A crankshaft is a component which is used to convert a reciprocating movement into rotating or vice versa. Through the past years classical manufacturing techniques did not leave space for a new approach regarding manufacturing this component. Powder Metallurgy provides a manufacturing technique which can revolutionize this procedure and make it more economical and more efficient. In order for this to be achieved, the crankshaft must be produced in different pieces. Webs, counter-webs and journal shafts must be produced individually and assembled together. The main challenge in this thesis is to understand if the crankshaft’s counter webs could be manufactured all in the same pieces or in as less pieces as possible. This thesis deals mostly with the technical requirements and proposing a new modular design. A kinematic-kinetic analysis is performed by using the values from the existing crankshaft which has been scanned and converted into a CAD model. The numerical values from the kinetic-kinematic analysis in Matlab are compared with a MBS model from Adams. Then the balancing of the crankshaft is analyzed and it is investigated how the counterweights should be arranged in space and what should be the mass and the geometrical properties of them. From the component’s design specifications, several models are generated and evaluated with the Pugh matrix. The original and the new proposed models are compared as far as concern the mass, center of mass, mass moment of inertia and natural frequencies. / En vevaxel är en motorkomponent som används för att omvandla den fram- och återgående rörelsen hos kolv och vevstake till en roterande rörelse. De klassiska metoderna att tillverka vevaxlar har varit dominerande och inte gett någon plats för alternativa tillverkningsmetoder. Powder manufacturing är en metod som kan revolutionera produktionens effektivitet och ekonomi. För att denna tillverkningsmetod ska vara möjlig måste vevaxeln tillverkas i delar. Webs, counter-weights och journal shafts måste produceras individuellt för att sedan sammanfogas. Den största utmaningen för denna avhandling är att förstå om vevaxelns counter webs kan tillverkas med samma form eller med så få olika former som möjligt. Denna avhandling handlar främst om att fastställa dessa tekniska krav och föreslå en ny, modulär design för PM. En kinematisk-kinetisk analys utförs med hjälp av en befintlig vevaxel som skannats och omvandlats till en CAD-modell. De numeriska värdena jämförs med en MBS-modell från Adams. Vevaxeln analyseras med avseende på balansering då motvikternas placering, massa och geometriska egenskaper undersöks. Nya modeller som följer de tekniska krav som krävs skapas och utvärderas med Pugh-matris. De nya föreslagna modellerna jämförs med den ursprungliga utformningen med tanke på massa, masscentrum, MMOI och egenfrekvenser.

Coordinate measurement machines (CMMs) are used to control whether workpieces meet customers’ need or not. Creating measurement programs for CMMs takes long time and companies try to find a way to decrease the time for preparation processes. The aim of this thesis work is to investigate the measurement processes of products within Sandvik Coromant AB in Gimo, Sweden and to focus on the preparation of modularized measurement programs. The main goal is to study measurement processes in the company, and to find and recommend different alternatives for modularization of measurement programs of products so that time and energy can be saved. In order to understand the current measurement processes in the company with its gaps and risks and also to be able to find further possible improvements, many interviews, meetings and a questionnaire have been made. Employees’ opinions and ideas about modularization of measurement programs have been collected. Three different cases about modularization of measurement programs have been presented in the thesis work. The first case is about the actual situation in the company. The gaps and risks which have been observed and collected have been presented. The second case focuses on modularization of today’s insert seats into two pieces: insert seat module and pre-stress module. The third case focuses on the feasibility of dividing the insert seats into much smaller modules. In the conclusion part, all three cases and all work which has been done during the thesis are presented. Last but not least, some further research subjects are shown on the recommendation part. / Koordinatmätmaskiner (CMMs) används för att kontrollera om produkterna möter kundernas behov eller inte. Att skapa mätprogram för CMMs tar lång tid och företagen försöker hitta sätt att minska tiden för förberedelseprocesser. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka mätprocesser av produkterna inom Sandvik Coromant AB i Gimo, Sverige och att fokusera på förberedelserna av modulariserade mätprogram. Det huvudsakliga målet var att studera mätprocessen i företaget, samt att ta reda på och rekommendera olika alternativ för modularisering av mätprogram för produkter för att på så sätt kunna spara tid och energi. För att förstå de aktuella mätprocesserna i företaget med brister och risker och även att kunna ta reda på ytterligare möjliga förbättringar, har många intervjuer, möten och ett frågeformulär gjorts. Medarbetarnas åsikter och idéer om modularisering av mätprogrammen har samlats in. Tre olika fall om modularisering av mätprogram presenteras i examensarbetet. Det första fallet handlar om den nuvarande situationen i företaget. De brister och risker som har observerats och samlats in presenteras. Det andra fallet fokuserar på modularisering av dagens skärläge in i två delar som skärlägesmodul och förspänningsmodul. Det tredje fallet fokuserar på möjligheten att dela upp skärlägen i mycket mindre moduler. I slutsatsen sammanfattas alla tre fallen och allt arbete som har gjorts varvid resultat och slutsatser presenteras. Sist men inte minst, visas på några ytterligare forskningsfrågor i rekommendationsdelen.

