between system and analysis models by mapping classes of control analysis models to implementation and execution mechanisms in the system model. A standard representation of each class of control problems is only a partial solution to fully addressing operational control. The final contribution of this dissertation constructs a round-trip analysis methodology that completes the bridge between operations research analysis models and deployable control mechanisms. This contribution formalizes an analysis pathway, from formulating an analysis model to executing a control action, that is grounded in a more fundamental insight into how analysis methods are executed to support operational control decision-making.

Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is an enterprising systems engineering methodology, which in replacing traditional, document-centric systems engineering methods, has the potential to reduce project costs, time, effort and risk. The potential benefits of applying MBSE on a project are widely discussed but are largely anecdotal. Throughout the System Engineering and Project Management industries, there is a strong desire to quantify these benefits, particularly within organizations that are looking to apply it to their complex, system of systems projects. The objective of this thesis was to quantify the benefits that model-based systems engineering presents, particularly in terms of project cost estimates. In order to quantify this qualitative data, statistical analysis was conducted on collected perceptions from industry experts and professionals. The results of this work led to identifying future research that should be completed in order to make MBSE an industry-wide standard for the development and estimation of projects.

Este trabalho desenvolve um método para a comparação de soluções logísticas de armazenamento e recuperação, com aplicações em centros de distribuição, depósitos, armazéns e demais estruturas equivalentes. Tais soluções podem implicar desde o uso de paleteiras manuais e empilhadeiras contra-balanceadas, até em arranjos mais complexos, envolvendo trans-elevadores operando em corredores de prateleiras com vários metros de altura. A literatura existente para o design e a escolha de tais soluções ressalta o prevalecimento de métodos proprietários e ad-hoc, auxiliados por ferramentas de software demasiadamente genéricas. Assim, o método aqui proposto é elaborado seguindo os princípios da Engenharia de Sistemas Baseada em Modelos (MBSE), sendo expresso através da linguagem OMG SysMLTM, e montado com o auxílio de ferramenta de software CASE (computer aided systems engineering) disponível comercialmente. Utilizando-se das técnicas mencionadas, este trabalho demonstra o passo-apasso da construção do método proposto, incluindo a formulação de um template de requisitos e de um modelo de referência, orientado a objetos, para sistemas logísticos de armazenamento e recuperação. Concluída a apresentação do método, o mesmo é aplicado em dois exemplos de estudos de viabilidade (trade-studies) que determinam soluções ótimas para um dado conjunto de requisitos de negócio. No primeiro exemplo tem-se como fator limitante o no de endereços de armazenamento, e no segundo a área disponível para construção do armazém. O principal resultado obtido com esse trabalho é capacidade de simular, em um único ambiente, escolhas de soluções logísticas de armazenamento que consideram parâmetros do sistema como um todo, e não apenas de seus sub-sistemas isoladamente. Isto tornou possível mensurar como alterações nas especificações de um dado ponto de vista, como o estrutural, impactam na satisfação dos requisitos de outros pontos de vista, como o dinâmico ou financeiro. A MBSE, entretanto, ainda não pode ser considerada uma disciplina madura. As ferramentas de software que a ela dão suporte, bem como as listas de melhores práticas de suas aplicações estão em constante evolução e aprimoramento. Dessa forma, a aplicação dos princípios da MBSE no design e seleção de soluções logísticas de armazenamento, com adoção da orientação a objetos, pode ser tida como uma ideia inovadora. / This work presents a method for warehouse storage solutions comparison. The existing research regarding the design and selection of such logistic solutions highlights the predominance of ad-hoc procedures, as well as the use of generic software tools. Therefore, the method herein presented shall be developed according to the model-based systems engineering (MBSE) principles, being describe through the system modeling language (SysML), and built inside a computer-aided system engineering (CASE) software tool, commercially available. The method\'s steps shall be thoroughly detailed, including the creation of a reference model for warehouse storage systems, and its further use in trade studies execution. Once the method is properly described, its validation is demonstrated through two case studies designed to compare storage solutions according to the number of pallet-positions oered, and its dimensional footprint. This work\'s main achievement is the possibility to simulate, in a single environment, warehouse storage solution\'s options that take into account parameters of the system as a whole, and not only its sub-systems separately. With that, it is possible to measure how changes in the specifications of a given view point, such as structural, impact the requirement\'s satisfaction of other view points, such as dynamic or financial. The MBSE, however, still can not be considered a mature discipline. The software tools that support it, as well as the lists of best practices of its applications are constantly evolving and improving. Thus, the application of MBSE\'s principles in the design, and comparison, of warehouse storage solutions, with the adoption of object orientation, can be considered an innovative idea.

