A estratégia de modularização tem como objetivo desenvolver arquiteturas de produto que contenham unidades fisicamente destacáveis, denominados módulos, de forma a permitir que estas unidades sejam utilizadas em variações de um produto ou em linhas de produtos diferentes. Essa estratégia deve ser planejada no Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produto (PDP), no qual são tomadas decisões que afetam todo o ciclo de vida do produto. Com esse propósito, métodos e técnicas de modularização foram criados para oferecer suporte às equipes de desenvolvimento. Estes métodos precisam ser adaptados às características de cada projeto, como a natureza do negócio, a complexidade e a novidade do produto desenvolvido. Para contribuir com esse tema de pesquisa, o objetivo geral desta dissertação é propor uma reestruturação de métodos de modularização para a criação e avaliação de conceitos, adaptados as particularidades de cada projeto. Inicialmente, foram identificados, através de revisão sistemática da literatura, seis diferentes métodos para o agrupamento de componentes do produto em módulos. Dentre os métodos estudados, o método Modular Function Deployment (MFD), apresentou maior flexibilidade e abrangência nas atividades que compreendem o processo de modularização. Como resultado, propõe-se um método Modular Function Deployment Adapted, oferecendo as empresas uma orientação para configurar o MFD. Esta configuração proporciona uma aplicação do método customizada ao tipo de projeto desenvolvido pela empresa. O método é exemplificado para o caso de desenvolvimento de um equipamento estratégico em saúde, relacionado às atividades do Centro de Referência em Tecnologias de Equipamentos e Insumos Estratégicos para a Saúde CRETIES/UFRGS, visando favorecer a manutenção e a confiabilidade do equipamento por meio da modularização. / Modularization strategies have as objective the development of product architectures containing physically detachable units, called modules, so that these units may be used in variations of a product or in different product lines. However, that strategy ought to be planned during the Product Development Process (PDP), in which decisions to be taken will affect the whole life cycle of the product. With such purpose in mind, methods and techniques of modularization were created to support development teams. Those methods need to be adapted to the characteristics of each project, such as the kind of business and, the complexity and novelty of the product under development. Aiming at contributing to this research matter, this dissertation‘s general objective is to propose a restructuring of the modularization methods, adapted to different projects for the creation and evaluation of product concepts. First, by means of systematic literature review, six different methods were identified for grouping product components in modules. Within the studied methods, the Modular Function Deployment (MFD) method presented the greatest flexibility and comprehensiveness in activities that comprise the modularization process. As a result, a Modular Function Deployment Adapted method is proposed, offering guidelines to companies to adapt the MFD. Such adaptation provides a customized application of the method for the type of project developed by the company. The method is exemplified in the case of the development of a health device, related to the activities of the Centro de Referência em Tecnologias de Equipamentos e Insumos Estratégicos para a Saúde, CRETIES / UFRGS, aiming to promote the maintenance and equipment reliability through modularization.

A estratégia de modularização tem como objetivo desenvolver arquiteturas de produto que contenham unidades fisicamente destacáveis, denominados módulos, de forma a permitir que estas unidades sejam utilizadas em variações de um produto ou em linhas de produtos diferentes. Essa estratégia deve ser planejada no Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produto (PDP), no qual são tomadas decisões que afetam todo o ciclo de vida do produto. Com esse propósito, métodos e técnicas de modularização foram criados para oferecer suporte às equipes de desenvolvimento. Estes métodos precisam ser adaptados às características de cada projeto, como a natureza do negócio, a complexidade e a novidade do produto desenvolvido. Para contribuir com esse tema de pesquisa, o objetivo geral desta dissertação é propor uma reestruturação de métodos de modularização para a criação e avaliação de conceitos, adaptados as particularidades de cada projeto. Inicialmente, foram identificados, através de revisão sistemática da literatura, seis diferentes métodos para o agrupamento de componentes do produto em módulos. Dentre os métodos estudados, o método Modular Function Deployment (MFD), apresentou maior flexibilidade e abrangência nas atividades que compreendem o processo de modularização. Como resultado, propõe-se um método Modular Function Deployment Adapted, oferecendo as empresas uma orientação para configurar o MFD. Esta configuração proporciona uma aplicação do método customizada ao tipo de projeto desenvolvido pela empresa. O método é exemplificado para o caso de desenvolvimento de um equipamento estratégico em saúde, relacionado às atividades do Centro de Referência em Tecnologias de Equipamentos e Insumos Estratégicos para a Saúde CRETIES/UFRGS, visando favorecer a manutenção e a confiabilidade