Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2015-12-15T18:06:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoHenriqueBorgesDeOliveira_DISSERT.pdf: 7126621 bytes, checksum: 718667a84d6f1efbe96c7b333ce46cec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-12-30T17:33:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoHenriqueBorgesDeOliveira_DISSERT.pdf: 7126621 bytes, checksum: 718667a84d6f1efbe96c7b333ce46cec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-30T17:33:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoHenriqueBorgesDeOliveira_DISSERT.pdf: 7126621 bytes, checksum: 718667a84d6f1efbe96c7b333ce46cec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-17 / Os projetos de estruturas de conten??o envolvem fatores de plastifica??o, carregamento e descarregamento de maci?os, protens?o, deslocamentos excessivos e empuxos de terra e ?gua. Al?m disso, a intera??o entre o solo contido e a estrutura executada ? bastante complexa e de dif?cil previs?o. Apesar do avan?o das t?cnicas de simula??o num?rica e monitoramento dos esfor?os e deslocamentos atrav?s de instrumenta??o, a formula??o dos projetos ainda se d? por m?todos cl?ssicos, cujas hip?teses simplificadoras podem superdimensionar os elementos constituintes. Neste trabalho, realizou-se um estudo num?rico tridimensional de uma estrutura de conten??o atrav?s do m?todo de elementos finitos (MEF). A estrutura de conten??o estudada ? composta por estacas espa?adas e tirantes. Os resultados num?ricos obtidos foram comparados a dados obtidos de uma instrumenta??o em campo. Avaliou-se a influ?ncia do posicionamento de uma ou duas linha de tirantes ao longo da profundidade e os efeitos causados pela execu??o de uma laje vinculada ? conten??o. Estudou-se, ainda, o fen?meno de arqueamento que ocorre entre as estacas, variando-se o espa?amento entre faces de estacas para estudar seus efeitos nas tens?es e deslocamentos horizontais. O estudo do posicionamento de uma linha de tirantes ativos indicou uma faixa compreendida entre 0,3 e 0,5 vezes a altura de escava??o como aquela que gera os menores deslocamentos horizontais da estrutura. O estudo com duas linhas de tirantes mostrou que a posi??o da linha superior no n?vel -2,05m e da linha inferior no n?vel -3,50m resulta nos menores deslocamentos horizontais. A laje vinculada ? conten??o diminuiu os deslocamentos horizontais em 0,14% vezes a profundidade de escava??o. Com rela??o ao arqueamento, as an?lises mostraram uma faixa ?tima de espa?amentos entre as faces das estacas compreendido entre e vezes o di?metro da estaca. / Retaining walls design involves factors such as plastification, loading and unloading, pre-stressing, excessive displacements and earth and water thrust. Furthermore, the interaction between the retained soil and the structure is rather complex and hard to predict. Despite the advances in numerical simulation techniques and monitoring of forces and displacements with field instrumentation, design projects are still based on classical methods, whose simplifying assumptions may overestimate structural elements of the retaining wall. This dissertation involves a three-dimensional numerical study on the behavior of a retaining wall using the finite element method (FEM). The retaining wall structure is a contiguous bored pile wall with tie-back anchors. The numerical results were compared to data obtained from field instrumentation. The influence of the position of one or two layers of anchors and the effects of the construction of a slab bounded at the top of the retaining wall was evaluated. Furthermore, this study aimed at investigating the phenomenon of arching in the soil behind the wall. Arching was evaluated by analyzing the effects of pile spacing on horizontal stresses and displacements. Parametric analysis with one layers of anchors showed that the smallest horizontal displacements of the structure were achieved for between 0.3 and 0.5 times the excavation depth. Parametric analyses with two anchor layers showed that the smallest horizontal displacements were achieve for anchors positioned in depths of 0.4H and 0.7H. The construction of a slab at the top of the retaining wall decreased the horizontal displacements by 0.14% times the excavation depth as compared to analyses without the slab. With regard to the arching , analyzes showed an optimal range of spacing between the faces of the piles between 0.4 and 0.6 times the diameter of the pile