I detta kandidatexamensarbete som skrivits inom ämnet systemarkitektur undersöktes och besvarades ett antal frågeställningar som berör området. Projektets syfte var att undersöka användningen av DSM och forskningsverktyget IGTA++, som är en MATLAB-baserad algoritm. Kan de nämnda hjälpmedlen användas för att modularisera redan färdiga produkter, produkter med höga prestandakrav och specifika användningsområden och kan samma metod användas för olika produkter är frågor som besvaras. Genom att välja tre produkter med skilda användningsområden, krav på prestanda och precision samt olika produktarkitekturer som sedan monterades isär och studerades besvarades frågorna. De tre produkterna som valdes var en tryckluftsdriven mutterdragare som förlitar sig mycket på mekanik, en borrmaskin som har både elektriska komponenter och mekaniska kopplingar och en haptikenhet vars funktion beror mycket av den elektroniska signalstyrningen. Analyser av de ingående komponenterna resulterade i DSM:er för vardera produkt. Därefter klustrades dessa i MATLAB med IGTA++ för att få förslag på moduler. Modulerna studerades och det konstaterades att resultaten duger men behöver efterarbete för att bli fullständigt användbara. Projektets slutsatser blev därför att IGTA++ fungerar bra som ett hjälpmedel vid modularisering men kräver efterarbete för att uppnå önskat resultat. Algoritmen fungerar även på olika sorters produktarkitekturer och de varierande resultaten beror på produkternas komplexitet. Det går även att använda IGTA++ på redan färdiga produkter för att helt eller delvis modularisera. / This is a Bachelor Thesis within the subject of system architecture and was written in Swedish. In this thesis, the purpose and deliverables were to investigate and answer the given questions regarding the subject system architecture. The projects purpose is to study the use of DSM and the newly developed research tool IGTA++, a MATLAB based algorithm. Can the mentioned tools be used for modularization of already existing products and can products with high demands on performance and specific areas of use be modularized with the same method are the questions that will be answered. By choosing three products with different areas of use, demands on performance and precision but also different product architectures and then taking them apart and studying the components and their interactions, the questions were answered. The three chosen products were a pneumatic nutrunner relying heavily on mechanics to fulfill its purpose, a drilling machine using both electronics and mechanics and lastly a haptic unit whose function depend on electronic signals. Analyzes of the products components resulted in DSM:s for each product. Thereafter the DSM:s were clustered in MATLAB using IGTA++ to obtain suggestions on how the products should be modularized. The suggested modules were analyzed and it was seen that the results are sufficient but require some work to be useful. The conclusions of the project are that IGTA++ serves as an aiding tool when modularizing but demands post algorithm work to achieve desired results. The algorithm can be applied to different types of product architectures and variations in the results are related to the products complexity. IGTA++ can also be used for already existing products to completely or partially modularize.

