Esta tese busca investigar as razões pelas quais foi necessário romper o diálogo, ou ao menos silenciar sobre ele, entre os escritores do Modernismo brasileiro e do Modernismo português. Envolvidos que estavam em uma problemática comum, a da renovação das linguagens artísticas, tanto modernistas brasileiros quanto portugueses encontraram um patamar comum no qual estabelecer seu enfrentamento mais direto: aquele que pudesse fazer ruir os parâmetros acadêmicos da arte nacional em prol de uma linguagem renovada cujos efeitos excederiam largamente o plano da literatura. Tanto em Portugal quanto no Brasil, desenvolveu-se um verdadeiro projeto que costurava uma renovação da linguagem artística com a modernização da própria nação, articulando, portanto, o movimento modernista com uma proposição de Modernidade. Daí que a noção de Modernidade que se pôde fazer brotar a partir de ambos os movimentos possui, na contramão do que se deu com o Modernismo centroeuropeu, uma marcada fisionomia nacionalista. Esse atributo comum é mobilizado na esteira da perspectiva de múltiplas Modernidades que podem ser formuladas dentro de cada um desses projetos modernistas e a partir das especificidades sociais de que cada um deles dispunha. A despeito dessa problemática de fundo comum, que mobilizou a ambos, as soluções textuais encontradas são bastante diversas: no caso brasileiro, tratou-se, na afirmação de uma autonomia nacional, de rasurar parte componente de seu passado e constituir um cânone literário que se estrutura sobre uma perspectiva auto-referida, como se a cultura brasileira não tivesse se originado de nada que não dela própria, numa perspectiva autóctone que é tão mais eficaz quanto mais velado é esse seu atributo; no caso português, tratou-se de abdicar de um dos mais fundamentais eixos do Modernismo, o da negação do passado, nele fincando a imagem a partir da qual foi possível fazer ressurgir um Portugal modernizado. É precisamente na saída encontrada por cada um desses movimentos para se compassar com as vanguardas modernistas centro-européias que reside a incompatibilidade que os levou a impedir um debate intelectual profícuo: como parte do passado negado pelo Modernismo brasileiro, Portugal é tomado por atrasado e posto de lado, a despeito da antecedência do seu movimento modernista; como figura não conivente com o mito do heroísmo desbravador do português que deu ao mundo moderno o traçado que ele tem hoje, o Brasil é interlocutor de somenos importância. É na discussão dos meandros dessas aproximações e distanciamentos que se estrutura esta tese. / This thesis investigates the reasons of the dialogue interruption or at least the silence between Brazilian and Portuguese modernist authors. Engaged to a common problematic, the renovation of artistic languages, both Brazilian and Portuguese authors were situated in a shared level to establish a more direct confrontation towards a renewed language that had effects which exceeded the limits of literature. The project developed in Brazil and in Portugal combined the renovation of the artistic language and the modernization of each nation, thus articulating the modernist movement to a modernity proposition. Consequently, the idea of modernity that could emerge of both modernist movements presents a nationalist aspect that is absent in the modernism developed in central Europe. Considering the social specificities in which each one of these movements were inserted, the nationalist aspect is mobilized in the perspective of the multiple Modernities that could be formulated by each one of these modernist projects. Despite the shared problematic that has concerned both movements, the textual solutions found by each one of them were different. The Brazilian case was based on the affirmation of the national autonomy by erasing its past and constituting a structured autonomous literary canon, as if the Brazilian culture had been originated in itself in an autochthonous perspective. In the Portuguese case, authors abdicated the denial of the past as one of the most fundamental aspects of Modernism. It was through past that the image of a modernized Portugal arose. Hence, the incompatibility that prevented the establishment of a proficuous intellectual debate among those authors was originated precisely from these different solutions managed by each one of the movements to compass themselves to other central European vanguards: as part of the past denied by Brazilian modernism, Portugal is considered obsolete and left aside, despite the anteriority of its modernist movement; as a figure that disregards the myth of the Portuguese heroism in exploring and tracing the modern world map, Brazil becomes a less important interlocutor. Thus, this thesis discusses the proximity and distancing of these two movements.