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-03-31T23:04:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DavidJeffersonCardosoAraujo_DISSERT.pdf: 5853941 bytes, checksum: e3792374efb1286ee119aba1af5a014a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-04T22:52:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DavidJeffersonCardosoAraujo_DISSERT.pdf: 5853941 bytes, checksum: e3792374efb1286ee119aba1af5a014a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T22:52:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DavidJeffersonCardosoAraujo_DISSERT.pdf: 5853941 bytes, checksum: e3792374efb1286ee119aba1af5a014a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / O transporte longitudinal de sedimento (TLS) ? fator condicionante para ocorr?ncia de mudan?as morfol?gicas em ambientes costeiros. Compreender seus mecanismos de movimento e transporte representa uma fonte de informa??o essencial para elabora??o de projetos e planos de gerenciamento costeiro. Este estudo tem como propostas caracterizar, inicialmente, a circula??o hidrodin?mica atuante na regi?o de estudo, compreendida por quatro setores praiais do litoral sul de Natal, e a partir dai avaliar o TLS m?dio anual obtido por meio de tr?s reconhecidas equa??es (CERC, Kamphuis e Bayram et al.), definir qual formula??o melhor se aplica a ?rea de estudo em quest?o, e analisar a variabilidade sazonal, bem como a evolu??o decadal do transporte. A regi?o costeira selecionada para esse trabalho constitui-se como um dos principais corredores tur?sticos da cidade, por?m vem sofrendo s?rios agravos decorrentes dos efeitos associados entre agentes hidrodin?micos e sua ocupa??o desordenada. Como ferramenta foi utilizado o Sistema de Modelagem Costeira do Brasil (SMC-Brasil), no qual se apresenta integrado uma s?rie de modelos num?ricos e uma base de dados devidamente calibrados e validados para serem utilizados na elabora??o de projetos ao longo da zona costeira brasileira. As taxas de TLS foram obtidas para 15 perfis praiais distribu?dos ao longo da ?rea de estudo. Suas extens?es levaram em considera??o a profundidade de fechamento calculada pela equa??o de Harllermeier, e a ado??o de propriedades f?sicas do sedimento t?picos de praias arenosas, com exce??o do di?metro m?dio dos gr?os, o qual foi calculado por meio de um algoritmo de otimiza??o baseado na formula??o de perfil de equil?brio proposta por Dean. De forma geral, os resultados mostraram uma intensifica??o dos agentes hidrodin?micos sob condi??es de agita??o mar?tima extremas, principalmente junto aos promont?rios existentes na regi?o. Dentre as equa??es analisadas, Bayram et al. foi definida como a mais adequada, com predomin?ncia de transporte no sentido sul-norte e as maiores taxas da ordem de 700.000 m3 /ano a 2.000.000 m3 /ano. A an?lise sazonal tamb?m indicou um predom?nio de transporte longitudinal no sentido sul-norte, com as maiores taxas associadas ?s esta??es de outono e inverno. Nesses per?odos se observam estados erosivos de praia, o que indica, portanto, uma rela??o direta entre a din?mica sedimentar e a ocorr?ncia de estados de mar mais energ?ticos. No que tange ? evolu??o decadal do transporte, foi constatada uma diminui??o da taxa de transporte da d?cada de 50 a d?cada de 70, seguida de um aumento at? a d?cada de 2000, que coincide com o inicio do processo de urbaniza??o de alguns trechos do litoral contemplados. / The longshore sediment transport (LST) is determinant for the occurrence of morphological changes in coastal environments. Understanding their movement mechanisms and transport is an essential source of information for the project design and coastal management plans. This study aims to characterize, initially, the active hydrodynamic circulation in the study area, comprised of four beach sectors from the south coast of Natal, assessing the average annual LST obtained through three proven equations (CERC, Kamphuis and Bayram et al.), defining the best formulation for the study area in question, and analyze the seasonal variability and the decadal transport evolution. The coastal area selected for this work constitutes one of the main tourist corridors in the city, but has suffered serious damage resulting from associated effects of hydrodynamic forcings and their disorderly occupation. As a tool was used the Coastal Modelling System of Brazil (SMC-Brazil), which presents integrated a series of numerical models and a database, properly calibrated and validated for use in developing projects along the Brazilian coastline. The LST rates were obtained for 15 beach profiles distributed throughout the study area. Their extensions take into account the depth of closure calculated by