Two types of Mo₂C have been investigated: polycrystalline β-Mo₂C and single crystal α-Mo₂C. The β-Mo₂C material was synthesized via a temperature-programmed method, and then characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), CO chemisorption, and N₂ physisorption. The catalytic activity of the β-Mo₂C was tested for cumene hydrogenation under high pressure conditions, and the effect of sulfur and oxygen poisons on cumene hydrogenation was also investigated. As a complement to the work done on polycrystalline β-Mo₂C, UHV studies of single crystal α-Mo₂C were undertaken to provide fundamental information about a well-characterized Mo₂C surface. The (0001) surface of α-Mo₂C was investigated using XPS and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). It was found that an ion-bombarded surface could be prepared as either Mo-terminated or C-terminated by choosing either low annealing temperatures (~1000 K) or high annealing temperatures (~1500 K), respectively. CO and O₂ adsorption was also studied on α-Mo₂C (0001) using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), XPS, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and LEED. Finally, thiophene adsorption was investigated on α-Mo₂C (0001). / Ph. D.

Methane is an abundant resource existing in the form of natural and shale gas, and molybdenum-based catalysts, including molybdenum oxides and carbides, are the commonly used components in catalysts for converting methane to value-added chemicals. Therefore, understanding the catalytic mechanism underlying the methane conversion over molybdenum-based catalysts is key to designing highly efficient catalysts and optimizing the operating conditions. In this dissertation, I focus on the structural evolution from oxide to carbides and catalytic reactivity of the molybdenum-based catalysts for methane conversion based on the result from density functional theory (DFT) computational studies.First, the surface chemistry and reactivity of α-MoO3 toward C-H bond activation of methane by breaking the first C-H bond on the MoO3 (010) surface were used to evaluate various functionals of the DFT method. Our results indicate that surface reduction of α-MoO3 (010) occurs preferably through releasing the terminal oxygen atoms, generating oxygen vacancies while exposing the reduced Mo centers. These oxygen vacancies tend to be separated from each other at a higher density due to the repulsive interactions. Furthermore, the reduced α-MoO3 (010) surface promotes methane activation kinetically and thermodynamically by reducing the activation barrier for the first C-H bond breaking and stabilizing the product state as compared with those on the stoichiometric surface. There is a synergy between the reduced Mo active site and surface lattice oxygen for C-H bond cleavage. In addition, the performance of different functionals, including the pure-GGA PBE functional with the semi-empirical vdW correction and the meta-GGA SCAN functional, has been investigated. With the meta-GGA functional, we can predict the bulk structure of α-MoO3 more accurately while reproducing the thermal chemistry of MoO3. On the other hand, the reactivity based on the PBE functional is qualitatively consistent with that from the SCAN functional.We then conducted a systematic study of methane activation and conversion over the Mo-terminated surfaces derived from different phases of Mo2C carbides, i.e. the (001) surface of α-Mo2C and the (100) surface of β-Mo2C. The results show that Mo-terminated Mo2C with lower carburization in its subsurface (β-Mo2C) possesses a superior reactivity toward methane activation, resulting in a complete dissociation of methane to carbon adatom on the surface. This carbon adatom causes further carburization of the surface, lowering the reactivity toward methane activation. Moreover, the carburization occurs more easily in the near surface layers of Mo2C than in the bulk. Although carburization lowers the activities for methane activation, it promotes C-C coupling for dimerization of the (CH)ad species, resulting in (C2H2)ad on the Mo-terminated surfaces. On the deep carburized molybdenum carbide (MoC) surfaces, we mapped out the elementary steps of CH4 dissociation and possible mechanisms for forming the C2 species. The results indicate that the Mo-terminated MoC surfaces derived from different bulk phases (α- and δ-) of MoC possess a similar mechanism to that on the noble-metal surfaces for methane dissociation, i.e., CH4 dissociates sequentially to (CH)ad with both kinetic and thermodynamic feasibilities while breaking the last C-H bond in (CH)ad is highly activated. As such, C-C coupling through dimerization of the (CH)ad species occurs more readily, resulting in (C2H2)ad on the Mo-terminated surfaces. Such (C2H2)ad species can dehydrogenate easily to other C2 adsorbates such as (C2H)ad and (C2)ad. Consequently, these C2 species from CH4 dissociation will likely be the precursors for producing long chain hydrocarbons and/or aromatics on molybdenum carbide based catalysts.