do equipamento por meio da modularização. / Modularization strategies have as objective the development of product architectures containing physically detachable units, called modules, so that these units may be used in variations of a product or in different product lines. However, that strategy ought to be planned during the Product Development Process (PDP), in which decisions to be taken will affect the whole life cycle of the product. With such purpose in mind, methods and techniques of modularization were created to support development teams. Those methods need to be adapted to the characteristics of each project, such as the kind of business and, the complexity and novelty of the product under development. Aiming at contributing to this research matter, this dissertation‘s general objective is to propose a restructuring of the modularization methods, adapted to different projects for the creation and evaluation of product concepts. First, by means of systematic literature review, six different methods were identified for grouping product components in modules. Within the studied methods, the Modular Function Deployment (MFD) method presented the greatest flexibility and comprehensiveness in activities that comprise the modularization process. As a result, a Modular Function Deployment Adapted method is proposed, offering guidelines to companies to adapt the MFD. Such adaptation provides a customized application of the method for the type of project developed by the company. The method is exemplified in the case of the development of a health device, related to the activities of the Centro de Referência em Tecnologias de Equipamentos e Insumos Estratégicos para a Saúde, CRETIES / UFRGS, aiming to promote the maintenance and equipment reliability through modularization.

A estratégia de modularização tem como objetivo desenvolver arquiteturas de produto que contenham unidades fisicamente destacáveis, denominados módulos, de forma a permitir que estas unidades sejam utilizadas em variações de um produto ou em linhas de produtos diferentes. Essa estratégia deve ser planejada no Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produto (PDP), no qual são tomadas decisões que afetam todo o ciclo de vida do produto. Com esse propósito, métodos e técnicas de modularização foram criados para oferecer suporte às equipes de desenvolvimento. Estes métodos precisam ser adaptados às características de cada projeto, como a natureza do negócio, a complexidade e a novidade do produto desenvolvido. Para contribuir com esse tema de pesquisa, o objetivo geral desta dissertação é propor uma reestruturação de métodos de modularização para a criação e avaliação de conceitos, adaptados as particularidades de cada projeto. Inicialmente, foram identificados, através de revisão sistemática da literatura, seis diferentes métodos para o agrupamento de componentes do produto em módulos. Dentre os métodos estudados, o método Modular Function Deployment (MFD), apresentou maior flexibilidade e abrangência nas atividades que compreendem o processo de modularização. Como resultado, propõe-se um método Modular Function Deployment Adapted, oferecendo as empresas uma orientação para configurar o MFD. Esta configuração proporciona uma aplicação do método customizada ao tipo de projeto desenvolvido pela empresa. O método é exemplificado para o caso de desenvolvimento de um equipamento estratégico em saúde, relacionado às atividades do Centro de Referência em Tecnologias de Equipamentos e Insumos Estratégicos para a Saúde CRETIES/UFRGS, visando favorecer a manutenção e a confiabilidade do equipamento por meio da modularização. / Modularization strategies have as objective the development of product architectures containing physically detachable units, called modules, so that these units may be used in variations of a product or in different product lines. However, that strategy ought to be planned during the Product Development Process (PDP), in which decisions to be taken will affect the whole life cycle of the product. With such purpose in mind, methods and techniques of modularization were created to support development teams. Those methods need to be adapted to the characteristics of each project, such as the kind of business and, the complexity and novelty of the product under development. Aiming at contributing to this research matter, this dissertation‘s general objective is to propose a restructuring of the modularization methods, adapted to different projects for the creation and evaluation of product concepts. First, by means of systematic literature review, six different methods were identified for grouping product components in modules. Within the studied methods, the Modular Function Deployment (MFD) method presented the greatest flexibility and comprehensiveness in activities that comprise the modularization process. As a result, a Modular Function Deployment Adapted method is proposed, offering guidelines to companies to adapt the MFD. Such adaptation provides a customized application of the method for the type of project developed by the company. The method is exemplified in the case of the development of a health device, related to the activities of the Centro de Referência em Tecnologias de Equipamentos e Insumos Estratégicos para a Saúde, CRETIES / UFRGS, aiming to promote the maintenance and equipment reliability through modularization.

