Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert_Glydianne.pdf: 2012971 bytes, checksum: 9ff5c7d76d98c33ed2140632388bede0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-09 / The oil companies in the area in general are looking for new technologies that can increase the recovery factor of oil contained in reservoirs. These investments are mainly aimed at reducing the costs of projects which are high. Steam injection is one of these special methods of recovery in which steam is injected into the reservoir in order to reduce the viscosity of the oil and make it more mobile. The process assisted gravity drainage steam (SAGD) using steam injection in its mechanism, as well as two parallel horizontal wells. In this process steam is injected through the horizontal injection well, then a vapor chamber is formed by heating the oil in the reservoir and, by the action of gravitational forces, this oil is drained down to where the production well. This study aims to analyze the influence of pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the SAGD process. Numerical simulations were performed using the thermal simulator STARS of CMG (Computer Modeling Group). The parameters studied were the thermal conductivity of the formation, the flow of steam injection, the inner diameter of the column, the steam quality and temperature. A factorial design was used to verify the influence of the parameters studied in the recovery factor. We also analyzed different injection flow rates for the model with pressure drop and no pressure drop, as well as different maximum flow rates of oil production. Finally, we performed an economic analysis of the two models in order to check the profitability of the projects studied. The results showed that the pressure drop in injection well have a significant influence on the SAGD process. / As empresas da ?rea de petr?leo em geral est?o ? procura de novas tecnologias que possam elevar o fator de recupera??o do ?leo contido em seus reservat?rios. Esses investimentos t?m como principal objetivo reduzir os custos dos projetos de produ??o de petr?leo, que s?o elevados. A inje??o de vapor representa um desses m?todos especiais de recupera??o, em que vapor ? injetado no reservat?rio com o objetivo de reduzir a viscosidade do ?leo e torn?-lo mais m?vel. O processo de drenagem gravitacional assistida por vapor (SAGD) utiliza a inje??o de vapor em seu mecanismo, assim como dois po?os horizontais paralelos. Neste processo o vapor ? injetado atrav?s do po?o injetor horizontal, em seguida uma c?mara de vapor ? formada no reservat?rio aquecendo o ?leo e, pela a??o das for?as gravitacionais, este ?leo ? drenado para baixo onde se encontra o po?o produtor. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a influ?ncia da perda de carga e calor ao longo do po?o injetor no processo SAGD. Foram realizadas simula??es num?ricas atrav?s do simulador t?rmico STARS da CMG (Computer Modelling Group). Os par?metros estudados foram ? condutividade t?rmica da forma??o, a vaz?o de inje??o de vapor, o di?metro interno da coluna, o t?tulo do vapor e a temperatura. Um planejamento fatorial foi utilizado para verificar a influ?ncia dos par?metros estudados no fator de recupera??o. Foram tamb?m analisadas diferentes vaz?es de inje??o para o modelo com perda de carga e sem perda de carga, assim como diferentes vaz?es m?ximas de produ??o de ?leo. Finalmente, foi realizada uma an?lise econ?mica dos dois modelos com a finalidade de analisar a rentabilidade dos projetos estudados. Os resultados mostraram que as perdas de carga no po?o injetor t?m uma influ?ncia significativa no processo SAGD.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-01-04T22:04:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ErnestoVargasBautista_TESE.pdf: 4056194 bytes, checksum: 4254be419758b8c4d81ac80a522fc9b3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-07T21:31:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ErnestoVargasBautista_TESE.pdf: 4056194 bytes, checksum: 4254be419758b8c4d81ac80a522fc9b3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-07T21:31:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ErnestoVargasBautista_TESE.pdf: 4056194 bytes, checksum: 4254be419758b8c4d81ac80a522fc9b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-13 / A distribui??o e mobiliza??o ou n?o dos fluidos num meio poroso dependem das for?as capilar, viscosa e gravitacional. Em campo, os processos de recupera??o avan?ada de ?leo envolvem a import?ncia e a altera??o destas for?as para incrementar o fator de recupera??o de ?leo. No caso do processo de drenagem gravitacional assistida por g?s (GAGD ? GasAssisted Gravity Drainage) ? importante entender a f?sica e mecanismos que mobilizam o ?leo atrav?s da intera??o destas for?as. Para isso, v?rios autores desenvolveram modelos f?sicos em escala de laborat?rio e testemunhos do GAGD para estudar o desempenho destas for?as atrav?s de grupos adimensionais. Estes modelos apresentaram resultados conclusivos. Por?m, modelos de simula??o num?rica foram pouco usados. O objetivo deste trabalho ? estudar a inter-rela??o das for?as capilar, viscosa e gravitacional no GAGD e suas influ?ncias no fator de recupera??o de ?leo atrav?s de um modelo de simula??o num?rica 2D. Para analisar cada uma dessas for?as, foram usados os grupos adimensionais