Harllermeier equation, and regarding the physical properties of the sediment, typical values of sandy beaches were adopted, except for the average diameter, which was calculated through an optimization algorithm based on equilibrium profile formulation proposed by Dean. Overall, the results showed an intensification of hydrodynamic forcings under extreme sea wave conditions, especially along the headlands exist in the region. Among the analyzed equations, Bayram et al. was the most suitable for this type of application, with a predominant transport in the south-north direction and the highest rates within the order of 700.000 m3 /year to 2.000.000 m3 /year. The seasonal analysis also indicated a longitudinal transport predominance in the south to north, with the highest rates associated with the fall and winter seasons. In these periods are observed erosive beach states, which indicate a direct relationship between the sediment dynamics and the occurrence of more energetic sea states. Regarding the decadal evolution of transportation, it was found a decrease in transport rate from the 50?s to the 70?s, followed by an increase until the 2000?s, coinciding with the beginning of urbanization process in some stretches of the studied coastline.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-01-04T22:04:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ErnestoVargasBautista_TESE.pdf: 4056194 bytes, checksum: 4254be419758b8c4d81ac80a522fc9b3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-07T21:31:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ErnestoVargasBautista_TESE.pdf: 4056194 bytes, checksum: 4254be419758b8c4d81ac80a522fc9b3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-07T21:31:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ErnestoVargasBautista_TESE.pdf: 4056194 bytes, checksum: 4254be419758b8c4d81ac80a522fc9b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-13 / A distribui??o e mobiliza??o ou n?o dos fluidos num meio poroso dependem das for?as capilar, viscosa e gravitacional. Em campo, os processos de recupera??o avan?ada de ?leo envolvem a import?ncia e a altera??o destas for?as para incrementar o fator de recupera??o de ?leo. No caso do processo de drenagem gravitacional assistida por g?s (GAGD ? GasAssisted Gravity Drainage) ? importante entender a f?sica e mecanismos que mobilizam o ?leo atrav?s da intera??o destas for?as. Para isso, v?rios autores desenvolveram modelos f?sicos em escala de laborat?rio e testemunhos do GAGD para estudar o desempenho destas for?as atrav?s de grupos adimensionais. Estes modelos apresentaram resultados conclusivos. Por?m, modelos de simula??o num?rica foram pouco usados. O objetivo deste trabalho ? estudar a inter-rela??o das for?as capilar, viscosa e gravitacional no GAGD e suas influ?ncias no fator de recupera??o de ?leo atrav?s de um modelo de simula??o num?rica 2D. Para analisar cada uma dessas for?as, foram usados os grupos adimensionais reportados na literatura, N?mero Capilar (Nc), N?mero de Bond (Nb) e N?mero Gravitacional (Ng). Uma compara??o dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho tamb?m foi realizada com os resultados da literatura. Os resultados mostraram que antes da erup??o do g?s injetado, quanto menor ? o Nc e Nb, maior ? a recupera??o de ?leo, e ap?s da erup??o, quanto menor ? o Ng, maior ? a recupera??o de ?leo no GAGD. Uma boa rela??o foi encontrada entre os resultados deste trabalho e os resultados publicados na literatura / The distribution and mobilization of fluid in a porous medium depend on the capillary, gravity, and viscous forces. In oil field, the processes of enhanced oil recovery involve change and importance of these forces to increase the oil recovery factor. In the case of gas assisted gravity drainage (GAGD) process is important to understand the physical mechanisms to mobilize oil through the interaction of these forces. For this reason, several authors have developed physical models in laboratory and core floods of GAGD to study the performance of these forces through dimensionless groups. These models showed conclusive results. However, numerical simulation models have not been used for this type of study. Therefore, the objective of this work is to study the performance of capillary, viscous and gravity forces on GAGD process and its influence on the oil recovery factor through a 2D numerical simulation model. To analyze the interplay of these forces, dimensionless groups reported in the literature have been used such as Capillary Number (Nc), Bond number (Nb) and Gravity Number (Ng). This was done to determine the effectiveness of each force related to the other one. A comparison of the results obtained from the numerical simulation was also carried out with the results reported in the literature. The results showed that before breakthrough time, the lower is the injection flow rate, oil recovery is increased by capillary force, and after breakthrough time, the higher is the injection flow rate, oil recovery is increased by gravity force. A good relationship was found between the results obtained in this research with those published in the literature. The simulation results indicated that before the gas breakthrough, higher oil recoveries were obtained at lower Nc and Nb and, after the gas breakthrough, higher oil recoveries were obtained at lower Ng. The numerical models are consistent with the reported results in the literature

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-07-08T21:26:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JulianaGomesRabelo_DISSERT.pdf: 6918558 bytes, checksum: 49052116e94f4eb616610a9e4ad69145 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-12T21:45:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JulianaGomesRabelo_DISSERT.pdf: 6918558 bytes, checksum: 49052116e94f4eb616610a9e4ad69145 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-12T21:45:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JulianaGomesRabelo_DISSERT.pdf: 6918558 bytes, checksum: 49052116e94f4eb616610a9e4ad69145 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-06 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / O fraturamento em rochas carbon?ticas vem atra?ndo aten??o devido as novas descobertas de petr?leo em reservat?rios carbon?ticos. Este estudo investiga como fraturas (falhas e juntas) submetidas a diferentes campos de tens?es se comportam e como seu comportamento pode estar associado ? gera??o de carste e, consequentemente, ao aumento da porosidade secund?ria em carbonatos. Neste estudo usei imagens de sat?lite e imagens de ve?culos a?reos n?o tripulado, al?m de dados de campo para identificar e mapear falhas e juntas no lajedo de rochas carbon?ticas, que considero ser um bom an?logo para reservat?rio carbonat?co. O lajedo est? localizado na Forma??o Janda?ra, Bacia Potiguar. Os dados de campo foram modelados utilizando o software TECTOS, que usa an?lise de elementos finitos para fraturas 2D. Formam identificados tr?s sets de juntas NS, EW e NW-SE, que foram reativadas como falhas. Os maiores valores de Ratio of Failure by Stress (RFS) obtido na modelagem representam o qu?o perto a rocha est? de tocar a envolt?ria Mohr-Coulomb, que indica a concentra??o da tens?o. Os resultados indicam que as tens?es tect?nicas est?o concentradas em zonas estruturais preferenciais, que s?o locais ideais para a gera??o de dissolu??o nos carbonatos. Observei dissolu??o ao longo de fraturas e planos de estratifica??o em todo o lajedo. No entanto, concluo que os maiores valores de RFS ocorrem no cruzamento e termina??es das fraturas. Estes s?o lugares de concentra??o do carste. Finalmente sugiro que existe uma rela??o direta entre a concentra??o da tens?o e a localiza??o da dissolu??o em rochas carbon?ticas. ABSTRACT The fracturing in carbonate rocks has been attracting increasing attention. This study investigates how the fractures (faults and joints) behaves subjected to the stress field and how their behavior may be associated with the generation of karst and consequently to increased secondary porosity in these rocks. We use satellite imagery and VANT image and field data to identify and map the faults and joints, analogous outcrop carbonate rock reservoir in the Janda?ra Formation, Potiguar Basin. Then, we modeled our data using the TECTOS software, which uses finite element analysis for 2D fractures. The results indicate that the tectonic stresses are concentrated in preferred structural zones, which are ideal places for the generation of dissolution in carbonates. The highest values of Ratio of Failure by Stress (RFS) obtained in modeling represents how close the rock is touching the envelopment Morh-Coulomb. We conclude that the highest values of RFS occur at the intersection of fractures and termination thereof. These sites are places of concentration of karst. From the data collected in the field there were three sets of fractures with NS, EW and NW-SE directions. In all cases, the regular pattern of fractures indicates that the system of lineaments 80 ? and 340 ? direction are sets of joints that were reactivated as faults. The joints and faults are shown