Coordinate measurement machines (CMMs) are used to control whether workpieces meet customers’ need or not. Creating measurement programs for CMMs takes long time and companies try to find a way to decrease the time for preparation processes. The aim of this thesis work is to investigate the measurement processes of products within Sandvik Coromant AB in Gimo, Sweden and to focus on the preparation of modularized measurement programs. The main goal is to study measurement processes in the company, and to find and recommend different alternatives for modularization of measurement programs of products so that time and energy can be saved. In order to understand the current measurement processes in the company with its gaps and risks and also to be able to find further possible improvements, many interviews, meetings and a questionnaire have been made. Employees’ opinions and ideas about modularization of measurement programs have been collected. Three different cases about modularization of measurement programs have been presented in the thesis work. The first case is about the actual situation in the company. The gaps and risks which have been observed and collected have been presented. The second case focuses on modularization of today’s insert seats into two pieces: insert seat module and pre-stress module. The third case focuses on the feasibility of dividing the insert seats into much smaller modules. In the conclusion part, all three cases and all work which has been done during the thesis are presented. Last but not least, some further research subjects are shown on the recommendation part. / Koordinatmätmaskiner (CMMs) används för att kontrollera om produkterna möter kundernas behov eller inte. Att skapa mätprogram för CMMs tar lång tid och företagen försöker hitta sätt att minska tiden för förberedelseprocesser. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka mätprocesser av produkterna inom Sandvik Coromant AB i Gimo, Sverige och att fokusera på förberedelserna av modulariserade mätprogram. Det huvudsakliga målet var att studera mätprocessen i företaget, samt att ta reda på och rekommendera olika alternativ för modularisering av mätprogram för produkter för att på så sätt kunna spara tid och energi. För att förstå de aktuella mätprocesserna i företaget med brister och risker och även att kunna ta reda på ytterligare möjliga förbättringar, har många intervjuer, möten och ett frågeformulär gjorts. Medarbetarnas åsikter och idéer om modularisering av mätprogrammen har samlats in. Tre olika fall om modularisering av mätprogram presenteras i examensarbetet. Det första fallet handlar om den nuvarande situationen i företaget. De brister och risker som har observerats och samlats in presenteras. Det andra fallet fokuserar på modularisering av dagens skärläge in i två delar som skärlägesmodul och förspänningsmodul. Det tredje fallet fokuserar på möjligheten att dela upp skärlägen i mycket mindre moduler. I slutsatsen sammanfattas alla tre fallen och allt arbete som har gjorts varvid resultat och slutsatser presenteras. Sist men inte minst, visas på några ytterligare forskningsfrågor i rekommendationsdelen.

<p>Abstract: Previous research on the Viking Age trade centre of Birka has suggested the parallel use of two harmonising standard weight units, differing in mass by five percent. As an explanation to this phenomenon, this paper puts forward a hypothesis of a trading fee, embedded in the weights. This is corroborated through a hypothetical deductive study; including a reassertion of earlier results by means of a new method for archaeometrological analysis, using a 3D scanner and Computer-Aided Design. Further, the role of silver, as a preferred unit of payment in Birka, is supported through a spatial analysis of the distribution of Islamic coins and Oriental beads in the provinces of Middle Sweden. Plausible manufacturing sites for the cylindrical lead weights, adhering to the Birka mitqal, are discussed as a possible way of falsifying the hypothesis. The results suggest that a trading fee was extracted, using the Birka mitqal for imports and the Islamic mitqal for exports. The metrological analysis was also expanded to weights from Sigtuna, which proved the Birka mitqal, as well the dual metrics system, continued to be in use there until, at least, the first half of the 11^th century. Finally, a short study on the origins of the Scandinavian/Islamic weight system suggests that the direct influence for the system primarily can be attributed the Volga-Bulgarians.</p>