Este trabalho desenvolve um método para a comparação de soluções logísticas de armazenamento e recuperação, com aplicações em centros de distribuição, depósitos, armazéns e demais estruturas equivalentes. Tais soluções podem implicar desde o uso de paleteiras manuais e empilhadeiras contra-balanceadas, até em arranjos mais complexos, envolvendo trans-elevadores operando em corredores de prateleiras com vários metros de altura. A literatura existente para o design e a escolha de tais soluções ressalta o prevalecimento de métodos proprietários e ad-hoc, auxiliados por ferramentas de software demasiadamente genéricas. Assim, o método aqui proposto é elaborado seguindo os princípios da Engenharia de Sistemas Baseada em Modelos (MBSE), sendo expresso através da linguagem OMG SysMLTM, e montado com o auxílio de ferramenta de software CASE (computer aided systems engineering) disponível comercialmente. Utilizando-se das técnicas mencionadas, este trabalho demonstra o passo-apasso da construção do método proposto, incluindo a formulação de um template de requisitos e de um modelo de referência, orientado a objetos, para sistemas logísticos de armazenamento e recuperação. Concluída a apresentação do método, o mesmo é aplicado em dois exemplos de estudos de viabilidade (trade-studies) que determinam soluções ótimas para um dado conjunto de requisitos de negócio. No primeiro exemplo tem-se como fator limitante o no de endereços de armazenamento, e no segundo a área disponível para construção do armazém. O principal resultado obtido com esse trabalho é capacidade de simular, em um único ambiente, escolhas de soluções logísticas de armazenamento que consideram parâmetros do sistema como um todo, e não apenas de seus sub-sistemas isoladamente. Isto tornou possível mensurar como alterações nas especificações de um dado ponto de vista, como o estrutural, impactam na satisfação dos requisitos de outros pontos de vista, como o dinâmico ou financeiro. A MBSE, entretanto, ainda não pode ser considerada uma disciplina madura. As ferramentas de software que a ela dão suporte, bem como as listas de melhores práticas de suas aplicações estão em constante evolução e aprimoramento. Dessa forma, a aplicação dos princípios da MBSE no design e seleção de soluções logísticas de armazenamento, com adoção da orientação a objetos, pode ser tida como uma ideia inovadora. / This work presents a method for warehouse storage solutions comparison. The existing research regarding the design and selection of such logistic solutions highlights the predominance of ad-hoc procedures, as well as the use of generic software tools. Therefore, the method herein presented shall be developed according to the model-based systems engineering (MBSE) principles, being describe through the system modeling language (SysML), and built inside a computer-aided system engineering (CASE) software tool, commercially available. The method\'s steps shall be thoroughly detailed, including the creation of a reference model for warehouse storage systems, and its further use in trade studies execution. Once the method is properly described, its validation is demonstrated through two case studies designed to compare storage solutions according to the number of pallet-positions oered, and its dimensional footprint. This work\'s main achievement is the possibility to simulate, in a single environment, warehouse storage solution\'s options that take into account parameters of the system as a whole, and not only its sub-systems separately. With that, it is possible to measure how changes in the specifications of a given view point, such as structural, impact the requirement\'s satisfaction of other view points, such as dynamic or financial. The MBSE, however, still can not be considered a mature discipline. The software tools that support it, as well as the lists of best practices of its applications are constantly evolving and improving. Thus, the application of MBSE\'s principles in the design, and comparison, of warehouse storage solutions, with the adoption of object orientation, can be considered an innovative idea.