consistent with the extracted lineaments in the GoogleEarth image. However, it is observed that, in marioria cases, both sets are reactivated as strike-slip faults. Tectonic stylolites occur mainly found in Lajedo showing shortening parallel to the joints (stylolites NS direction), formed in the same tectonic event. In every part of the flagstone we observed dissolution along fractures and bedding planes of the rock. Combining field data with numerical modeling we suggest that there is a direct relationship between stress concentration and location of dissolution. / The fracturing in carbonate rocks has been attracting increasingly attention due to new oil discoveries in carbonate reservoirs. This study investigates how the fractures (faults and joints) behave when subjected to different stress fields and how their behavior may be associated with the generation of karst and consequently to increased secondary porosity in these rocks. In this study I used satellite imagery and unmanned aerial vehicle UAV images and field data to identify and map faults and joints in a carbonate outcrop, which I consider a good analogue of carbonate reservoir. The outcrop comprises rocks of the Janda?ra Formation, Potiguar Basin. Field data were modeled using the TECTOS software, which uses finite element analysis for 2D fracture modeling. I identified three sets of fractures were identified: NS, EW and NW-SE. They correspond to faults that reactivate joint sets. The Ratio of Failure by Stress (RFS) represents stress concentration and how close the rock is to failure and reach the Mohr-Coulomb envelopment. The results indicate that the tectonic stresses are concentrated in preferred structural zones, which are ideal places for carbonate dissolution. Dissolution was observed along sedimentary bedding and fractures throughout the outcrop. However, I observed that the highest values of RFS occur in fracture intersections and terminations. These are site of karst concentration. I finally suggest that there is a relationship between stress concentration and location of karst dissolution in carbonate rocks.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-08-29T12:36:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Iris Cristiane Magistrali.pdf: 5586295 bytes, checksum: cf90d85c09628780240eede5db4ec99e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-29T12:36:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Iris Cristiane Magistrali.pdf: 5586295 bytes, checksum: cf90d85c09628780240eede5db4ec99e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has published reports on issues related to global climate changes. As a result, the climatic suitability of various agricultural crops in different regions of the world may change. Sugarcane is an important agricultural species and it is grown in several regions of the world, mainly for the generation of sugar and ethanol. Given this, there is a need for studies that assess the consequences of climate change in this crop in future scenarios. Therefore, the present work has as objectives: 1) to evaluate the performance of two climatic models CCCma (Canadian Center for Climate Modeling and Analysis) and GFDL (Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory) in the baseline period (1961-2000), and in the Future scenario A1B (2046-2065); 2) to elaborate the zoning of sugarcane for the State of Rio de Janeiro due to the A1B scenario considered intermediate. For the evaluation of the models performance, descriptive statistical analysis and spatial interpolation (Kriging and Co- Kriging ordinary) was used based on temperature and rainfall variables in water balance of the crop for the elaboration of agro climatic zoning, calculated by Thornthwaite & Mather?s (1955) method. The zoning was elaborated based on the reclassified thematic maps of water deficit and temperature. We used images from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) radar for altimetry, and map of use and ground cover. The results referring to the descriptive measures in the different points of the model showed the average rainfall ranged from 1118.02 mm to 1447.47 mm for the CCCma model. However, for the GFDL model average rainfall was lower than the CCCma, ranging from 804.82 mm to 1013.72 mm. The temperature averages presented similar behaviour and presented little oscillation during the year, when compared with the rainfall. For the CCCma model, the minimum average temperature was 21.02 ?C and the maximum was 22.99 ?C. For the GFDL model, the mean minimum temperature was 20.62 ?C and the maximum