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Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-19T12:37:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA ROSIANE DE ALMEIDA ANDRADE - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 4020246 bytes, checksum: 96bceac541ee13322a3c142ca97018a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-19T12:37:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA ROSIANE DE ALMEIDA ANDRADE - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 4020246 bytes, checksum: 96bceac541ee13322a3c142ca97018a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-26 / Capes / A diminuição das reservas de combustíveis fósseis devido a grande demanda por energia e as alterações climáticas causadas pela emissão de gases do efeito estufa têm incentivado o desenvolvimento de novas fontes de energia, como o biodiesel. O biodiesel é um combustível biodegradável derivado de fontes renováveis, que pode ser produzido a partir de óleos vegetais, resíduos de óleos e gorduras animais. A principal rota de produção do biodiesel é a transesterificação metílica de triglicerídeos na presença de um catalisador básico homogêneo, mas este tipo de catalisador produz sabão e não é recuperado. Nesse sentido, estudos têm sidos desenvolvidos para produzir um catalisador heterogêneo capaz de obter elevadas conversões em ésteres e que seja facilmente recuperado e reutilizado. Dentre os catalisadores heterogêneos destacam-se os catalisadores de molibdênio devido a sua acidez de Lewis e Brønsted-Lowry, suportados em sílicas mesoporosas, como a peneira molecular MCM-41 que apresenta alta estabilidade térmica, elevada área superficial, grande volume de poros e distribuição de mesoporos ordenados que possibilitam a incorporação de metais em sua estrutura. Dessa forma o objetivo do presente trabalho é sintetizar o catalisador MoO3/MCM-41 e avaliar seu potencial catalítico na reação de transesterificação metílica do óleo de soja e testar sua atividade no seu reprocessamento. Para isso, inicialmente a peneira molecular MCM-41 foi obtida por um processo hidrotérmico a 30 °C por 24 h, utilizando o ortossilicato de tetraetila (TEOS), o brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio (CTABr), o hidróxido de amônio (NH4OH) e a água, e em seguida, passou por um processo de ativação por calcinação para remoção do direcionador estrutural. Posteriormente, foi incorporado na estrutura da MCM-41 o precursor heptamolibdato de amônio, por saturação de volume de poro, nas porcentagens (em massa) de 10, 20, 30, 40 e 45 %. A obtenção do MoO3 sob a peneira molecular MCM-41 se deu através do processo de ativação por calcinação. A partir dos resultados obtidos nos difratogramas de raios X foi possível confirmar a formação da peneira molecular MCM-41, bem como identificar os picos referentes ao MoO3. Os óleos obtidos nas reações de transesterificação apresentaram densidade e viscosidade dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela resolução da Agencia Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP) N° 51 de 25/11/2015, porém o índice de acidez não ficou dentro do limite máximo permissível e apenas os catalisadores com 10, 20 e 30 % de MoO3 conseguiram converter ao valor mínimo de ésteres. Os catalisadores de 30, 40 e 45% de trióxido de molibdênio apresentaram uma boa estabilidade catalítica nos dois ciclos de reuso, com uma redução máxima da atividade catalítica de 2,38%. Os óleos obtidos com a reutilização destes catalisadores apresentaram densidade e viscosidade dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela ANP. / The decline in fossil fuel reserves due to high demand for energy and climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions has encouraged the development of new energy sources such as biodiesel. Biodiesel is a biodegradable fuel derived from renewable sources, which can be produced from vegetable oils, waste oils and animal fats. The main production route of biodiesel is the methyl transesterification of triglycerides in the presence of a homogeneous basic catalyst, but this type of catalyst produce soap and are not recovered. In this sense, studies have been developed to produce a heterogeneous catalyst capable of obtaining high conversions into esters and that is easily recovered and reused. Among the heterogeneous catalysts, there is one that stands out the molybdenum catalysts due to their acidity of Lewis and Brønsted-Lowry, supported in mesoporous silicas, such as the MCM-41 molecular sieve, which presents high thermal stability, high surface area, large pore volume and distribution of ordered mesopores that allow the incorporation of metals in its structure. Thus the objective of the present work is to synthesize the MoO3/MCM-41 catalyst and to evaluate its catalytic potential in the reaction of methyl transesterification of soybean oil and to test its activity in its reprocessing. For this purpose, the molecular sieve MCM-41 was initially obtained by a hydrothermal process at 30 °C for 24 hours using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and water and then passed by a calcination activation process to remove the structural driver. Subsequently, the ammonium heptamolybdate precursor was incorporated into the MCM-41 structure by pore volume saturation, in the percentages (in mass) of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 45%. The MoO3 under the MCM-41 molecular sieve was obtained by the calcination activation process. From the results obtained in the X-ray diffractograms it was possible to confirm the formation of the molecular sieve MCM-41, as well as to identify the peaks related to MoO3. The oils obtained in the transesterification reactions presented density and viscosity within the standards established by the Resolution of the National Agency of Petroleum Natural Gas and Biofuels. (ANP) N°. 51 of 11/25/2015, but the acidity index was not within the maximum allowable limit and only the Catalysts with 10, 20 and 30% MoO3 were able to convert to the minimum value of esters. The catalysts of 30, 40 and 45% of molybdenum trioxide showed good catalytic stability in the two cycles of reuse, with a maximum reduction of catalytic activity of 2.38%. The oils obtained with the reuse of these catalysts showed density and viscosity within the limits established by the ANP.