reportados na literatura, N?mero Capilar (Nc), N?mero de Bond (Nb) e N?mero Gravitacional (Ng). Uma compara??o dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho tamb?m foi realizada com os resultados da literatura. Os resultados mostraram que antes da erup??o do g?s injetado, quanto menor ? o Nc e Nb, maior ? a recupera??o de ?leo, e ap?s da erup??o, quanto menor ? o Ng, maior ? a recupera??o de ?leo no GAGD. Uma boa rela??o foi encontrada entre os resultados deste trabalho e os resultados publicados na literatura / The distribution and mobilization of fluid in a porous medium depend on the capillary, gravity, and viscous forces. In oil field, the processes of enhanced oil recovery involve change and importance of these forces to increase the oil recovery factor. In the case of gas assisted gravity drainage (GAGD) process is important to understand the physical mechanisms to mobilize oil through the interaction of these forces. For this reason, several authors have developed physical models in laboratory and core floods of GAGD to study the performance of these forces through dimensionless groups. These models showed conclusive results. However, numerical simulation models have not been used for this type of study. Therefore, the objective of this work is to study the performance of capillary, viscous and gravity forces on GAGD process and its influence on the oil recovery factor through a 2D numerical simulation model. To analyze the interplay of these forces, dimensionless groups reported in the literature have been used such as Capillary Number (Nc), Bond number (Nb) and Gravity Number (Ng). This was done to determine the effectiveness of each force related to the other one. A comparison of the results obtained from the numerical simulation was also carried out with the results reported in the literature. The results showed that before breakthrough time, the lower is the injection flow rate, oil recovery is increased by capillary force, and after breakthrough time, the higher is the injection flow rate, oil recovery is increased by gravity force. A good relationship was found between the results obtained in this research with those published in the literature. The simulation results indicated that before the gas breakthrough, higher oil recoveries were obtained at lower Nc and Nb and, after the gas breakthrough, higher oil recoveries were obtained at lower Ng. The numerical models are consistent with the reported results in the literature

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcosAFR.pdf: 4078279 bytes, checksum: 366f0859503e4c45e56db94e388e42e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-18 / Steam injection is the most used method of additional recovery for the extraction of heavy oil. In this type procedure is common to happen gravitational segregation and this phenomenon can affect the production of oil and therefore, it shoulds be considered in the projects of continuous steam injection. For many years, the gravitational segregation was not adequately considered in the calculation procedures in Reservoir Engineering. The effect of the gravity causes the segregation of fluids inside the porous media according to their densities. The results of simulation arising from reservoirs could provide the ability to deal with the gravity, and it became apparent that the effects of the gravity could significantly affect the performance of the reservoir. It know that the gravitational segregation can happen in almost every case where there is injection of light fluid, specially the steam, and occurs with greater intensity for viscous oil reservoirs. This work discusses the influence of some parameters of the rock-reservoir in segregation as viscosity, permeability, thickness, cover gas, porosity. From a model that shows the phenomenon with greater intensity, optimized some operational parameters as the rate flow rate steam, distance between the wells injector-producer, and interval of completion which contributed to the reduction in gravity override, thus increasing the oil recovery. It was shown a greater technical-economic viability for the model of distance between the wells 100 m. The analysis was performed using the simulator of CMG (Computer Modeling Group-Stars 2007.11, in which was observed by iterating between studied variables in heavy oil reservoirs with similar characteristics to Brazilian Northeast / A inje??o de vapor ? o m?todo de recupera??o suplementar mais utilizado para a recupera??o de ?leos pesados. Neste tipo de processo ? comum acontecer a segrega??o gravitacional e este fen?meno pode afetar a produ??o de ?leo e, por isso, deve ser considerado nos projetos de inje??o cont?nua de vapor. Por muitos anos, a segrega??o gravitacional n?o era adequadamente considerada em procedimentos de c?lculo em Engenharia de Reservat?rios. O efeito da gravidade faz com que ocorra a segrega??o de fluidos, isto ?, os fluidos tendem a se arranjar dentro do meio poroso de acordo com as suas densidades. Os resultados advindos de simula??o de reservat?rios forneceram a capacidade para lidar com a gravidade, e tornou-se aparente que os efeitos da gravidade poderiam afetar significativamente o desempenho do reservat?rio. Sabe-se que a segrega??o gravitacional pode ocorrer em quase todos os casos onde h? inje??o de fluidos leves, especialmente o