As an important chemical raw material, alcohols can be used as fuels, solvents and chemical feedstocks to produce a variety of downstream products. With limited fossil fuel resources, alcohol synthesis from syngas reactions can be a potential alternative to the traditional petroleum based alcohol synthesis. Among many catalysts active for syngas to alcohol processes, alkali promoted Mo2C has shown promising performance. More interestingly, the alkali promoter was found to play an important role in shifting the reaction selectivity from hydrocarbons to alcohols. However, limited understanding of the mechanism of this alkali promoter effect is available due to the complexity of syngas reaction mechanism and low content of alkali added to the catalysts. In this thesis, we performed a comprehensive investigation of the alkali promoter effect with density functional theory (DFT) calculations as our primary tool. We first examine various Mo2C surfaces to determine a representative surface structure active to alkali adsorption. On this particular surface, we develop a syngas reaction network including relevant reaction mechanisms proposed in previous literature. With energetics derived from DFT calculations and a BEP relation, we predict the syngas reaction selectivity and find it to be in excellent agreement with experimental results. The dominant reaction mechanism and selectivity determining steps are determined from sensitivity analysis. We also propose a formation mechanism of alkali promoters on Mo2C catalysts that shows consistency between experimental IR and DFT computed vibrational frequencies. Finally, the effect of alkali promoters on the selectivity determining steps for syngas reactions are investigated from DFT calculations and charge analysis. We are able to rationalize the role of alkali promoters in shifting the reaction selectivity from hydrocarbons to alcohols on Mo2C catalysts.

O desenvolvimento de eletrocatalisadores eletricamente condutores com alta atividade para a reação de redução de oxigênio (ORR - Oxygen Reduction Reaction) e desprendimento de oxigênio (OER - Oxygen Evolution Reaction) é de extrema importância e interesse para dispositivos de eletro-conversão de energia, como as células a combustível e eletrolisadores, que operam tanto em meio alcalino quanto ácido. Em meio alcalino, é possível o uso de metais não nobres e, assim, são viáveis para o uso em larga escala. Em meio ácido, é necessário o uso de materiais estáveis, uma vez que eles são expostos a um ambiente extremamente corrosivo e à altos potenciais, principalmente durante o processo de liga/desliga do dispositivo. Diante disso, este trabalho foi dividido em três linhas de pesquisa: Parte I - estudos de eletrocatalisadores bifuncionais para a ORR e OER em meio alcalino, sendo eles compostos por espinélios de manganês-cobalto em combinação com nanopartículas de ouro (MnCo2O4/Au). Parte II - estudos de eletrocatalisadores alternativos para a ORR em eletrólito ácido, onde foram considerados carbetos e nitretos de molibdênio (Mo2C-MoN) e, oxinitretos de tântalo (Ta-ON). Parte III - estudo de suportes alternativos ao carbono para a ORR em eletrólito ácido, sendo eles compostos por carbonitretos de tântalo e titânio (Ta-CN e Ti-CN). Os resultados da Parte I para MnCo2O4/Au mostraram que houve um aumento significativo na atividade de MnCo2O4 com a adição de ouro para ambas as reações. Foi possível observar que a combinação de nanopartículas condutoras (ouro) com nanopartículas ativas, mas não condutoras (MnCo2O4), é promissora para o desenvolvimento de eletrocatalisadores ativos para uso como eletrodos de oxigênio. Quanto a Parte II, os materiais compostos por Mo2C-MoN foram obtidos por meio da inserção de carbono e nitrogênio com tratamento térmico, na presença de carbono Vulcan e NH3, em alta temperatura. O material nomeado como MoN + Mo2C (molibdato) foi o que apresentou maior atividade catalítica, o que pôde ser atribuído ao menor tamanho de cristalito, maior quantidade da sua fase MoN e ao efeito sinérgico entre MoN e Mo2C, facilitando a ORR em comparação ao nitreto e carbeto de molibdênio puros. Nesta mesma linha de pesquisa, oxinitretos de tântalo foram sintetizados utilizando ureia como fonte de nitrogênio. Foi observado que Ti-Ta-ON apresentou maior atividade catalítica quando comparado aos demais eletrocatalisadores. Já na Parte III, os resultados para carbonitreto de titânio como suporte para a platina (Pt/Ti-CN) mostraram que, além da sua atividade para a ORR ser semelhante à platina suportada em carbono (Pt/C), ele também se mostrou mais estável que Pt/C após a realização de testes de estabilidade. / The development of conductive electrocatalysts with high activity for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER) is of extremely importance for devices that electroconvert energy, such as fuel cells and electrolizers, which work in alkaline and acid media. A substantial amount of metals can be employed in alkaline electrolytes once the latter do not require the use of noble metals. The acid medium asks for stable materials, since they are exposed to a high oxidative environment and potentials during the start-up/shutdown events of the device. On the base of these facts, this research work has been divided into three parts: Part I - bifunctional electrocatalysts studies for the ORR and OER in alkaline electrolyte, the materials were composed of spinel manganese-cobalt oxide combined with gold nanoparticles (MnCo2O4/Au). Part II - studies of alternative electrocatalysts for the ORR in acid electrolyte, which included molybdenum carbides and nitrides (Mo2C-MoN), and tantalum oxynitrides (Ta-ON). Part III - alternative supports to the carbon for the ORR in acid electrolyte, which included tantalum and titanium carbonitrides (Ta-CN and Ti-CN). The results for MnCo2O4/Au, in Part I, showed that the addition of gold on the surface of the oxide improved the latter activity for both reactions. The combination of conductive nanoparticles (gold) with active, but non-conductive, nanoparticles (MnCo2O4) seems promising for the development of active electrocatalysts for the ORR and OER. In Part II, the materials composed of Mo2C-MoN were synthesized through carbon and nitrogen insertion, in a high temperature heat treatment, in the presence of Vulcan carbon and NH3. Among the gotten materials, the so called MoN + Mo2C (molybdate) showed the better electrocatalytic activity for the ORR, which could be attributed to its smaller crystallite size and the greater amount of its MoN phase, along with the synergistic effect between MoN and Mo2C. In this way, tantalum oxynitrides materials were obtained via a urea synthesis. The catalyst referred to as Ti-Ta-ON showed the better ORR activity among all the others studied oxynitrides materials. In Part III, besides the activity for the ORR of platinum supported on titanium carbonitride (Pt/Ti-CN) was similar to the activity of platinum supported on carbon (Pt/C), Pt/Ti-CN was also more stable than the latter, after the stability tests.

O desenvolvimento de eletrocatalisadores eletricamente condutores com alta atividade para a reação de redução de oxigênio (ORR - Oxygen Reduction Reaction) e desprendimento de oxigênio (OER - Oxygen Evolution Reaction) é de extrema importância e interesse para dispositivos de eletro-conversão de energia, como as células a combustível e eletrolisadores, que operam tanto em meio alcalino quanto ácido. Em meio alcalino, é possível o uso de metais não nobres e, assim, são viáveis para o uso em larga escala. Em meio ácido, é necessário o uso de materiais estáveis, uma vez que eles são expostos a um ambiente extremamente corrosivo e à altos potenciais, principalmente durante o processo de liga/desliga do dispositivo. Diante disso, este trabalho foi dividido em três linhas de pesquisa: Parte I - estudos de eletrocatalisadores bifuncionais para a ORR e OER em meio alcalino, sendo eles compostos por espinélios de manganês-cobalto em combinação com nanopartículas de ouro (MnCo2O4/Au). Parte II - estudos de eletrocatalisadores alternativos para a ORR em eletrólito ácido, onde foram considerados carbetos e nitretos de molibdênio (Mo2C-MoN) e, oxinitretos de tântalo (Ta-ON). Parte III - estudo de suportes alternativos ao carbono para a ORR em eletrólito ácido, sendo eles compostos por carbonitretos de tântalo e titânio (Ta-CN e Ti-CN). Os resultados da Parte I para MnCo2O4/Au mostraram que houve um aumento significativo na atividade de MnCo2O4 com a adição de ouro para ambas as reações. Foi possível observar que a combinação de nanopartículas condutoras (ouro) com nanopartículas ativas, mas não condutoras (MnCo2O4), é promissora para o desenvolvimento de eletrocatalisadores ativos para uso como eletrodos de oxigênio. Quanto a Parte II, os materiais compostos por Mo2C-MoN foram obtidos por meio da inserção de carbono e nitrogênio com