Modularization (MD) in the auto industry is relatively new when compared to its use in other industrial areas. It is regarded as the third revolution in the history of the auto industry after Henry Ford's assembly line production system and Toyota's JIT (just in time) management. Modularization brought a major reorganization to the automotive parts supplier industry by realizing the firm's strategic positional advantage through mass customization While academic interest in this area also experienced significant growth in recent years, few empirical studies have been conducted because it is a difficult task to operationalize the multi-faceted, complex modularization. Although modularization has become a global trend in the auto industry, studies show that different characteristics of modularization are exhibited in various international automobile markets. China has been recognized as the largest car market and manufacturer in the world in recent times, yet the industrial structure is quite different from leading countries such as the U.S. and Japan. More than sixty percent of the vehicles in China are produced under foreign brands by joint venture factories. Despite the importance and uniqueness of the Chinese auto market, only a few conceptual scholarly works have been conducted touching on the concept of modularization. This means that there is not a deep understanding of this topic as it exists in the Chinese auto market. To emphasize, no literature was found among the existing works about the cultural impact on modularization and its outcomes in China. The purpose of this study is to fill in such a gap with an empirical analysis on the impact of modularization on the auto industry in China. Guanxi as a unique cultural phenomenon in China is covered in this study. Internalization theory, transaction cost economics, the knowledge based view of the firm, and the OLI model is reviewed as a base for the study. In practice, this study will help managers in the auto industry make a more scientific decision of whether and how they should go into modularization, especially in the Chinese market. It is also helpful for automakers like GM and Ford who have an ambitious parts procurement plan from China to have a better understanding of the Chinese auto industry.

Today there is a shift from mass production to mass customisation due to changing customer needs in the global market. This thesis report analyses customisation in a modular system through a case study in the truck industry with focus on development of a new seat solution. The customer requests showed a demand for one to two additional seats in the cab. In order to answer to various customer needs, companies implement modular product development principals which enables them to produce in a rapid speed, minimize costs, increase performance and produce a high mix of products. The established RQ:s were: RQ1: How do companies improve competitiveness by translating customer needs into technical requirements? RQ2: What are the challenges and possibilities when making changes in a modular system? The thesis followed the first steps in the product development process due to delimitations in time, scope, and research quality. The data was collected through a literature study, interviews with customers and archival records and documentations at the case company. The study resulted in two final concepts, namely a seat solution and a bench solution which answered to the customer need of one to two additional seats in the cab. A conclusion was that it is crucial for companies to understand the in-depth customer needs to provide higher customer value, which in turn can contribute to strengthen the companies’ competitiveness. The correct translation of customer needs to technical requirements is essential for the development of a modular system. Challenges and possibilities when making changes in a modular system was found to be design complexity along with opportunity to reuse existing components. Both the translation of customer needs and design decisions regarding a modular system is achieved in the earlier stages of the product development process. It is thus of high importance to translate the customer needs correctly and make thoughtful decisions of the modules in the modular system to ensure company competitiveness.

Road transports face increasing societal challenges with respect to emissions, safety, and traffic congestion, as well as business challenges. Truck automation, e.g. self-driving trucks may be utilized to address some of these issues. Autonomous transport vehicles may be characterized as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). A drawback is that CPS significantly increase technical complexity and thus introduce new challenges to system architecting. A product architecture is the interrelation between physical components and their function, i.e. their purpose. Product architectures can be categorized as being modular or integral. The main purpose of a modular architecture is to enable external variety and at the same time internal commonality. Products with a modular architecture are configured from predesigned building blocks, i.e. modules. A stable module, which is a carrier of main function(s) has standardized interfaces, is configured for company-specific reasons, which means it supports a company-specific (business) strategy. In this thesis, the present state at the heavy vehicle manufacturer Scania, concerning product architecting, modularization, product description and configuration is investigated. Moreover, a new clustering based method for product modularization that integrates product complexity and company business strategies is proposed. The method is logically verified with multiple industrial cases, where the architecture of a heavy truck driveline is used as a test bench. The driveline contains synergistic configurations of mechanical, electrical and software technologies that are constituents of an automated  and/or semi-autonomous system, i.e. the driveline may be characterized as a CPS. The architecture is analyzed both from technical complexity and business strategy point of view.  