Determining sustainable water resource utilization rates is an important problem faced by regulatory agencies all around the world. One of the key parameters in determining accurate water budgeting schemes is the rate of water resource replenishment, or ‘recharge’ in groundwater systems. Fundamental questions regarding groundwater recharge include: What is the source of recharge? What is the spatial distribution of recharge? What is the annual average recharge rate, from potentially disparate sources in disparate areas? Answers to these questions can be gained through combining physical and chemical hydrogeological research tools, including stable isotopic compositions. Land-use intensification, including significant increases in dairying, has placed a priority on developing water resource management practices throughout New Zealand. Here we present the first compilation of delta oxygen-18 and delta hydrogen-2 values from individual precipitation events, local surface waters, depression springs, and groundwaters from the greater-Christchurch area. A variety of analytical methods were used in an effort to evaluate the potential use of stable isotopic compositions as tracers of surface-groundwater interaction in the local hydrologic cycle. The results of this thesis found the isotopic variability of Christchurch precipitation to be highly varied. Back-trajectory analysis of single precipitation events exhibit pathways arriving from three principal sources: the Southern Pacific Ocean, the Tasman Sea, and the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Separately, delta oxygen-18 and delta hydrogen-2 values values from these sources show three distinct local meteoric water lines, which are determined to be largely affected by the environmental conditions present in these areas at the time water vapour formation. Intra-storm variation of extra-tropical cyclones support these findings as significant changes in deuterium excess as moisture sources change with southward movement of the low pressure system. Three line-conditioned tests were subsequently developed to compare the relationship between monthly surface rainfall, surface water, and groundwater samples to the respective moisture origins. Surface rainfall, rainfall infiltration, surface waters, and groundwaters all exhibit the least amount of deviation from the Southern Pacific Ocean local meteoric water line. These observations suggest the principle moisture source to Christchurch to be from west-south westerly flow from the mid-latitudes. However, these similarities do not make partitioning their relative contributions to the groundwater system easy. Previous physical and isotopic investigations have shown the dominant sources of recharge to the Christchurch Groundwater System (CGS) are alpine rivers and local precipitation of which there is statistically significant difference with respect to delta oxygen-18 values. A binary single-isotope mixing model allows for quantification of the relative contributions of alpine river and precipitation derived inputs to local depression springs. The isotopic model indicates that approximately 80% of spring discharge was derived from alpine rivers, in good agreement with recently published physical mass balance model results. Deep groundwater flow paths however show groundwater to flow from the Central Canterbury Plains to the CGS. Potentially including losses from the upper Waimakariri River reaches. If included, this places a net recharge amount to the CGS water budget, which if using losses from only the lower Waimakariri River, there is a net loss. Losses from the upper reaches and subsequent groundwater flow into the CGS are likely as there have been no observed declines in groundwater levels even though there is currently a net loss by only using recharge components within the CGS. Ultimately, recharge from groundwater movement from the Central Canterbury Plains may play significant role; however, a much more sophisticated geochemical model is needed to test these theories and determine contributions. This research demonstrates the utility of stable isotopes as tracers of hydrogeological processes, particularly in shallow groundwater, and their potential contributions to the water resource allocation decision making process.

The present thesis deals with the influnence of moisture flux and variables, it is derived from, on rainfall in Europe. Sources of this thesis are the NCAR/NCEP and the ERA-40 reanalysis and the GPCC and the ECA&D rainfall databases. A western moisture flux prevails on studied 850 hPa isobaric level, it reaches the highest intensities over the Atlantic around 55th parallel of latitude. There is the highest correlation between moisture flux magnitude and monthly rainfall in winter on the western coast of Europe and it decreases in summer and eastwards. The correlation is very weak or none in some parts of Europe, especially in the eastern Mediterranean. Extremely wet months are related with different intensive moisture flux directions in different parts of Europe, for example there is the highest correlation of monthly rainfall with the northern moisture flux in the Czech Republic. Several selected heavy precipitation episodes in Europe are presented in this thesis - during them the moisture flux anomaly is observed, but it differs in orientation and intensity. A high wind speed causes this anomaly more frequently than a humidity. This does not apply to every event, furher research is needed to draw general patterns of moisture flux during high precipitation events.