The objective of this study was to investigate the transport properties and the microstructure of CMS membranes derived from a carbon-rich intrinsically microporous polyimide precursor. CMS membranes were prepared by a heat treatment of the polyimide precursor using a well-defined heating protocol in a horizontal tube furnace up to 1000 °C. A nitrogen purge was kept inside the furnace to remove all the evolved by-products as the precursor started to decompose and carbonize. The microstructures of the carbon molecular sieve membranes (CMSMs) were examined using wide-angle x-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, N2 adsorption and CO2 adsorption. The average interlayer spacing (d002) between the graphite plates was estimated using the data obtained by the WXRD. The average d002 decreased as a result of increasing the pyrolysis temperature; average d002 distances for CMS prepared at 700 and 1000 °C were estimated to be 0.40 to 0.38 nm, respectively. Raman spectra confirmed the progressive structural ordering as heat-treatment temperature increased. A substantial decrease in the intensity of the D band was observed as a function of pyrolysis temperature, indicating a decrease in the disordered structure. Graphitic structure and turbostratic carbon coexist in the as-prepared carbon membranes, of which the microcrystal size La and the stacking height Lc were increasing as a function of pyrolysis temperature. N2 adsorption showed a remarkable increase in the BET surface area as a function of pyrolysis temperature. BET surface areas for the pristine and CMSs prepared at 700 to 900 °C were in the range of 650 to 680 m2/g with a remarkable shift in the pore size distribution toward the ultra- microporous region. CO2 adsorption was used to estimate the surface area for pores with sizes of less than 1 nm. Surface areas were observed to increase from 350 m2/g at 500 °C to 857 m2/g at 800 °C, and then started dropping slightly from 857 to 650 m2/g at 800 to 1000 °C, respectively. This is believed to be caused by pore shrinkage effect being severe after 800 °C, which caused some pores to be hard to spot by the CO2 adsorption technique. The transport properties of the pristine and CMS membranes were tested using pure gases He, H2, N2, CH4, CO2, and O2. From the pristine to SBFDA-DMN-700°C, the selectivity increased significantly, with a massive loss in the permeability except for He and H2. From SBFDA-DMN- 700 °C to 900 °C, a substantial increase in selectivity with a moderate decline in permeability was observed. Beyond 900 °C, the permeability again decreased moderately, but a tremendous increase in the selectivity for N2/CH4, CO2/CH4, and H2/CH4 was observed.