was 23.47 ?C. The CCCma model presented the data closest to the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOOA) reanalysis data, and the GFDL model underestimated most rainfall and temperature data. The average rainfall of the NOOA data ranged from a minimum to a maximum of 947.74 mm at 1689.77 mm, respectively, and the minimum and maximum average temperature of 19.62 ? C and 21.62 ? C, respectively. Through geostatistics, it was possible to verify that, for the past and future scenarios, the exponential transitive model presented in the majority of cases the least degree of spatial dependence (GDE), being therefore considered the best. When comparing the GDE of the two climate models, noticed that the CCCma presented the best geostatistical performance. Due to the high GDE values, it was not possible to interpolate the GFDL model data regarding temperature for the future scenario. Through the product MCD12Q1, it was possible to register relevant differences in rainfall and temperature. Urban areas in general have lower amounts of rainfall and higher temperatures compared to areas with forest occurrence. In relation to the zoning, the results showed that for the past conditions, as well as for future projections, there is no water restriction for the development of the sugarcane crop. The temperature showed an increase in the future scenario adopted and, consequently, expansion of areas suitable for cultivation / O Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudan?as Clim?ticas (IPCC) tem publicado relat?rios sobre quest?es ligadas as altera??es no clima global. Em fun??o disso, a aptid?o clim?tica de diversas culturas agr?colas em diferentes regi?es do mundo pode sofrer altera??es. A cana-de-a??car ? uma esp?cie agr?cola importante e, ? cultivada em v?rias regi?es do mundo, principalmente para a gera??o de a??car e etanol. Diante disso, existe a necessidade de estudos que avaliem as consequ?ncias das mudan?as clim?ticas nessa cultura em cen?rios futuros. Portanto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivos: 1) avaliar o desempenho de dois modelos clim?ticos CCCma (Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis) e GFDL (Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory) no per?odo ?baseline? (1961-2000), e no cen?rio futuro A1B (2046-2065); 2) elaborar o zoneamento da cana-de-a??car para o Estado do Rio de Janeiro em fun??o do cen?rio de emiss?o A1B considerado intermedi?rio. Para a avalia??o do desempenho dos modelos foi utilizado an?lise estat?stica descritiva e interpola??o espacial (Krigagem e Co-Krigagem ordin?ria) para as vari?veis temperatura e chuva. Para a etapa da elabora??o do zoneamento agroclim?tico procedeu-se o c?lculo dos balan?os h?dricos da cultura, pelo m?todo de Thornthwaite e Mather (1955). Baseados nos mapas tem?ticos reclassificados de defici?ncia h?drica e temperatura elaborou-se o zoneamento. Utilizou-se imagens provenientes do radar SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) para a altimetria, e, mapa de uso e cobertura do solo. Os resultados referentes as medidas descritivas nos diferentes pontos do modelo, mostraram que a m?dia da chuva variou de 1118,02 mm ? 1447,47 mm, para o modelo CCCma. Entretanto, para o modelo GFDL a m?dia da chuva foi inferior ao CCCma, variando de 804,82 mm ? 1013,72 mm. As m?dias de temperatura apresentaram comportamento semelhante e apresentaram pouca oscila??o durante o ano, se comparada a chuva. Para o modelo CCCma a temperatura m?dia m?nima foi de 21,02 ?C e a m?xima de 22,99 ?C. Para o modelo GFDL temperatura m?dia m?nima foi de 20,62 ?C e a m?xima de 23,47 ?C. O modelo CCCma apresentou os dados mais pr?ximos aos dados de rean?lise do National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOOA), sendo que o modelo GFDL subestimou a maioria dos dados de chuva e temperatura. A chuva m?dia dos dados do NOOA variou entre a m?nima e m?xima de 947,74 mm ? 