Les systèmes industriels (automobile, aérospatial, etc.) sont de plus en plus complexes à cause des contraintes économiques et écologiques. Cette complexité croissante impose des nouvelles contraintes au niveau du développement. La question de la maitrise de la capacité d’analyse de leurs architectures est alors posée. Pour résoudre cette question, les outils de modélisation et de simulation sont devenus une pratique courante dans les milieux industriels afin de comparer les multiples architectures candidates. Ces outils de simulations sont devenus incontournables pour conforter les décisions. Pourtant, la mise en œuvre des modèles physiques est de plus en plus complexe et nécessite une compréhension spécifique de chaque phénomène simulé ainsi qu’une description approfondie de l’architecture du système, de ses composants et des liaisons entre composants. L’objectif de cette thèse est double. Le premier concerne le développement d’une méthodologie et des outils nécessaires pour construire avec précision les modèles de simulation des architectures de systèmes qu’on désire étudier. Le deuxième s’intéresse à l’introduction d’une approche innovante pour la conception, la production et l’intégration des modèles de simulations en mode « plug and play » afin de garantir la conformité des résultats aux attentes, notamment aux niveaux de la qualité et de la maturité. Pour accomplir ces objectifs, des méthodologies et des processus d’ingénierie des systèmes basés sur les modèles (MBSE) ainsi que les systèmes d’information ont été utilisés. Ce travail de thèse propose pour la première fois un processus détaillé et un outil pour la conception des modèles de simulation. Un référentiel commun nommé « Modèle de carte d'identité (MIC) » a été développé pour standardiser et renforcer les interfaces entre les métiers et les fournisseurs sur les plans organisationnels et techniques. MIC garantit l’évolution et la gestion de la cohérence de l’ensemble des règles et les spécifications des connaissances des domaines métiers dont la sémantique est multiple. MIC renforce également la cohérence du modèle et réduit les anomalies qui peuvent interférer pendant la phase dite IVVQ pour Intégration, Vérification, Validation, Qualification. Finalement, afin de structurer les processus de conception des modèles de simulation, le travail s’est inspiré des cadres de l’Architecture d’Entreprise en reflétant les exigences d’intégration et de standardisation du modèle opératoire de l’entreprise. Pour valider les concepts introduits dans le cadre de cette thèse, des études de cas tirés des domaines automobile et aérospatiale ont été réalisées. L'objectif de cette validation est d'observer l'amélioration significative du processus actuel en termes d'efficacité, de réduction de l'ambiguïté et des malentendus dans la modélisation et la simulation du système à concevoir. / Simulation models are widely used by industries as an aid for decision making to explore and optimize a broad range of complex industrial systems’ architectures. The increased complexity of industrial systems (cars, airplanes, etc.), ecological and economic concerns implies a need for exploring and analysing innovative system architectures efficiently and effectively by using simulation models. However, simulations designers currently suffer from limitations which make simulation models difficult to design and develop in a collaborative, multidisciplinary design environment. The multidisciplinary nature of simulation models requires a specific understanding of each phenomenon to simulate and a thorough description of the system architecture, its components and connections between components. To accomplish these objectives, the Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) and Information Systems’ (IS) methodologies were used to support the simulation designer’s analysing capabilities in terms of methods, processes and design tool solutions. The objective of this thesis is twofold. The first concerns the development of a methodology and tools to build accurate simulation models. The second focuses on the introduction of an innovative approach to design, product and integrate the simulation models in a “plug and play" manner by ensuring the expected model fidelity. However, today, one of the major challenges in full-vehicle simulation model creation is to get domain level simulation models from different domain experts while detecting any potential inconsistency problem before the IVVQ (Integration, Verification, Validation, and Qualification) phase. In the current simulation model development process, most of the defects such as interface mismatch and interoperability problems are discovered late, during the IVVQ phase. This may create multiple wastes, including rework and, may-be the most harmful, incorrect simulation models, which are subsequently used as basis for design decisions. In order to address this problem, this work aims to reduce late inconsistency detection by ensuring early stage collaborations between the different suppliers and OEM. Thus, this work integrates first a Detailed Model Design Phase to the current model development process and, second, the roles have been re-organized and delegated between design actors. Finally an alternative architecture design tool is supported by an ontology-based DSL (Domain Specific Language) called Model Identity Card (MIC). The design tools and mentioned activities perspectives (e.g. decisions, views and viewpoints) are structured by inspiration from Enterprise Architecture Frameworks. To demonstrate the applicability of our proposed solution, engine-after treatment, hybrid parallel propulsion and electric transmission models are tested across automotive and aeronautic industries.

Since their creation, CubeSats have become a valuable educational tool for university science and engineering programs. Unfortunately, while aerospace companies invest resources to develop verification and validation methodologies based on larger-scale aerospace projects, university programs tend to focus resources on spacecraft development. This paper looks at two different types of methodologies in an attempt to improve CubeSat reliability: generating software requirements and utilizing system and software architecture modeling. Both the Consortium Requirements Engineering (CoRE) method for software requirements and the Monterey Phoenix modeling language for architecture modeling were tested for usability in the context of PolySat, Cal Poly's CubeSat research program. In the end, neither CoRE nor Monterey Phoenix provided the desired results for improving PolySat's current development procedures. While a modified version of CoRE discussed in this paper does allow for basic software requirements to be generated, the resulting specification does not provide any more granularity than PolySat's current institutional knowledge. Furthermore, while Monterey Phoenix is a good tool to introduce students to model-based systems engineering (MBSE) concepts, the resulting graphs generated for a PolySat specific project were high-level and did not find any issues previously discovered through trial and error methodologies. While neither method works for PolySat, the aforementioned results do provide benefits for university programs looking to begin developing CubeSats.

System design is an inherently expensive and time consuming process. Engineers are constantly tasked to investigate new solutions for various programs. Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is an up and coming successful method used to reduce the time spent during the design process. By utilizing simulations, model-based systems engineering can verify high-level system requirements quickly and at low cost early in the design process. The Horizon Simulation Framework, or HSF, provides the capability of simulating a system and verifying the system performance. This paper outlines an improvement to the Horizon Simulation Framework by providing information to the user regarding schedule failures due to subsystem failures and constraint violations. Using the C# language, constraint violation rates and subsystem failure rates are organized by magnitude and written to .csv files. Also, proper subsystem failure and constraint violation checking orders were stored for HSF to use as new evaluation sequences. The functionalities of the systemEval framework were verified by five test cases. The output information can be used for the user to improve their system and possibly reduce the total run-time of the Horizon Simulation Framework.