Orientador: Gustavo Paim Valença / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T23:01:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LaSalvia_Nathalia_D.pdf: 7860896 bytes, checksum: 356f0e957d83d2daaba9cb36b26a4056 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Peneiras moleculares do tipo MCM-41 foram sintetizadas com e sem alumínio estrutural e impregnadas com 5% de magnésio e 5 e 10% de cromo. As amostras foram então calcinadas e caracterizadas, e utilizadas na conversão catalítica de etanol. Esses materiais foram caracterizados por Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Difração de Raios X (DRX), Adsorção de Nitrogênio, Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (TEM), Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (NMR), Espectrometria de Emissão Óptica por Plasma Acoplado Indutivamente (ICP-OES), Espectroscopia de Absorção Atômica (AAS), Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), Dessorção a Temperatura Programada de NH3 (TPD-NH3), Quimissorção de CO2 e Picnometria de Hélio. Testes preliminares foram realizados para avaliar a eficiência do sistema reacional. Os testes catalíticos foram realizados em um reator de leito fixo, as temperaturas de reação utilizadas foram 600, 625, 650, 675, 700 e 725 K e as pressões de etanol de 4310, 3128 e 2240 Pa, as massas utilizadas foram 30 e 60mg, e o fluxo de etanol foi mantido constante em 2×10-6 m3 s-1. Os compostos identificados foram o etileno, acetaldeído, dietil-éter, 1.3-butadieno, etano, acetato de etila e, com seletividade abaixo de 2%, crotonaldeído, butiraldeído, butanol, acetona, propanol, propeno, metano e metanol. Foi realizado também o balanço de massa do sistema e foram determinados os valores dos graus de avanço de cada reação. Os cálculos dos efeitos difusivos demonstraram que a transferência de massa externa para reações a 675, 700 e 725 K podem ser limitantes da reação. Foram realizados testes de desativação de 48 horas. Foram realizados também os cálculos da taxa global de reação e da taxa de giro para todos os sólidos e em todas as condições de reação / Abstract: Molecular sieves of the MCM-41 type were synthesized and impregnated with 5% w/w Mg and loads of Cr: 5% and 10%. The solids were then calcined, characterized and tested as catalysts for the conversion of ethanol. These materials were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (DRX), N2 adsorption, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP- OES), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Temperature-Programmed Desorption of NH3 (TPD-NH3), CO2 Chemisorption and Helium Pycnometry . Preliminary tests were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the reaction system. The catalytic test reaction of ethanol was carried out in a fixed bed microreactor under differential conditions at 600, 625, 650, 675, 700 e 725 K and at 4310, 3128 e 2240 Pa of ethanol partial pressure. The mass of catalyst used in all tests were ca. 30 and 60 mg and the volumetric flow of ethanol saturated N2 was 2×10-6 m3 s-1. The compounds identified ethylene, acetaldehyde, diethyl ether, 1,3-butadiene, ethanol, ethyl acetate and selectivity with less than 2%, crotonaldehyde, butyraldehyde, butanol, acetone, propanol, propylene, methane, and methanol. The mass balance of the system was also performed and it was determined the values of the extent of reaction. The criteria for diffusion limitations were used in all cases. Calculations based on the experimental data suggest that data at 675, 700 and 725 K may be diffusion-limited. Deactivation tests were performed for 48 hours. The calculations of the overall reaction rate and turnover rate for all solid and all reaction conditions were also performed / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutora em Engenharia Quimica

This experiment is composed of three parts: Gas sampling and analysis by Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer in the factory ¡Afabrication and screening of catalyst, and a discussion about efficiency of Catalytic Oxidation toluene by varied factors. Regarding gas sampling in the factory, we found that the transformation rate of VOCs by Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer(RTO) at operation temperature 982¢J into tolueneis 94.7%, into 2-butanone is 96.5%, into isopropyl alcohol is 95%. Among the three, toluene showed the lowest transformation rate. Regarding catalyst sampling and research, we found that metal catalyst by immersion method(immersion method) ( weight ratio of Cu:Co¡BCu¡GMn and Mn¡GCo is 1¡G1¡BPure Cu¡BPure Co and Pure Mn)and metal load(metal /molecular sieve) is 5%¡B10%. Among the twelve metal catalysts, we figured out 10% metal C-Co(1:1) is the best catalyst concerning transformation rate. Regarding the operation factors, the experiment showed¡G(1)the more the concentration of toluene¡Athe more the temporary inhibition¡Aand therefore, the transformation rate went down¡A(2)The more the speed of inhalation¡Athe time the air stayed still decreased, and a obvious decrease of transformation rate can be seen(3)the increase of oxygen concentration showed a positive effect toward transformation rate.(4)When at a higher reaction temperature, for the above mentioned three factors, the influence upon transformation rate became less. In addition, for the cost evaluation, the 10% metal Cu-Co(weight rate 1:1) catalyst we chose in our experiment is 92.79 Taiwanese Dollars for one batch of 120g and the catalyst per gram is 0.77 Taiwanese Dollars.