tratamento térmico, na presença de carbono Vulcan e NH3, em alta temperatura. O material nomeado como MoN + Mo2C (molibdato) foi o que apresentou maior atividade catalítica, o que pôde ser atribuído ao menor tamanho de cristalito, maior quantidade da sua fase MoN e ao efeito sinérgico entre MoN e Mo2C, facilitando a ORR em comparação ao nitreto e carbeto de molibdênio puros. Nesta mesma linha de pesquisa, oxinitretos de tântalo foram sintetizados utilizando ureia como fonte de nitrogênio. Foi observado que Ti-Ta-ON apresentou maior atividade catalítica quando comparado aos demais eletrocatalisadores. Já na Parte III, os resultados para carbonitreto de titânio como suporte para a platina (Pt/Ti-CN) mostraram que, além da sua atividade para a ORR ser semelhante à platina suportada em carbono (Pt/C), ele também se mostrou mais estável que Pt/C após a realização de testes de estabilidade. / The development of conductive electrocatalysts with high activity for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER) is of extremely importance for devices that electroconvert energy, such as fuel cells and electrolizers, which work in alkaline and acid media. A substantial amount of metals can be employed in alkaline electrolytes once the latter do not require the use of noble metals. The acid medium asks for stable materials, since they are exposed to a high oxidative environment and potentials during the start-up/shutdown events of the device. On the base of these facts, this research work has been divided into three parts: Part I - bifunctional electrocatalysts studies for the ORR and OER in alkaline electrolyte, the materials were composed of spinel manganese-cobalt oxide combined with gold nanoparticles (MnCo2O4/Au). Part II - studies of alternative electrocatalysts for the ORR in acid electrolyte, which included molybdenum carbides and nitrides (Mo2C-MoN), and tantalum oxynitrides (Ta-ON). Part III - alternative supports to the carbon for the ORR in acid electrolyte, which included tantalum and titanium carbonitrides (Ta-CN and Ti-CN). The results for MnCo2O4/Au, in Part I, showed that the addition of gold on the surface of the oxide improved the latter activity for both reactions. The combination of conductive nanoparticles (gold) with active, but non-conductive, nanoparticles (MnCo2O4) seems promising for the development of active electrocatalysts for the ORR and OER. In Part II, the materials composed of Mo2C-MoN were synthesized through carbon and nitrogen insertion, in a high temperature heat treatment, in the presence of Vulcan carbon and NH3. Among the gotten materials, the so called MoN + Mo2C (molybdate) showed the better electrocatalytic activity for the ORR, which could be attributed to its smaller crystallite size and the greater amount of its MoN phase, along with the synergistic effect between MoN and Mo2C. In this way, tantalum oxynitrides materials were obtained via a urea synthesis. The catalyst referred to as Ti-Ta-ON showed the better ORR activity among all the others studied oxynitrides materials. In Part III, besides the activity for the ORR of platinum supported on titanium carbonitride (Pt/Ti-CN) was similar to the activity of platinum supported on carbon (Pt/C), Pt/Ti-CN was also more stable than the latter, after the stability tests.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la synthèse de carbures de molybdène sur support afin de tester leurs performances catalytiques dans des réactions d’hydrogénation. Dans ce but, la conversion d'acide succinique en phase aqueuse dans un réacteur discontinu et du dioxyde de carbone en phase gazeuse dans un réacteur à flux continu, ont été effectuées. Les catalyseurs ont été préparés par la méthode de carburation par réduction en température programmée, pendant laquelle des paramètres ont été modifiés conduisant à différents rapports molybdène/carbone. Les différents catalyseurs testés dans cette réaction étaient actifs pour la conversion de l'acide succinique en gamma-butyrolctone et, plus remarquablement, en acide butyrique, ce dernier n'était pas obtenu en quantités significatives avec des catalyseurs à base de métaux précieux. L’augmentation de la conversion d’acide succinique avec une sélectivité plus élevée en acide butyrique a été faite avec les catalyseurs contenant plus de carbone, préparés en augmentant la vitesse spatiale horaire gazeuse. Les intermédiaires ont été ensuite convertis en tétrahydrofurane, butanol, 