The presented research indicates that a structured methodology which supports the development of the product architecture is needed at Scania, to enable control of the increasing technical complexity in the Cyber-Physical Systems. Finally, configuration rules are identified to be highly important in order to successfully realize a modular product architecture. A drawback with this approach is that the solution space becomes hard to identify, therefore a complete and flexible product description methodology is essential. The results from the case studies indicate that clustering of a Product Architecture DSM may result in a modular architecture with significantly reduced complexity, but with clusters that contain conflicting module drivers. It is also identified that the new modularization methodology is capable of identifying and proposing reasonable module candidates that address product complexity as well as company-specific strategies. Furthermore, several case studies show that the proposed method can be used for analyzing and finding the explicit and/or implicit, technical as well as strategic, reasons behind the architecture of an existing product.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-03-26T14:32:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano de Lima Nunes.pdf: 2809512 bytes, checksum: fc6057ede21624334a67ae89e4fe0767 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T14:32:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano de Lima Nunes.pdf: 2809512 bytes, checksum: fc6057ede21624334a67ae89e4fe0767 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-31 / Nenhuma / O Sistema Toyota de Produção (STP) ainda é o paradigma no tema de sistemas de produção. No entanto, nas últimas décadas, uma montadora de veículos coreana tem chamado a atenção na medida em que apresenta um significativo crescimento na participação do mercado mundial de autoconstrutores, a Hyundai Motor Company (HMC). Um dos alavancadores desse crescimento é o sistema de produção aplicado na construção e produção dos seus veículos, o Sistema Hyundai de Produção (SHP). Este estudo busca contribuir para a comunidade acadêmica e empresarial, em especial a Engenharia de Produção, propondo um modelo conceitual para a representação desse sistema de produção emergente. Para desenvolvimento desse estudo, utilizou-se a Design Science Research como abordagem metodológica, e uma pesquisa histórica fundamentada em revisão da literatura. Esse trabalho apresenta uma abordagem histórica da HMC, que permitiu apresentar didaticamente a formação do SHP. Para apresentar essa evolução histórica, foi adotada a noção de incidente crítico, tendo adicionalmente permitido identificar as dimensões técnicas e tecnológicas que compõem esse sistema de produção, seus construtos e as suas inter-relações. A partir da identificação dos principais constructos, foi elaborado um mapa conceitual para o entendimento das relações entre eles. Finalmente, foi proposto um modelo para a representação do SHP, que foi submetido à análise crítica de três especialistas acadêmicos sul-coreanos e de dois profissionais brasileiros, que o validaram propondo refinamentos relativos aos tópicos da arquitetura modular e integral, gerando o artefato principal oriundo desta dissertação. / The Toyota Production System (TPS) is still the paradigm in the field of production systems. However, in recent decades, a Korean automobile manufacturer has called attention by presenting a significant growth in the world market share of auto builders: Hyundai Motor Company (HMC). One of the boosters for shortening of this growth is the production system applied in the production of its vehicles, the Hyundai Production System (HPS). This study seeks to contribute to the academic and business community, in particular the Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, proposing a conceptual model for the representation of this emerging production system. For the development of this study, the methodological approach was Design Science Research, combined with a historical research, based on a review of the literature. This master’s thesis presents a historical approach of HMC, which allowed present didactically the formation of SHP. To present this historical evolution, it was adopted the notion of critical incident. Additionally it allowed identifying the technical and technological dimensions that make up this system of production, their constructs and their interrelationships. From the identification of the main constructs, a conceptual map for the understanding of the relationships between the system constructs was constructed. Finally, it was proposed a model for the representation of the HPS, which was submitted to the evaluation of three South Korean academic experts and two Brazilian professionals. They validated the presented model, proposing refinements addressing the topic of modular and integral architecture, thus generating the main artifact from this dissertation.