No description available.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-16T12:49:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jos? Henrique Camargo Pace.pdf: 2091527 bytes, checksum: ecdf1580f5a32680699ae7f0489c44fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-16T12:49:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jos? Henrique Camargo Pace.pdf: 2091527 bytes, checksum: ecdf1580f5a32680699ae7f0489c44fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of steaming and impregnation of nano silver particle, the drying rate of Eucalyptus pellita. The effect of the treatments was evaluated on wood in three different radial regions (inward heartwood (CIN), Intermediate heartwood (CIT) and external (TCA)). Two steaming time (12 and 24h) and soaking the wood in nanoparticle solution silver with or without application of vacuum were investigated. The effect of these treatments were assessed using the anatomical analysis (area and vessel diameter), chemical (content of extractives) and physical (density and permeability to gas) of the timber. The drying process was carried out in a climatized room with a temperature of 20 ? C ? 2 and relative humidity 65% ? 5. The analysis rate of drying was targets in humidity levels before and after the fiber saturation point (FSP). The results show that the treatments did not affect the density and area and vessel diameter. The vaporization for 24 h caused a decrease in the extractives content and an increase in permeability to gas within and between three radial regions of the wood. This results contributed to that gains in drying rate before and after the FSP were obtained. In general, the impregnating silver nanoparticles in the timber, through the two immersion methods have not yielded significant results in drying rate, except when combined with the prior application of steam (24 hours) and vacuum in the outer radial region / O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da vaporiza??o e da impregna??o de nano part?culas de prata nas vari?veis do processo de secagem da madeira de E. pellita. O efeito dos tratamentos foi avaliado na madeira de tr?s distintas regi?es radiais (Cerne Interno (CIN), Cerne Intermedi?rio (CIT) e Externa (TCA). Dois tempos de vaporiza??o (12 e 24 hs) e imers?o da madeira em solu??o de nanopart?culas de prata com e sem aplica??o pr?via de v?cuo foram estudados. O efeito desses tratamentos foram avaliados atrav?s de an?lises anat?micas (?rea e di?metro de vaso), qu?micas (teor de extrativos totais) e f?sicas (densidade e permeabilidade a g?s) da madeira. O processo de secagem se deu em ambiente climatizado com temperaturas de 20?C ?2 e umidades relativas de 65%?5. A an?lise da taxa de secagem foi realizada em faixas de umidade antes e depois do ponto de satura??o das fibras (PSF). Os resultados mostram que os tratamentos n?o afetaram a densidade e a ?rea e di?metro dos vasos. A vaporiza??o por 24 h promoveu um decr?scimo no teor de extrativos e um aumento na permeabilidade ? g?s dentro e entre as tr?s regi?es radiais da madeira. Esse resultados contribuiu para que ganhos na taxa de secagem antes e depois do PSF fossem obtidos. Em geral a impregna??o de nanopart?culas de prata na madeira, atrav?s dos dois m?todos de imers?o, n?o produziram resultados significativos na taxa de secagem, exceto quando combinada com a aplica??o pr?via de vapor (24 hs) e v?cuo na regi?o radial mais externa

Floods associated with extreme precipitation are one of the most serious natural hazards, which produce substantial human and socio-economic losses in central Europe. One way to reduce the impact of flooding is by increasing preparedness with better flood forecasts and warnings, which is not possible without a proper understanding of physical processes leading to a flood hazard. However, frequent research on floods in relation to causal precipitation and synoptic conditions is usually carried out regionally, although some events often affect areas of a size of entire countries or even larger. The thesis was focused exactly on these large-scale precipitation and flood events that occurred in the second half of the 20th century and then until 2013, for which the size of the affected area is as crucial in the extremity assessment as the magnitude of flood discharges or precipitation totals. The extremity indices used for the assessment of extreme precipitation and flood events connected both aspects. The larger area of interest defined within central Europe allowed examining the spatial structure of events, the differences between them, and their relation to conditions in the atmosphere. To connect the extremes of precipitation with extremes in atmospheric conditions, the causal circulation was...