Esta pesquisa trata das discussões em torno da apropriação do mobiliário dito moderno, no período de 1930 a 1955, a partir de matérias e anúncios publicitários publicados nas revistas ilustradas A Cigarra e O Cruzeiro, e nas revistas de arquitetura Acrópole e A Casa. A partir de textos e imagens divulgados por esses periódicos, com a finalidade de apresentar questionamentos estéticos e funcionais relativos ao uso de móveis domésticos, incluindo o seu arranjo no espaço da casa, analisamos o fenômeno social de difusão dos móveis modernos, trazendo à tona a diversidade de apropriações dos preceitos modernistas e à constituição de noções correlatas, como conforto, domesticidade e bom gosto decorativo. / This research deals with the discussions about the appropriation of the furniture called modern, from 1930 to 1955, from articles and advertising published in the illustrated magazines A Cigarra and O Cruzeiro, and in the architecture magazines Acrópole and A Casa. Using texts and images published by these journals, we have the purpose of presenting aesthetic and functional questions regarding the use of domestic furniture, including their arrangement in the home space. We analyze the social phenomenon of diffusion of modern furniture, bringing up the diversity of appropriations of modernist precepts and the constitution of related notions such as comfort, domesticity and decorative taste.

Esta tese busca investigar as razões pelas quais foi necessário romper o diálogo, ou ao menos silenciar sobre ele, entre os escritores do Modernismo brasileiro e do Modernismo português. Envolvidos que estavam em uma problemática comum, a da renovação das linguagens artísticas, tanto modernistas brasileiros quanto portugueses encontraram um patamar comum no qual estabelecer seu enfrentamento mais direto: aquele que pudesse fazer ruir os parâmetros acadêmicos da arte nacional em prol de uma linguagem renovada cujos efeitos excederiam largamente o plano da literatura. Tanto em Portugal quanto no Brasil, desenvolveu-se um verdadeiro projeto que costurava uma renovação da linguagem artística com a modernização da própria nação, articulando, portanto, o movimento modernista com uma proposição de Modernidade. Daí que a noção de Modernidade que se pôde fazer brotar a partir de ambos os movimentos possui, na contramão do que se deu com o Modernismo centroeuropeu, uma marcada fisionomia nacionalista. Esse atributo comum é mobilizado na esteira da perspectiva de múltiplas Modernidades que podem ser formuladas dentro de cada um desses projetos modernistas e a partir das especificidades sociais de que cada um deles dispunha. A despeito dessa problemática de fundo comum, que mobilizou a ambos, as soluções textuais encontradas são bastante diversas: no caso brasileiro, tratou-se, na afirmação de uma autonomia nacional, de rasurar parte componente de seu passado e constituir um cânone literário que se estrutura sobre uma perspectiva auto-referida, como se a cultura brasileira não tivesse se originado de nada que não dela própria, numa perspectiva autóctone que é tão mais eficaz quanto mais velado é esse seu atributo; no caso português, tratou-se de abdicar de um dos mais fundamentais eixos do Modernismo, o da negação do passado, nele fincando a imagem a partir da qual foi possível fazer ressurgir um Portugal modernizado. É precisamente na saída encontrada por cada um desses movimentos para se compassar com as vanguardas modernistas centro-européias que reside a incompatibilidade que os levou a impedir um debate intelectual profícuo: como parte do passado negado pelo Modernismo brasileiro, Portugal é tomado por atrasado e posto de lado, a despeito da antecedência do seu movimento modernista; como figura não conivente com o mito do heroísmo desbravador do português que deu ao mundo moderno o traçado que ele tem hoje, o Brasil é interlocutor de somenos importância. É na discussão dos meandros dessas aproximações e distanciamentos que se estrutura esta tese. / This thesis investigates the reasons of the dialogue interruption or at least the silence between Brazilian and Portuguese modernist authors. Engaged to a common problematic, the renovation of artistic languages, both Brazilian and Portuguese authors were situated in a shared level to establish a more direct confrontation towards a renewed language that had effects which exceeded the limits of literature. The project developed in Brazil and in Portugal combined the renovation of the artistic language and the modernization of each nation, thus articulating the modernist movement to a modernity proposition. Consequently, the idea of modernity that could emerge of both modernist movements presents a nationalist aspect that is absent in the modernism developed in central Europe. Considering the social specificities in which each one of these movements were inserted, the nationalist aspect is mobilized in the perspective of the multiple Modernities that could be formulated by each one of these modernist projects. Despite the shared problematic that has concerned both movements, the textual solutions found by each one of them were different. The Brazilian case was based on the affirmation of the national autonomy by erasing its past and constituting a structured autonomous literary canon, as if the Brazilian culture had been originated in itself in an autochthonous perspective. In the Portuguese case, authors abdicated the denial of the past as one of the most fundamental aspects of Modernism. It was through past that the image of a modernized Portugal arose. Hence, the incompatibility that prevented the establishment of a proficuous intellectual debate among those authors was originated precisely from these different solutions managed by each one of the movements to compass themselves to other central European vanguards: as part of the past denied by Brazilian modernism, Portugal is considered obsolete and left aside, despite the anteriority of its modernist movement; as a figure that disregards the myth of the Portuguese heroism in exploring and tracing the modern world map, Brazil becomes a less important interlocutor. Thus, this thesis discusses the proximity and distancing of these two movements.