vapor, e ocorre com maior intensidade para reservat?rios de ?leos viscosos. Neste trabalho ? abordada a influ?ncia de alguns par?metros da rocha-reservat?rio na segrega??o como viscosidade, permeabilidade, espessura, capa de g?s e porosidade. A partir de um modelo que apresenta o fen?meno com maior intensidade, otimizaram-se alguns par?metros operacionais como vaz?o de inje??o de vapor, dist?ncia entre os po?os injetor-produtor e intervalo de completa??o que contribu?ram para a redu??o do efeito, aumento assim o fator de recupera??o. Foi mostrada uma maior viabilidade t?cnica-econ?mica para o modelo de dist?ncia entre os po?os de 100 m. A an?lise foi realizada utilizando o simulador comercial da CMG (Computer Modelling Group) - Stars 2007.11, onde foi observada a intera??o entre as vari?veis estudadas em reservat?rios com caracter?sticas semelhantes aos encontrados no Nordeste brasileiro

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TommyAP_capa_ate_cap4.pdf: 809913 bytes, checksum: 0090aa039ef326f260cb40945133e6d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-27 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / The gas injection has become the most important IOR process in the United States. Furthermore, the year 2006 marks the first time the gas injection IOR production has surpassed that of steam injection. In Brazil, the installation of a petrochemical complex in the Northeast of Brazil (Bahia State) offers opportunities for the injection of gases in the fields located in the Rec?ncavo Basin. Field-scale gas injection applications have almost always been associated with design and operational difficulties. The mobility ratio, which controls the volumetric sweep, between the injected gas and displaced oil bank in gas processes, is typically unfavorable due to the relatively low viscosity of the injected gas. Furthermore, the difference between their densities results in severe gravity segregation of fluids in the reservoirs, consequently leading to poor control in the volumetric sweep. Nowadays, from the above applications of gas injection, the WAG process is most popular. However, in attempting to solve the mobility problems, the WAG process gives rise to other problems associated with increased water saturation in the reservoir including diminished gas injectivity and increased competition to the flow of oil. The low field performance of WAG floods with oil recoveries in the range of 5-10% is a clear indication of these problems. In order to find na effective alternative to WAG, the Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) was developed. This process is designed to take advantage of gravity force to allow vertical segregation between the injected CO2 and reservoir crude oil due to their density difference. This process consists of placing horizontal producers near the bottom of the pay zone and injecting g?s through existing vertical wells in field. Homogeneous models were used in this work which can be extrapolated to commercial application for fields located in the Northeast of Brazil. The simulations were performed in a CMG simulator, the STARS 2007.11, where some parameters and their interactions were analyzed. The results have shown that the CO2 injection in GAGD process increased significantly the rate and the final recovery of oil / A inje??o de g?s tem sido o m?todo de recupera??o mais utilizado nos Estados Unidos e o ano de 2006 marca a primeira vez em que a produ??o proveniente dos processos de inje??o de g?s superou os de inje??o de vapor. No Brasil, a instala??o do complexo petroqu?mico, no estado da Bahia, oferece oportunidades para inje??o de g?s na Bacia do Rec?ncavo. As aplica??es de inje??o de g?s em campo foram quase sempre associadas com dificuldades operacionais e de projetos. A raz?o de mobilidade, que controla a varredura volum?trica, entre o g?s injetado e o banco de ?leo deslocado, ? tipicamente desfavor?vel devido ? baixa viscosidade do g?s. Al?m de que a diferen?a entre as densidades conduz a segrega??o gravitacional severa dos fluidos no reservat?rio e consequentemente, levando a um pobre controle na varredura volum?trica. Atualmente, grande parte dos projetos de inje??o de g?s no mundo ? do tipo WAG. Entretanto, na tentativa de resolver os problemas de mobilidade, o processo WAG causa outros problemas como o aumento na satura??o de ?gua no reservat?rio, incluindo a diminui??o na injetividade do g?s e aumento da competi??o no fluxo do ?leo. O baixo desempenho na recupera??o de ?leo deste processo no campo, na ordem de 5 a 10%, ? uma clara indica??o destes problemas. A fim de encontrar uma alternativa eficaz para o WAG, o processo de drenagem gravitacional assistida por inje??o de g?s (GAGD) foi desenvolvido. O processo GAGD ? projetado para tomar vantagem da for?a gravitacional causando assim, a segrega??o vertical entre o CO2 injetado e a reserva de ?leo devido ? diferen?a de densidades. Este processo consiste na coloca??o de po?os produtores horizontais pr?ximos a parte inferior da zona de ?leo e inje??o de g?s atrav?s de po?os verticais existentes em campo. Modelos homog?neos foram utilizados neste trabalho os quais podem ser extrapolados para aplica??o comercial em campos localizados no nordeste brasileiro. As simula??es foram realizadas no simulador da CMG STARS 2007.11, sendo analisados alguns par?metros e suas intera??es. Os resultados mostraram que a inje??o de CO2 no processo GAGD aumentou significativamente a vaz?o e a recupera??o final de ?leo