1,4-butanediol et butane. La désactivation observée lors de recyclage du catalyseur a été principalement attribuée à une diminution de la quantité de molybdène et de carbone carbidique, démontrée par l'analyse XPS. Des essais préliminaires de ces catalyseurs dans l'hydrogénation du dioxyde de carbone ont montré qu'ils fonctionnaient principalement en tant que catalyseurs pour la réaction du gaz à l’eau inverse, et l'excès de carbone entrave l'activité catalytique d'une manière opposée à la réaction en phase aqueuse. Le support semble jouer un rôle dans la réactivité des catalyseurs, la conversion du dioxyde de carbone ainsi que la sélectivité en méthane et méthanol, qui ont augmenté dans l'ordre suivant: carbure de molybdène sur support DT51 TiO2> P25 TiO2 ˜ ZrO2 / This work focuses on the synthesis of supported molybdenum carbides and evaluating their catalytic performance in succinic acid hydrogenation reactions in aqueous phase using batch reactor and carbon dioxide hydrogenation in gas phase using continuous flow reactor. The catalysts were prepared by the temperature programmed reduction carburization method, where the parameters were modified leading to different molybdenum to carbon ratios. The different catalysts tested were active in converting succinic acid to gamma butyrolctone and more remarkably butyric acid which is not reported in significant quantities in this reaction with precious metal based catalysts. The catalysts containing more carbon contents that were prepared by increasing the gas hourly space velocity showed higher activity in converting succinic acid and higher selectivity to butyric acid. The intermediates were then converted to tetrahydrofuran, butanol, 1,4-butanediol and butane gas. The deactivation observed while recycling the catalyst was mainly attributed to a decrease in the amounts of carbidic molybdenum and carbidic carbon, as demonstrated by XPS analysis. Preliminary tests for these catalysts in carbon dioxide hydrogenation showed that they functioned mainly as reverse water gas shift catalysts, and the excess of carbon hinders the catalytic activity in an opposite manner of the reaction in aqueous phase. The support seems playing a role in the reactivity of the catalysts, carbon dioxide conversion as well as methane and methanol selectivity increased in the order: molybdenum carbide supported on DT51 TiO2 > P25 TiO2 ˜ ZrO2

The purpose of this study is to develop catalysts for conversion of synthesis gas (H₂ and CO) to higher alcohols, primarily ethanol and propanol. Crude oil is consumed at a rate of more than 20 million barrels a day in the United States, mainly for producing fuels and chemical feedstocks. However, the total amount of crude oil is limited, and alternative ways of producing alcohols as precursors for chemical feedstocks are desirable. In this study, using a known K/MoS₂/metal oxide catalyst as the starting point, two different approaches were explored to improve catalytic properties: 1) Co promotion on K/MoS₂/mixed metal oxide (MMO) catalysts, and 2) Preparation of K/MoS₂/metal oxide catalysts with molybdenum carbide as a precursor, instead of molybdenum oxide. With respect to Co promotion on K/MoS₂/MMO catalysts, the effect of varying the Co content in the K/Mo-Co/MMO catalysts prepared by a co-impregnation method did not produce significant changes in catalytic acitivities or selectivities. It was due to the premature precipitation of cobalt molybdate during synthesis. Cobalt molybdate precipitation can generally be prevented by using water as a solvent, but this approach is not appropriate for this study because of the use of hydrotalcite-derived mixed metal oxide as the support. Co loadings on K/Mo/MMO-Co catalysts did not change selectivities significantly, either. However, they changed catalytic activities, represented by gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) required to obtain 8% conversion while maintaining high selectivities for higher alcohols. As a result, C ₂₊ alcohol productivities reached 0.01g(alcohol)/g(catalyst)/hr with Co loadings higher than 8%. With respect to using Mo2C as the precursor of Mo species instead of MoO3, comparisons between catalysts with different precursors for Mo species and different pretreatments were investigated. In this study, both K/Mo catalysts supported on MgO and α-Al₂O₃ showed similar tendencies of catalytic activities and selectivities. The highest C₂₊ alcohol selectivities and productivities were obtained on presulfided MoO₃ catalysts on both supports. In comparison of K/Mo ₂C catalysts with different pretreatments, higher C₂₊ alcohol selectivities and lower MeOH selectivities were obtained on presulfided catalysts compared to non-pretreated catalysts.