Este trabalho constitui-se como um estudo comparativo entre as poéticas de Álvaro de Campos e Mário de Andrade, a partir dos poemas Ode Triunfal e Ode ao burguês, no sentido de oferecer uma outra possibilidade de leitura para um material poético já acirradamente analisado pelo crivo crítico. Considerou-se o signo febril como instrumento de verificação de vozes exaltadas de tais poesias, de maneira a revelar os procedimentos no campo estético e expressivo significativos para um momento de acentuado extravasamento literário: o Modernismo. O percurso estabelecido passa pela força das vanguardas; pela potência matriz do movimento literário essencialmente dionisíaca relacionada às considerações de Nietzsche e Eurípedes; além de abordar as relações entre Portugal e Brasil neste período, para corroborar com a perspectiva comparativa entre os poetas mencionados destes países. / This work is as a comparative study of the poetics of Álvaro de Campos and Mário de Andrade\'s poems from the \"Ode Triunfal\" and \"Ode ao burguês,\" in order to offer another chance to read a poetic material already fiercely critical analysis through the sieve. It was considered the sign of fever as a tool for verification of such exalted voices of poetry in order to disclose the procedures in the aesthetic and expressive for a significant time of marked literary leakage: Modernism. The course is established by force of avant-garde, the matrix power of the literary movement essentially Dionysian related to considerations of Nietzsche and Euripides, in addition to address the relations between Portugal and Brazil during this period, to corroborate the comparative perspective of the poets mentioned in these countries.

Modernism is a popular topic for diverse kinds of scholarship and theories, yet the possibilities of its contribution to education have been neglected. This thesis is an attempt to illustrate modernism's utility in forming a theory of education through examining the thoughts of two prominent modernists, Virginia Woolf and E.M. Forster. In reviewing both their fiction and nonfiction, we not only gain valuable insight into and contextualization of modernism, we are also introduced to possible (theoretical) solutions to problems that continue to plague our classrooms. By evaluating modernist themes of form, narration, becoming a reader and a critic, and time, I hope to illustrate modernism's capacity to contribute to the educational conversation in unique and valuable ways. As we channel the values Woolf and Forster lived by and demonstrated in their writing into an adaptable educational theory, we will be able to produce generations of better readers, better thinkers, better learners, and ultimately better individuals.

For centuries we have taken for granted Aristotle's assertion that fiction must encourage emotional identification by representing life realistically. With the development of a more pluralistic society, Postmodernist writiers have come to question that assumption. Having repudiated our ancestor's notions of identity, these writers create stories whose sole purpose is to comment on other stories. However, as some feminist critics have shown us, we must each have an identity in order to have the collaborative society that is the Postmodernist's goal. Therefore, the notion that a story must make a sensory impression on us and stand on its own as a story in itself is just as valid today as it was in the past.

A la fin des années 1920, l’écrivaine américaine moderniste H.D. considère le cinéma comme un art majeur, supérieur à la littérature car plus à même de représenter le réel. En réponse à un questionnaire lui demandant de faire le bilan de sa carrière, elle choisit de se concentrer sur sa découverte du septième art et sur l’importance que prend ce nouveau mode d’expression pour elle. Spectatrice, mais aussi actrice, monteuse et critique, H.D. adopte une approche polyvalente. Des réalisateurs comme G. W. Pabst ou Sergueï Eisenstein deviennent des modèles que les écrivains devraient imiter, selon l’auteur. Pendant environ cinq ans, H.D. s’implique directement dans la production cinématographique, de par son travail avec un jeune artiste britannique, Kenneth Macpherson, réalisateur de Borderline, long-métrage d’avant-garde dont elle tient le rôle féminin principal. H.D. rédige également plusieurs critiques de films, qui paraissent dans Close Up, un magazine qu’elle co-dirige avec l’auteur et mécène britannique Bryher ainsi que Macpherson. Par la suite, ses activités cinématographiques diminuent mais nous avançons l’idée que le septième art et les théories qu’elle en retient influencent de façon durable son imaginaire et son mode d’écriture.Cette thèse propose donc d’analyser l’influence du cinéma dans l’œuvre de H.D., en prenant en compte sa carrière dans son ensemble, de la période imagiste aux écrits ésotériques de la fin de sa vie. A travers l’étude de poèmes, de romans semi-autobiographiques, d’essais et de critiques de cinéma rédigés par l’auteur, sont mises en exergue deux tendances “imaginales” divergentes, l’une participant d’une saturation du texte et l’autre d’un désir d’immédiateté et de rejet de la composition artistique / In the late 1920s, American modernist writer H.D. presented the cinema as a major artform, superior even to literature as it could represent reality better and more directly according to her. Answering a questionnaire sent to her to reflect on her career so far, she chose to focus on her keen interest for the moving picture and the importance that new artform was taking in her own artistic ventures. Moviegoer, actor, film editor, critic, H.D. approached the film from all sides. She wanted to give that artform the recognition it deserved. Filmmakers such as G. W. Pabst and Sergei Eisenstein were true great artists and writers should even look to them to renew literature. For about five years, H.D. directly engaged with the film, through production - in her work with young British artist Kenneth Macpherson, director of Borderline, an avant-garde feature-film in which she also held the female lead role -, as well as through film reviews. Macpherson, H.D. and British author and art patron Bryher edited the film magazine Close Up, in which H.D. published various articles and poems. Beyond that short period, the author’s involvement with the film became less direct but this work argues that the motion pictures and the theories she derives from that artform lastingly inspired her imagination and her writing.This thesis provides an analysis of the influence of the film on H.D.’s works., taking into account her literary career as a whole, from the Imagist period to her late esoteric writings. Through the study of poems, romans à clefs, memoirs, and film reviews, two diverging image dynamics are identified, one participating in textual saturation and the other seeking for more immediacy and less artistic elaboration