Brennstoffzellentechnologien gelten als effizient, lokal CO2-neutral und können vielfältig eingesetzt werden. Dennoch stellen sie bislang keine kostengünstige Lösung dar und kommen in PKW selten vor. Um Entwicklungs- und Produktionskosten zu reduzieren und gleichzeitig eine höhere Systemsichtbarkeit zu erreichen, widmen sich die Autoren der Erstellung eines Modularisierungskonzepts für ein Brennstoffzellensystem zu dessen Nutzung in verschiedenen Anwendungen. Ziel ist es, ein modulares Brennstoffzellensystemkonzept zu entwickeln, das den Anforderungen aus der Kopplung verschiedener Anwendungsszenarien gerecht wird. Unter Berücksichtigung der Bauraumanforderungen sowie mechanischer und elektrischer Schnittstellen zwischen den Modulen und den Anwendungen wird ein Design für das Integrationskonzept des modularen Brennstoffzellensystems vorgeschlagen. Der Target Weighing Ansatz (TWA) wird herangezogen, um Leichtbaupotenziale auf Systemebene zu erkennen und zu bewerten. Zur Optimierung ausgewählter Komponenten wird die Methode der Topologieoptimierung angewandt, um bei gegebener Massenreduktion die Steifigkeit zu maximieren. Thermische Simulationen zeigen zudem die Wärmeabfuhr der Brennstoffzellen aus dem System unter Last. / Fuel cell technologies are considered efficient, locally CO2-neutral and can be used in a variety of ways. Nevertheless, they have not yet been a cost-effective solution and are rarely used in passenger cars. In order to reduce development and production costs and at the same time to achieve higher system visibility, the authors are dedicated to the creation of a modularization concept for a fuel cell system for its use in various applications. The aim is to develop a modular fuel cell system concept that meets the requirements arising from the coupling of different application scenarios. Considering the installation space requirements as well as me-chanical and electrical interfaces between the modules and the applications, a design for the integration concept of the modular fuel cell system is proposed. The Target Weighing Approach (TWA) is used to identify and evaluate lightweighting potentials on system level. The topology optimization method is applied to optimize selected components to maximize stiffness for a given mass reduction. Thermal simulations also show the heat dissipation of the fuel cells from the system under load.

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Significant amount of work has been done in software engineering in terms of reuse. With the use of object-orientation and design patterns that support the development of reusable modules, it appears that the development and reuse of software modules in creating new systems is becoming more and more common. The software engineering world, however has taken reuse more seriously than database; more research and improvement in reuse has been made in software engineering than in database. This paper investigates how software engineering metrics can be applied in the development of reusable database modules. This research provides a model for predicting the reusability of EXPRESS modules. It establishes a relationship between coupling and reusability of EXPRESS modules, and provides a set of metrics that may be used in the proposed model for measuring coupling in EXPRESS modules.

Road transports face increasing societal challenges with respect to emissions, safety, and traffic congestion, as well as business challenges. Truck automation, e.g. self-driving trucks may be utilized to address some of these issues. Autonomous transport vehicles may be characterized as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). A drawback is that CPS significantly increase technical complexity and thus introduce new challenges to system architecting. A product architecture is the interrelation between physical components and their function, i.e. their purpose. Product architectures can be categorized as being modular or integral. The main purpose of a modular architecture is to enable external variety and at the same time internal commonality. Products with a modular architecture are configured from predesigned building blocks, i.e. modules. A stable module, which is a carrier of main function(s) has standardized interfaces, is configured for company-specific reasons, which means it supports a company-specific (business) strategy. In this thesis, the present state at the heavy vehicle manufacturer Scania, concerning product architecting, modularization, product description and configuration is investigated. Moreover, a new clustering based method for product modularization that integrates product complexity and company business strategies is proposed. The method is logically verified with multiple industrial cases, where the architecture of a heavy truck driveline is used as a test bench. The driveline contains synergistic configurations of mechanical, electrical and software technologies that are constituents of an automated  and/or semi-autonomous system, i.e. the driveline may be characterized as a CPS. The architecture is analyzed both from technical complexity and business strategy point of view.  The presented research indicates that a structured methodology which supports the development of the product architecture is needed at Scania, to enable control of the increasing technical complexity in the Cyber-Physical Systems. Finally, configuration rules are identified to be highly important in order to successfully realize a modular product architecture. A drawback with this approach is that the solution space becomes hard to identify, therefore a complete and flexible product description methodology is essential. The results from the case studies indicate that clustering of a Product Architecture DSM may result in a modular architecture with significantly reduced complexity, but with clusters that contain conflicting module drivers. It is also identified that the new modularization methodology is capable of identifying and proposing reasonable module candidates that address product complexity as well as company-specific strategies. Furthermore, several case studies show that the proposed method can be used for analyzing and finding the explicit and/or implicit, technical as well as strategic, reasons behind the architecture of an existing product.