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / This study evaluated the seasonality of moisture supply on part of the Bacia do Prata (BP) in the context of transient anticyclones east of the Andes, phenomenon that receives the name of moisture return (RU). This phenomenon has two main phases: first, occurs the approach of a transient anticyclone and establishment of air cold and dry mass on the study region and the second with the return to this region of a warm and moist air due to displacement of transient system for lower latitudes in the South Atlantic. Were utilized Reanalysis of Climate Forecast System Analisys (CFSR) data for the period between 1990 and 2009. For the selection of candidates a RU were analyzed time series in four different sectors of the BP of the following variables: reduced pressure at mean level sea (PNM), specific humidity integrated between 1000 and 700 hPa (Uint), meridional wind at 850 hPa (V850) and air temperature at 1000 hPa. Then the candidate events undergo a synoptic analysis for selection only of the cases RU. For the confirmed cases were performed seasonal analysis of the synoptics field average of the variables temperature and specific humidity at 850 hPa (T850 e q850), V850 e PNM e the thickness between geopotential heights 500 hPa and 1000 hPa (ESP) and also was calculated the divergence of moisture flux vertically integrated in a domain that defines part of BP. Lastly, rainfall estimates by remote sensing by the method Center Morphing Method (CMORPH) between 2003 and 2009 were used to determine the seasonal pattern of rainfall in BP and in each of the sectors used in this work. The results show greater number of RU events in the winter months followed by spring, Also in the winter is observed changes more intense air masses between different phases of the RU and a higher moisture effectiveness for BP in the in phase 2 of RU. The precipitation in phase 2 of RU contributed to more intense rainfall in summer and in winter it is important for the total number of days with precipitation. / Este trabalho avaliou a sazonalidade do reaporte de umidade sobre parte da Bacia do Prata (BP) no contexto dos anticiclones transientes a leste dos Andes, fenômeno que recebe o nome de retorno de umidade (RU). Este fenômeno tem duas principais fases: primeiro, ocorre a aproximação de um anticiclone migratório e o estabelecimento de uma massa de ar frio e seco sobre a região de estudo e a segunda com o retorno para esta região de um ar quente e úmido devido ao deslocamento do sistema transiente para latitudes menores no Atlântico Sul. Foram utilizados dados de reanálise do Climate Forecast System Analisys (CFSR) para o período entre 1990 e 2009. Para a seleção dos candidatos a RU foram analisadas séries temporais em quatro diferentes setores da BP das seguintes variáveis: pressão reduzida ao nível médio do mar (PNM), umidade específica integrada entre 1000 e 700 hPa (Uint), vento meridional em 850 hPa (V850) e temperatura do ar em 1000 hPa. Em seguida, os eventos candidatos foram submetidos a uma análise sinótica para seleção apenas dos casos de RU. Para os casos confirmados foram realizadas análises sazonais dos campos sinóticos médios das variáveis temperatura e umidade específica em 850 hPa (T850 e q850), V850, PNM e espessura entre as alturas geopotenciais de 500 hPa e 1000 hPa (ESP) e também foi calculado o divergente do fluxo de umidade verticalmente integrado em um domínio que delimita parte da BP. Por fim, estimativas de precipitação por sensoriamento remoto pelo método Center Morphing Method (CMORPH) entre 2003 e 2009 foram utilizadas para averiguar o comportamento sazonal da precipitação na BP e em cada um dos setores utilizados neste trabalho. Os resultados mostram maior número de eventos de RU nos meses de inverno seguidos pelos de primavera, também no inverno é observado alterações de massas de ar mais intensas entre as diferentes fases do RU e uma maior efetividade no transporte de umidade para BP na fase 2 do RU. A precipitação na fase 2 do RU contribuí para chuvas mais intensas no verão e no inverno é importante para o número total de dias com precipitação.