Nitrogen-selective Carbon Molecular Sieve (CMS) membranes were developed for nitrogen/methane separation. Effects of pyrolysis conditions including pyrolysis temperature protocol and pyrolysis atmosphere were studied for Matrimid® and 6FDA:BPDA-DAM precursors. It was revealed that high pyrolysis temperature is essential to achieve attractive nitrogen/methane selectivity due to the subtle size difference between the two gas penetrants. Detailed study on one of the best performing CMS membranes showed that diffusion selection, more specifically, the entropic factor responsible for diffusion selection provides a significant contribution to the high selectivity. The effect of precursor was studied by considering nine carefully selected polymers. The structures and properties of these polymer precursors were compared and correlated with the separation performance of resulting CMS membranes. The translation of intrinsic CMS transport properties into the hollow fiber morphology was also explored. Substructure collapse and asymmetry lost during pyrolysis were observed, which resulted in significant increases of separation layer thickness and decreases in permeance. Vinyltrimethoxy silane (VTMS)-treatment was applied to polymer hollow fiber before pyrolysis to overcome the problem of substructure collapse. The effects of VTMS-treatment on both the substructure and skin layer are discussed.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Extrusion-based 3D printing is one of the emerging additive manufacturing technologies used for printing a range of materials from metal to ceramics. In this process, the required material is extruded from the extruder in the form of a slurry. Zeolite and MOFs are mainly used for CO2 adsorption in the form of pellets and beads due to their good adsorptive property. Researchers are developing monoliths of Zeolite and MOFs and fabricate them using traditional extrusion and implement them in the gas adsorption applications as an option for beads and pellets by developing a monolithic structure. Previous research on Zeolite 13X and 5A have shown good structural and physical properties in monolith form. In this study, we developed slurry of two molecular sieve Zeolite 3A and 4A monoliths powders, mixing it with bentonite clay, methyl cellulose, and PVA as a binder. The slurry preparation was carried out at room temperature. Once the 3D printed samples are dried at room temperature, a sintering process was performed to increase mechanical strength. To be used in real-time applications, the 3D printed Zeolite sample need to have sufficient mechanical strength. The BET surface area test showed good results for Zeolite 13X compared to available literature. The surface area calculated for 3D printed Zeolite 13X was 767m2/g and available literature showed 498 m2/g for 3D printed Zeolite 13X. The microhardness values of 3D printed Zeolite samples were measured using a Vicker hardness tester. The hardness value of the 3D - printed Zeolite samples increased from 8.3 ± 2 to 12.5 ± 3 HV0.05 for Zeolite 13X, 3.3 ± 1 to 7.3 ± 1 HV0.05 for Zeolite 3A, 4.3 ± 2 to 7.5 ± 2 HV0.05 for Zeolite 4A, 7.4 ± 1 to 14.0 ± 0.5 HV0.05 for Zeolite 5A respectively. The SEM, EDS and XRD analysis was performed for 3D printed samples before and after sintering to evaluate their structural properties. The SEM analysis reveals that all 3D printed Zeolite samples retained their microstructure after slurry preparation and also after the sintering process. The porous nature of 3D printed Zeolite walls was retained after the sintering process. The EDS analysis showed that the composition of 3D printed Zeolite samples remained somewhat similar with minor variation for before and after sintering. The framework structure of Zeolite Type X for Zeolite 13X and Zeolite Type A for Zeolite 3A, 4A, 5A were in good shape after sintering as standard peak intensity points were retained. Zn-MOF74 was synthesized using solvothermal synthesis which is a well-established synthesis process used for the synthesis of MOFs. We also developed slurry for Zn-MOF-74 using bentonite clay and PVA as binders and printed small parts using hand printing.

Efficient propylene and propane separation is a major challenge in the modern chemical industry. With current separation methods being highly energy-intensive, there is a pressing need to find alternative green technology. Membrane separation emerged as a promising candidate for propylene and propane separation. Their small footprint, low cost, reliability, and environmental friendliness give membrane separation systems a competitive edge in the race towards sustainable development. The continuous advancements in material science created avenues for new membrane materials such as carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes which exhibit exceptional gas separation performances for challenging applications due to their strong size-sieving capabilities. In this work, a carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membrane derived from a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (TPE-PIM) has been investigated for propylene/propane separation made by pyrolysis at 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, and 700 ºC. TPE-PIM-derived CMS films showed excellent pure and mixed-gas permeability and selectivity, exceeding the upper bound limits for propylene and propane. Observed in this work was the presence of an optimal pyrolysis temperature at 600 ºC, where the film showed the best performance with a permeability of 41.6 Barrer and a selectivity of 197 based on pure-gas measurements but dropping to 34 Barrer and selectivity of 33 under equimolar mixed-gas conditions. Such performance could be attributed to the unique internal structural changes that occurred during the pyrolysis. In addition, propane permeability though the CMS films was slow and required long times to reach steady-state values. Such slow kinetics illustrates the molecular sieving capabilities of CMS membranes for bigger and more condensable gases. Several characterization techniques have been performed on the films to confirm CMS formation and showcase deeper molecular structure insights. X-ray diffraction of all TPE-PIM films showed a broad spectrum at each peak due to the material’s amorphous nature. Diffraction patterns also revealed a gradual peak shift for the (002) plane towards smaller values closer to that of pure graphite. Raman spectra showed the characteristic D and G peaks for carbon films prepared at 500 ºC and above. FTIR analysis was also performed to investigate the potential formation of triazine crosslinks in the thermally treated samples, but no conclusive results were obtained.