In today’s globally competitive business environment, efficient product development processes are critical for companies to meet rapidly changing customer demands and preferences. Therefore, companies have looked beyond traditional linear product development processes leading to the development of new iterative processes. The new iterative and agile supporting processes have had strong success for software companies. However, how to leverage these new processes in modular hardware solutions remains unclear. This thesis analyzes the challenges of utilizing and leveraging Agile Development (AD) while maintaining a modular product strategy. This study aims to increase the understanding of how to achieve a successful coexistence between AD and modularization and thereby allowing to work increasingly agile in modular settings to decrease costs and lead times. To study this, a case study on a has been performed on a large Swedish manufacturer of modular vehicle systems. To accompany this, an abductive research approach with qualitative methods has been used, where the results are based on interviews and internal documents. The results together with the literature enable a discussion on how AD and modularization can coexist. The results can be summarized accordingly: • AD and modularization can coexist given that AD is a philosophy and mindset and modularization is product strategy; • the agile mindset and freedom have to be limited to the existing boundaries and principles set by the overall firm modular strategy; and • the ability to work agile in modular settings is disrupted when the agile team requires external involvement of additional individuals. The thesis concludes that the ability to effectively leverage AD in a modular setting depends on two aspects. First, the size and complexity of the project. Second, the product architectural knowledge within the agile team. / I dagens globala och konkurrenskraftiga företagsvärld blir produktutveckling en alltmera kritisk process för att kunna möta snabbt ändrande kundbehov. Således, eftersöker företag att utnyttja mer okonventionella och iterativa produktutvecklingsmetoder. Dessa nya agila metoder har påvisats väldigt effektiva för mjukvarubolag. Det är dock oklart hur dessa metoder kan nyttjas fördelaktigt för modulära hårdvarubolag. Denna studie analyserar utmaningarna i att använda och uttnyttja Agile Development (AD) samtidigt som man lyckas upprätthålla en modulär produktstrategi. Studien syftar till att öka förståelsen kring AD och modulariseringens samexistens, och därmed förklara hur man kan kombinera dessa för att minimera kostnader och ledtider. En fallstudie har gjort på ett svenskt tillverkande företag av modulära transportsystem. Med ett abduktivt förhållningssätt med kvalitativa metoder där data är från intervjuer och interna dokument. Resultaten tillsammans med teori möjliggör för en diskussion kring hur AD och modularisering kan samexistera. Resultaten kan sammanfattas enligt följande: • AD och modularisering kan samexistera för att AD ä ren filosofi medan modulariserig är en produktstrategi, • den agila friheten måste begränsas till de redan befintliga villkoren bestämda av företagets modulära strategi och • förmågan att arbeta agilt i en modulär kontext hämmas av när de agila teamen kräver involvering av externa individer. Studien drar slutsatsen att förmågan att effektivt nyttja AD i en modulär kontext beror på två aspekter. Först, storleken och komplexiteten av projektet. Sedan, kunskapen om produktarkitekturen i de agila teamen.

如同硬體元件的模組化，軟體元件的模組化在應用系統開發領域也取得的普遍的認知。以Web為基礎的應用系統在分散式運算環境中日趨重要。美國昇陽公司開發Servlet & JSP技術來作為網際網路應用系統開發的工具。在本研究中採用 Model-View-Controller架構，就網際網路應用系統開發中的模組化趨勢透過使用 Servlet & JSP技術來加以檢驗。為了實作的需要，採用了農民曆法轉換程式來作為處理Model部份之運算邏輯。最後並自然導引出從系統開發過成中合理有效之人力資源配置原則。 / Just like the modularization of hardware component, the trend of modularization of software component has gained also general recognition in the field of application system development. Recently, web-based application has become more and more important in the distributed computing environment. The Sun Inc. has been developing the servlet & JSP technology to be used for developing interactive web application. In this research, a software component study following the model-view-Controller architecture is inspected to verify the software modularization trend in the web application development using servlet & JSP technology. For implementation purpose, a business logic dealing with Chinese Calendar Transformation is selected as the model part. The implication of human resource allocation from point of view the application system development is also outlined as a deductive conclusion.