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-02-10T16:44:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GlydianneMaraDiogenesFernandes_TESE.pdf: 3862064 bytes, checksum: fefa5eff9a9888901a0fc8b23ab2f361 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-02-10T21:36:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GlydianneMaraDiogenesFernandes_TESE.pdf: 3862064 bytes, checksum: fefa5eff9a9888901a0fc8b23ab2f361 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-10T21:36:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GlydianneMaraDiogenesFernandes_TESE.pdf: 3862064 bytes, checksum: fefa5eff9a9888901a0fc8b23ab2f361 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-02 / As novas tecnologias que utilizam a recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo surgiram da necessidade de se retirar o ?leo que ainda permanece no reservat?rio ap?s a recupera??o prim?ria. O objetivo desses m?todos ? elevar o fator de recupera??o do ?leo. Dessa forma, alguns projetos passam a se tornar vi?veis economicamente quando se utilizam esses m?todos. Os m?todos t?rmicos, dentre eles a inje??o de vapor, promovem a recupera??o do ?leo atrav?s da inser??o de energia t?rmica dentro do reservat?rio. O aumento da temperatura faz com que o ?leo tenha a sua viscosidade reduzida, aumentando assim, seu deslocamento em dire??o aos po?os de produ??o. O processo de drenagem gravitacional assistida por vapor (SAGD) ? um m?todo avan?ado de recupera??o. Sua configura??o apresenta dois po?os horizontais paralelos, um acima do outro. O vapor ? injetado de forma cont?nua ao longo do po?o injetor, em seguida forma-se uma c?mara de vapor que cresce at? encontrar os limites do reservat?rio. Este ?leo tem, ent?o, sua viscosidade reduzida e, pela a??o das for?as gravitacionais, ? drenado em dire??o ao po?o produtor. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar um estudo de diferentes configura??es de po?os injetores no processo SAGD, considerando os efeitos das perdas de carga e calor no po?o injetor em reservat?rios do nordeste brasileiro. Um planejamento fatorial foi utilizado para verificar a influ?ncia dos par?metros estudados no fator de recupera??o. Foi realizada tamb?m uma an?lise t?cnico econ?mica das configura??es dos po?os injetores com a finalidade de analisar a rentabilidade dos projetos estudados. Para a realiza??o das simula??es num?ricas foi utilizado o simulador t?rmico STARS da CMG (Computer Modelling Group). Os resultados mostraram que os po?os injetores inclinados apresentaram uma menor produ??o em rela??o ? configura??o com po?os horizontais. A configura??o com po?os injetores deslocados em rela??o ao po?o produtor (W-SAGD), para vaz?es de inje??o a partir de 100 ton/dia, levou a forma??o de uma c?mara de vapor maior e mais eficiente. Foi observado tamb?m que a utiliza??o de po?os injetores verticais (V-SAGD), para maiores vaz?es de inje??o de vapor, apresentou uma produ??o acumulada de ?leo menor, por?m, similar ao SAGD com po?o injetor horizontal. Na an?lise econ?mica, o modelo SAGD apresentou os maiores VPLs. / New technologies that use the enhanced oil recovery emerged the need to remove the oil that remains in the reservoir after primary recovery. The goal of these methods is to increase the oil recovery factor. Thus, some projects start to become economically viable when using these methods. The thermal methods, including steam injection, promote the recovery of oil through the thermal energy within the insert reservoir. The increased temperature causes the oil to have its viscosity reduced, thereby increasing its speed towards the production wells. The steam assisted gravity drainage process (SAGD) is an advanced method of recovery. Its configuration has two parallel horizontal wells, one above the other. The steam is injected continuously during the injection well, and then forms a steam chamber which grows to find the limits of the reservoir. This oil is then reduced its viscosity and, by the action of gravitational forces, it is drained toward the producing well. In this context, this study aimed to carry out a study of different configurations of injection wells in SAGD process, considering the effects of load loss and heat in the injection well in the Brazilian northeast reservoirs. A factorial design was used to investigate the influence of the parameters studied in the recovery factor. It also performed an economic analysis of the technical settings of injection wells in order to analyze the profitability of the projects studied. To perform the numerical simulations we used the thermal simulator CMG STARS (Computer Modelling Group). The results showed that the inclined injection wells had a lower production compared to the configuration with horizontal wells. A setting producer injectors offset from the well (W-SAGD) for injection flowrates from 100 ton/day, led to the formation of a vapor chamber larger and more efficient. It was also observed that the use of vertical injection wells (VSAGD), for larger flowrates, showed a lower cumulative production of oil, however, similar to SAGD injector well horizontally. In the economic analysis, the SAGD model showed the highest NPVs.