Neste trabalho foi investigado o impacto da evolução dos eventos El Niño (EN) de acordo com as fases distintas da Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico (positiva, ODP(+) e negativa, ODP(-)) nas mudanças no transporte de umidade sobre o Sudeste da América do Sul (SEAS) durante o verão austral de 1950-1999. A resposta da variabilidade do Jato de Baixos Níveis a leste do Andes (JBN) e de algumas propriedades dos ciclones extratropicais sobre o cone sul do continente as modificações na circulação associadas aos eventos mencionados acima foi analisada. Foi mostrado que existem poucas mudanças significativas no regime de precipitação sobre a América do Sul ao se considerar a influência dos anos neutros do Pacífico Equatorial durante a ODP(+) quando comparado com os anos da ODP(- ). Entretanto, os eventos EN da ODP(+) indicam diferenças no padrão de anômalo de ondas em altos níveis em resposta as diferentes anomalias de Temperatura de Superfície do Mar (TSM) dos oceanos Pacífico e Atlântico Equatorial quando comparado com os eventos da ODP(-). Como conseqüência foram observadas anomalias positivas de precipitação no SEAS associadas à intensificação do fluxo convergente de umidade em baixos níveis oriundo do Atlântico Equatorial e região Amazônica para esta região durante os eventos EN da ODP(+). Todavia, os eventos da ODP(-) apresentaram anomalias positivas de precipitação apenas ao sul do SEAS e negativas ao norte desta como resposta ao movimento descendente e divergência anômala sobre o centro-leste do Brasil seguido de enfraquecimento do fluxo de umidade transportado pelos ventos alísios em direção aos subtrópicos. Os experimentos numéricos com Community Atmosphere Model versão 3.0 serviram para ajudar na interpretação das análises observacionais onde foi sugerido que o fenômeno EN é mais importante para forçar as anomalias climáticas de verão do continente do que o modo de ODP. A maior freqüência de casos de JBN detectados com o critério 1 de Bonner durante anos de EN da ODP(+) em relação a ODP(-) foi proporcional à quantidade de eventos selecionados em cada categoria. Em geral, os casos de JBN anômalo se deslocaram desde a Amazônia até o Sul do Brasil e Nordeste da Argentina, mas foi na ODP(-) que o sistema foi mais intenso apesar de apresentar menor potencial para o transporte de umidade para o SEAS quando comparado com os casos da ODP(+). Através do esquema numérico de Murray e Simmonds foi observado que, coerentemente com a intensificação do fluxo convergente de ar quente e úmido dos trópicos para o SEAS, os eventos EN da ODP(+) apresentaram ciclones extratropicais mais freqüentes e com pressões centrais mais baixas sobre o extremo Sul do Brasil, Uruguai, Nordeste da Argentina e vizinhanças do Atlântico Sudoeste em comparação com os eventos da ODP(-). / This work investigates the impact of the El Niño (EN) events and their evolution according to the PDO phases (warm, PDO(+) and cold, PDO(-)) focusing on the moisture transport exchanges from the north to the Southeast of the South America (SESA) during the austral summer period of 1950-1999. The variability of the Low Level Jet east of the Andes (LLJ) and some properties of extratropical cyclones over the southern cone of the continent in response to the modifications in the atmosphere circulation due to above mentioned events is analyzed. It is shown that on the South America continent there are not any significant changes in precipitation distribution during the neutral years in the Equatorial Pacific for PDO(+) when compared to the years of PDO(-). However, the EN events during PDO(+) indicate some differences in the anomalous wave pattern at high levels due to the variability of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies on the Equatorial Pacific and Atlantic oceans when compared with the events for PDO(-). This implies in positive precipitation anomalies over the SESA which is associated to the enhancement of convergent moisture flux in this region. However, the events for PDO(-) showed positive precipitation anomalies only over the southern part of the SEAS and negative to the north which is associated to the downward motion and anomalous divergence over the centraleastern Brazil. This pattern may have contributed for weakening the moisture flux transported by the trade winds towards the subtropics. Numerical experiments with the Community Atmosphere Model version 3.0 also helped on the interpretation of the observational analysis where was suggested that EN events are more important to force the climate anomalies in the summer season over the continent than the PDO mode. The frequency of LLJ cases detected with the Bonner criterion 1 during the years of EN for PDO(+) is bigger than for PDO(-). The spatial position pattern for both categories of the anomalous LLJ is from the Amazon to Southern Brazil and Northeastern Argentina. During the PDO(-) the jet is more intense, however it seems to transport less moisture towards the SEAS region when compared to the PDO(+) cases. The extratropical cyclones tracked through a numerical scheme showed higher frequency and lower central pressures on the extreme of Southern Brazil, Uruguay, Northeastern Argentina and around the Southwest Atlantic during the EN events of PDO(+) when compared to the events of PDO(-). This is in agreement with the largest flux convergence of warm and humid air from the tropics to these areas.