Abstract: Previous research on the Viking Age trade centre of Birka has suggested the parallel use of two harmonising standard weight units, differing in mass by five percent. As an explanation to this phenomenon, this paper puts forward a hypothesis of a trading fee, embedded in the weights. This is corroborated through a hypothetical deductive study; including a reassertion of earlier results by means of a new method for archaeometrological analysis, using a 3D scanner and Computer-Aided Design. Further, the role of silver, as a preferred unit of payment in Birka, is supported through a spatial analysis of the distribution of Islamic coins and Oriental beads in the provinces of Middle Sweden. Plausible manufacturing sites for the cylindrical lead weights, adhering to the Birka mitqal, are discussed as a possible way of falsifying the hypothesis. The results suggest that a trading fee was extracted, using the Birka mitqal for imports and the Islamic mitqal for exports. The metrological analysis was also expanded to weights from Sigtuna, which proved the Birka mitqal, as well the dual metrics system, continued to be in use there until, at least, the first half of the 11th century. Finally, a short study on the origins of the Scandinavian/Islamic weight system suggests that the direct influence for the system primarily can be attributed the Volga-Bulgarians.

Ett vanligt förekommande problem med produktionsutrustning på Eberspächer är driftstopp där grundorsaken är svår att identifiera. Användning av sofistikerade system som isolerar felkällan kan minska avhjälpningstiden och därför vara till stor nytta för produktiviteten samt operatörens arbetsmiljö. Följande rapport undersöker möjligheterna kring att automatisera en återställning av en maskin fokuserad på mät- och kvalitetskontroll, till ett ursprungsläge där driftpersonal kan återuppta produktion efter ett driftstopp. Inledningsvis började arbetet med en litteraturstudie från vilket information inhämtades om de olika automatiserade delarna i mätcellen. Vidare studerades även maskinens PLC-program för att försöka förstå vad koden i de olika programmerade blocken gör. Programmeringen av den automatiserade återställningen gjordes i enighet med Eberspächers riktlinjer och kravspecifikation. Utifrån insamlad information om maskinens funktion har ett program med önskad funktionalitet kunnat skapas. Slutsatsen som kan dras av detta arbete är att det finns stora fördelar med att automatisera funktioner som kan vara svåra och kräva mycket av användaren. Den automatiserade återställningen är ett bra exempel på en funktion där det finns ekonomisk, ekologisk och ergonomisk vinning av att göra en komplicerad aktion lätthanterlig. / A common problem with production equipment at Eberspächer is downtime where the root cause is difficult to identify. The use of sophisticated systems that isolate the source of the error can reduce the remediation time and therefore be of great benefit to productivity. The following report examines how to automate the restoration of a machine focused on measurement and quality control, to an original mode where operating personnel can resume production after a downtime. Initially, work began on a literature study from which information was obtained about the various automated parts of the measuring cell. Furthermore, the machine's PLC program was also studied to try to understand what the code in the various programmed blocks does. The programming of the automated recovery was done in accordance with Eberspächer's guidelines and specification. Based on collected information about the machine's function, it has been possible to create a program with the desired functionality. The conclusion that can be drawn from this work is that there are great advantages to automating functions that can be difficult and require a lot of the user. The automated reset is a good example of a feature where there are economic, ecological and ergonomic benefits of making a complicated action manageable.

Visual Type Instrument - VTI, is a tool containing a typeface and a set of geometric calculations that generates numerical data in spreadsheets. The data is determined from the typefaces visual dimensions and is used to calculate leading, type size, margins and format. The aim is to offer, for all of those working with typography and design, a practical way to manage text, image and format in relationship to visual size. Instead of using point measurements, VTI uses a new device called Edo. An Edo is the same as one twelfth of a millimetre. This makes VTI compatible with the metric system and helps us to set text in relation to our own formats which applies namely in millimetres.    VTI uses logical arithmetic and geometry that is set in an automated process, and many choices that normally postpone the working process can be excluded. Simultaneously VTI is meant to discreetly make the user aware that more settings can be activated in line with the users own development, which makes the creative flow unaffected.    Using a metrics based on simple fractions, a mnemonic awareness is developed with the user and an understanding of how every detail fits together becomes more obvious. The typography becomes the key to any design choices that follows. The user becomes aware of the visual size, and in a cognitive way stimulated to recreate a font size regardless of the fonts limitations.