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KalyanneKPG_ate o resumo.pdf: 69797 bytes, checksum: 49f1d53a5fe82cc0c03f9f579c34a190 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The nanostructures materials are characterized to have particle size smaller than 100 nm and could reach 1 nm. Due to the extremely reduced dimensions of the grains, the properties of these materials are significantly modified relatively when compared with the conventional materials. In the present work was accomplished a study and characterization of the molybdenum carbide, seeking obtain it with particles size in the nanometers order and evaluate its potential as catalyst in the reaction of partial methane oxidation. The method used for obtaining the molybdenum carbide was starting from the precursor ammonium heptamolybdate of that was developed in split into two oven, in reactor of fixed bed, with at a heating rate of 5?C/min, in a flow of methane and hydrogen whose flow was of 15L/h with 5% of methane for all of the samples. The studied temperatures were 350, 500, 600, 650, 660, 675 and 700?C and were conducted for 0, 60, 120 and 180 minutes, and the percent amount and the crystallite size of the intermediate phases were determined by the Rietveld refinement method. The carbide obtained at 660?C for 3 hours of reaction showed the best results, 24 nm. Certain the best synthesis condition, a passivating study was accomplished, in these conditions, to verify the stability of the carbide when exposed to the air. The molybdenum carbide was characterized by SEM, TEM, elemental analysis, ICP-AES, TG in atmosphere of hydrogen and TPR. Through the elemental analysis and ICP-AES the presence carbon load was verified. TG in atmosphere of hydrogen proved that is necessary the passivating of the molybdenum carbide, because occur oxidation in room temperature. The catalytic test was accomplished in the plant of Fischer-Tropsch of CTGAS, that is composed of a reactor of fixed bed. Already the catalytic test showed that the carbide presents activity for partial oxidation, but the operational conditions should be adjusted to improve the conversion / Os materiais nanoestruturados s?o caracterizados por terem um tamanho de cristalito inferior a 100 nm podendo atingir 1 nm. Devido ?s dimens?es extremamente reduzidas dos cristalitos, as propriedades destes materiais s?o significativamente modificadas relativamente ?s dos materiais convencionais. No presente trabalho foi realizado um estudo de s?ntese e caracteriza??o do carbeto de molibd?nio, visando obt?-lo com tamanho de part?culas na ordem de nan?metros e avaliar seu potencial como catalisador na rea??o de oxida??o parcial do metano. O m?todo utilizado para obten??o do carbeto de molibd?nio foi a partir do precursor heptamolibdato de am?nio que foi desenvolvida em forno bipartido, em reator de leito fixo, com uma taxa de aquecimento de 5?C/min, em um fluxo de metano e hidrog?nio cuja vaz?o foi de 15L/h com 5% de metano para todos os ensaios. As temperaturas estudadas foram 350, 500, 600, 650, 660, 675 e 700?C e nos tempos de isoterma de 0, 60, 120 e 180 minutos, sendo que a determina??o das fases presentes, estrutura cristalina e tamanho de cristalitos foram obtidos por refinamento de estrutura pelo m?todo de Rietveld. O carbeto obtido a 660?C e 3 horas de rea??o foi o que apresentou menor tamanho de cristalito 24 nm. Determinada a melhor condi??o de s?ntese foi realizado um estudo de passivac?o, nestas condi??es, para verificar a estabilidade do carbeto ao ser exposto ao ar. O carbeto de molibd?nio foi caracterizado por MEV, MET, an?lise elementar, ICP-AES, TG em atmosfera de hidrog?nio e RTP. Atrav?s da an?lise elementar e ICP-AES foi verificada a presen?a de carbono livre. A TG em atmosfera de hidrog?nio comprovou que ? necess?ria a passivac?o do carbeto de molibd?nio, pois ele ? oxidado em temperatura ambiente. O teste catal?tico foi realizado na planta semipiloto de Fischer-Tropsch do CTGAS, que ? composta de um reator de leito fixo. O teste catal?tico mostrou que o carbeto apresenta atividade para oxida??o parcial, mas as condi??es operacionais devem ser ajustadas para melhorar a convers?o