The St. Johns Bridge is a 1,207 foot span suspension bridge crossing the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, connecting the Portland communities of St. Johns and Linnton on the eastern and western banks, respectively. Commissioned in 1928, the bridge was completed in 1931, with much fanfare in the local community. The two neighborhoods are some distance from downtown Portland, and the bridge brought prestige to an otherwise nondescript locale. It was designed by the New York-based firm of Steinman & Robinson. David Barnard Steinman (1886-1960) acted as the public face for the firm, however, and the design of the bridge has traditionally been ascribed to him in the literature. Steinman was one of the most prominent bridge engineers of the twentieth century, and is recognized today, as he was even within his lifetime, as such. It was a position which he worked fervently to attain. Steinman wrote extensively concerning the St. Johns Bridge and spoke of it as his own; his extensive use of the St. Johns Bridge as an example of aesthetics in bridge engineering is related to the early twentieth-century debate between engineers and architects regarding the role of each in bridge design. As an engineer who sought, without the aid of the architect, to build bridges which were objects of beauty, he asserted the role of the engineer as artist. The predisposition toward the engineered machine aesthetic in the intellectual climate of the avant-garde in the early twentieth century enabled Steinman to style himself as such an artist--even though the St. Johns Bridge, which he frequently employed in this regard, was not a work of functionalist aesthetics. While the architectural avant-garde was borrowing from the engineer for artistic rejuvenation, Steinman was in an advantageous position to argue for the engineer-artist, thereby casting the engineer as an individual sui generis, equal to and without need of the architect.

Drawing on criminological history, visual studies, modernist scholarship, sociological treatises, and theories of archives and collection, this study proposes that literary texts of the early twentieth century approached the problem of knowing and representing others through collections. Inspired by the supposed divide between the city and the small town, modernist writers depict—but also resist—a vision of the group and the individual as inscrutable. The criminological apparatus of the turn of the century attends to both urban and provincial modes of existence, promising the small circles, close study of individuals, and knowability of the small town while also acceding to the urban vision of people in vast unknowable quantities and a perpetual psychic distance from others. Criminology was positioned, and positioned itself, as decidedly modern in its data-driven approach to managing the presumed unknowability of the individual and the group. The texts in this study continually grapple with accessing individual identity amidst the masses of modern humanity, and articulate this struggle through representation of small groups, circles, and coteries. It is through the enclosed set of people that Sherwood Anderson, Gertrude Stein, and Carl Van Vechten demonstrate a fixation on both the individual and the group, and the relationship between the two. Their literary output and personal associations—which center on observation, portraiture, and collection—are fundamentally criminological in their efforts to negotiate the distance and intimacy of modern life.

Landscape art reinvents itself throughout history, along with changes in relationships between humans and nature. During unprecedented processes of urbanization, industrialization, and globalization, the past two hundred years witnessed shifts in global landscapes. The idea of using art to cope with a sense of loss becomes the departure point for my art project. To contextualize my work, I will discuss art scenes in urbanizing Europe and contemporary China and explore the powerlessness of individuals under the formidable trend of development reflected in landscape art.