In dynamic pointcut-advice join point models of Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP), join points are typically selected and advised independently of each other. That is, the relationships between join points are not considered in join point selection and advice. But these inter-relationships are key to the designation and advice of arbitrary pieces of code when modularizing concerns such as exception handling and synchronization. Without a mechanism for associating join points, one must instead refactor (if possible) into one method the two or more related join points that are to be advised together. In practice, join points are often not independent. Instead, they form part of a higher-level operation that implements the intent of the developer (e.g. managing a resource). This relationship should be made more explicit. We extend the dynamic pointcut-advice join point model to make possible the designation, reication, and advice of interrelated join points. The Transactional Pointcut (transcut), which is a realization of this extended model, is a special join point designator that selects sets of interrelated join points. Each match of a transcut is a set of join points that are related through control ow, dataow, or both. This allows transcuts to dene new types of join points (pieces of computation) by capturing the key points of a computation and to provide effective access for their manipulation (i.e. advice). Essentially, transcuts almost eliminate the need for refactoring to expose join points, which is shown by others to have a signicant negative effect on software quality. The transcut construct was implemented as an extension to the AspectJ language and integrated into the AspectBench compiler. We used transcuts to modularize the concern of exception handling in two real-world software systems. The results show that transcuts are effective in designating target join points without unnecessary refactorings, even when the target code is written obliviously to the potential aspectization.

AbstractThe development of embedded computer control systems(ECS) requires a synergetic integration of heterogeneoustechnologies and multiple engineering disciplines. Withincreasing amount of functionalities and expectations for highproduct qualities, short time-to-market, and low cost, thesuccess of complexity control and built-in flexibility turn outto be one of the major competitive edges for many ECS products.For this reason, modeling and modularity assessment constitutetwo critical subjects of ECS engineering.In the development ofECS, model-based design is currently being exploited in most ofthe sub-systems engineering activities. However, the lack ofsupport for formalization and systematization associated withthe overall systems modeling leads to problems incomprehension, cross-domain communication, and integration oftechnologies and engineering activities. In particular, designchanges and exploitation of "components" are often risky due tothe inability to characterize components' properties and theirsystem-wide contexts. Furthermore, the lack of engineeringtheories for modularity assessment in the context of ECS makesit difficult to identify parameters of concern and to performearly system optimization. This thesis aims to provide a more complete basis for theengineering of ECS in the areas of systems modeling andmodularization. It provides solution domain models for embeddedcomputer control systems and the software subsystems. Thesemeta-models describe the key system aspects, design levels,components, component properties and relationships with ECSspecific semantics. By constituting the common basis forabstracting and relating different concerns, these models willalso help to provide better support for obtaining holisticsystem views and for incorporating useful technologies fromother engineering and research communities such as to improvethe process and to perform system optimization. Further, amodeling framework is derived, aiming to provide a perspectiveon the modeling aspect of ECS development and to codifyimportant modeling concepts and patterns. In order to extendthe scope of engineering analysis to cover flexibility relatedattributes and multi-attribute tradeoffs, this thesis alsoprovides a metrics system for quantifying componentdependencies that are inherent in the functional solutions.Such dependencies are considered as the key factors affectingcomplexity control, concurrent engineering, and flexibility.The metrics system targets early system-level design and takesinto account several domain specific features such asreplication and timing accuracy. Keywords:Domain-Specific Architectures, Model-basedSystem Design, Software Modularization and Components, QualityMetrics. / QC 20100524

This paper focuses on four interrelated strategies: postponement, mass customization, modularization and customer order decoupling point. The goal of the postponement is to delay the customization as late as possible in the supply chain. It is also known as delayed differentiation. Mass customization is a relatively new term, which began to gain attention in the industry a decade ago. It was an obligatory invention as a response to the global market which becomes more turbulent day by day for the last two decades. Its goal is to produce customized products at low costs. Modularization is a common term that is used in many areas. In this study, we will focus on product architecture modularity and process modularity. Customer order decoupling point, which is also known as order penetration point, is used to distinguish the point in the supply chain where a particular product is associated to a specific order. Our target is building a model that explains how these four concepts are related. In order to achieve this, we will, first, research every concept individually; we will state the definitions, levels, benefits, enablers, success factors, drivers, etc. of the concepts. Then we will study the pair-wise relationships of these strategies. We will build our model according to the findings we have found in the literature. After building our model, we will explore it in Autoliv Electronics to see how it works in practice. Briefly, our model states the following: Modularization is an enabler of customization and it is necessary for the success of mass customization where set-up costs are critical. Product architecture modularity provides rapid assembly and cost efficiency that is required for postponement and mass customization. In addition, it is used to measure the mass customization degree according to some others. Postponement requires process modularity, and it moves the customer order decoupling point downstream in the value added material flow. It contributes the mass customization by increasing both the leanness and agility. Customer order decoupling point uses the customer requirements and existing capabilities of the mass customization for optimizing the flexibility-productivity balance.