1689,77 mm, respectivamente, e a temperatura m?dia m?nima e m?xima de 19,62 ?C e 21,62 ?C, respectivamente. Atrav?s da geoestat?stica, foi poss?vel constatar que tanto para o cen?rio passado quanto o futuro, o modelo transitivo exponencial apresentou na maioria dos casos o menor grau de depend?ncia espacial (GDE), sendo portanto, considerado o melhor. Ao comparar o GDE dos dois modelos clim?ticos, verifica-se que o CCCma apresentou o melhor desempenho geoestat?stico. Devido ao altos valores de GDE n?o foi poss?vel interpolar os dados do modelo GFDL referente a temperatura para o cen?rio futuro. Atrav?s do produto MCD12Q1 foi poss?vel registrar diferen?as relevantes em rela??o a chuva e a temperatura. ?reas urbanas em geral apresentam menores quantidades de chuvas e maiores temperaturas se comparadas ? ?reas com ocorr?ncia de floresta. Em rela??o ao zoneamento os resultados mostraram que tanto para as condi??es do passado, quanto para proje??es futuras, n?o h? restri??o h?drica para o desenvolvimento da cultura da cana-de-a??car. A temperatura apresentou um aumento no cen?rio futuro adotado e consequentemente expans?o de ?reas aptas ao cultivo. Praticamente todo o estado apresenta ?reas aptas em rela??o a topografia, exceto as regi?es serranas. Atrav?s do zoneamento final, ix foi poss?vel constatar que no cen?rio futuro adotado haver? uma expans?o da cana-de-a??car em torno de 58%, podendo esse resultado estar aliado ao aumento da temperatura.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:48:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GilvanBSJ_DISSERT.pdf: 3763149 bytes, checksum: 74cfc52e8eaadf3e1722a2a37d52aca9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Usually masonry structures has low tension strength, hence the design to flexural efforts can results in high reinforcement ratio, specification of high unit and prism strength, structural members with larger section dimensions and modification in structural arrangement to be possible to use masonry members. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the stiffness, the efforts distribution and the effect of horizontal elements (girders) and vertical elements (counterforts) distribution on the behavior of masonry blocks retaining walls. For this purpose, numerical modeling was performed on typical retaining wall arrangements by varying the amount and placement of horizontal and vertical elements, beyond includes elements simulating the reactions of the soil supporting the foundation of the wall. The numerical modeling also include the macro modeling strategy in which the units, mortar and grout are discretized by a standard volume that represents the masonry elastic behavior. Also, numerical model results were compared with those ones of simplified models usually adopted in bending design of masonry elements. The results show horizontal displacements, principal and shear stresses distribution, and bending moments diagrams. From the analysis it was concluded that quantity and manner of distribution of the girders are both important factors to the panel flexural behavior, the inclusion of the foundation changed significantly the behavior of the wall, especially the horizontal displacements, and has been proposed a new way of considering the flanges section of the counterforts / As estruturas de alvenaria solicitadas por elevados esfor?os de flex?o podem necessitar, dada a baixa resist?ncia ? tra??o, de elevadas taxas de armadura; de maior resist?ncia ? compress?o da alvenaria; de elementos estruturais com maiores dimens?es ou mesmo um rearranjo desses elementos para possibilitar o emprego da alvenaria. O estudo ora apresentado tem por objetivo avaliar a rigidez, a distribui??o de esfor?os e o efeito da distribui??o de cintas e de elementos verticais (contrafortes) no caso de muros de arrimo de alvenaria estrutural de blocos. Para tanto, foram realizadas modelagens num?ricas de arranjos t?picos de muro, variando a quantidade e o posicionamento de cintas horizontais, o espa?amento entre os contrafortes, al?m de incluir elementos simulando as rea??es do solo de apoio na funda??o do muro. A modelagem num?rica realizada empregou a estrat?gia de macromodelagem em que os blocos, a argamassa e o graute s?o discretizados pelo volume padr?o representativo do comportamento el?stico da alvenaria. Alternativamente, os resultados do modelo num?rico foram comparados com os de modelos simplificados comumente adotados nos projetos desse tipo de elemento estrutural. A an?lise dos resultados consistiu na verifica??o dos deslocamentos transversais, na distribui??o das tens?es principais (para balizar um futuro modelo de bielas e tirantes e os modos de ruptura), na distribui??o das tens?es de cisalhamento, e na obten??o de diagramas de momento fletor. A partir das an?lises foi poss?vel concluir que n?o apenas a quantidade, mas tamb?m a forma de distribui??o das cintas ? um fator relevante para a distribui??o dos esfor?os no painel fletido (pano de alvenaria), a inclus?o dos elementos de funda??o alterou significativamente o comportamento do muro, principalmente os deslocamentos transversais, al?m de ter sido proposta uma nova forma de considera??o de flanges na se??o resistente do contraforte