Neste trabalho foi investigado o impacto da evolução dos eventos El Niño (EN) de acordo com as fases distintas da Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico (positiva, ODP(+) e negativa, ODP(-)) nas mudanças no transporte de umidade sobre o Sudeste da América do Sul (SEAS) durante o verão austral de 1950-1999. A resposta da variabilidade do Jato de Baixos Níveis a leste do Andes (JBN) e de algumas propriedades dos ciclones extratropicais sobre o cone sul do continente as modificações na circulação associadas aos eventos mencionados acima foi analisada. Foi mostrado que existem poucas mudanças significativas no regime de precipitação sobre a América do Sul ao se considerar a influência dos anos neutros do Pacífico Equatorial durante a ODP(+) quando comparado com os anos da ODP(- ). Entretanto, os eventos EN da ODP(+) indicam diferenças no padrão de anômalo de ondas em altos níveis em resposta as diferentes anomalias de Temperatura de Superfície do Mar (TSM) dos oceanos Pacífico e Atlântico Equatorial quando comparado com os eventos da ODP(-). Como conseqüência foram observadas anomalias positivas de precipitação no SEAS associadas à intensificação do fluxo convergente de umidade em baixos níveis oriundo do Atlântico Equatorial e região Amazônica para esta região durante os eventos EN da ODP(+). Todavia, os eventos da ODP(-) apresentaram anomalias positivas de precipitação apenas ao sul do SEAS e negativas ao norte desta como resposta ao movimento descendente e divergência anômala sobre o centro-leste do Brasil seguido de enfraquecimento do fluxo de umidade transportado pelos ventos alísios em direção aos subtrópicos. Os experimentos numéricos com Community Atmosphere Model versão 3.0 serviram para ajudar na interpretação das análises observacionais onde foi sugerido que o fenômeno EN é mais importante para forçar as anomalias climáticas de verão do continente do que o modo de ODP. A maior freqüência de casos de JBN detectados com o critério 1 de Bonner durante anos de EN da ODP(+) em relação a ODP(-) foi proporcional à quantidade de eventos selecionados em cada categoria. Em geral, os casos de JBN anômalo se deslocaram desde a Amazônia até o Sul do Brasil e Nordeste da Argentina, mas foi na ODP(-) que o sistema foi mais intenso apesar de apresentar menor potencial para o transporte de umidade para o SEAS quando comparado com os casos da ODP(+). Através do esquema numérico de Murray e Simmonds foi observado que, coerentemente com a intensificação do fluxo convergente de ar quente e úmido dos trópicos para o SEAS, os eventos EN da ODP(+) apresentaram ciclones extratropicais mais freqüentes e com pressões centrais mais baixas sobre o extremo Sul do Brasil, Uruguai, Nordeste da Argentina e vizinhanças do Atlântico Sudoeste em comparação com os eventos da ODP(-). / This work investigates the impact of the El Niño (EN) events and their evolution according to the PDO phases (warm, PDO(+) and cold, PDO(-)) focusing on the moisture transport exchanges from the north to the Southeast of the South America (SESA) during the austral summer period of 1950-1999. The variability of the Low Level Jet east of the Andes (LLJ) and some properties of extratropical cyclones over the southern cone of the continent in response to the modifications in the atmosphere circulation due to above mentioned events is analyzed. It is shown that on the South America continent there are not any significant changes in precipitation distribution during the neutral years in the Equatorial Pacific for PDO(+) when compared to the years of PDO(-). However, the EN events during PDO(+) indicate some differences in the anomalous wave pattern at high levels due to the variability of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies on the Equatorial Pacific and Atlantic oceans when compared with the events for PDO(-). This implies in positive precipitation anomalies over the SESA which is associated to the enhancement of convergent moisture flux in this region. However, the events for PDO(-) showed positive precipitation anomalies only over the southern part of the SEAS and negative to the north which is associated to the downward motion and anomalous divergence over the centraleastern Brazil. This pattern may have contributed for weakening the moisture flux transported by the trade winds towards the subtropics. Numerical experiments with the Community Atmosphere Model version 3.0 also helped on the interpretation of the observational analysis where was suggested that EN events are more important to force the climate anomalies in the summer season over the continent than the PDO mode. The frequency of LLJ cases detected with the Bonner criterion 1 during the years of EN for PDO(+) is bigger than for PDO(-). The spatial position pattern for both categories of the anomalous LLJ is from the Amazon to Southern Brazil and Northeastern Argentina. During the PDO(-) the jet is more intense, however it seems to transport less moisture towards the SEAS region when compared to the PDO(+) cases. The extratropical cyclones tracked through a numerical scheme showed higher frequency and lower central pressures on the extreme of Southern Brazil, Uruguay, Northeastern Argentina and around the Southwest Atlantic during the EN events of PDO(+) when compared to the events of PDO(-). This is in agreement with the largest flux convergence of warm and humid air from the tropics to these areas.