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Bremen, Universität, Thesis (doctoral), 2002.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The ultimate goal of the African Union is full political and economic integration, which includes a monetary union with a common currency for all member states of the African Union. This monetary integration is proposed to take place in two stages: firstly, through five regions, and secondly, through complete integration. This report examines current trade data for member states of the African Union using k means duster analysis to group countries according to trade patterns. Analysis was performed for the actual US dollar value of trade, as well as considering only the presence or absence of trade. There are limitations to the data collected: firstly, they are annual data, which masks fluctuations in trade due to economic conditions or political developments. Secondly, they are subject to missing or under-reported values. The focus of this research report was to consider trade figures for the first time, and the limitations were considered acceptable in view of the aim of achieving a first approximation of results. When considering all solutions, there are overlaps between clusters, but no definite patterns emerge that are common to all analyses. Considering the F and Euclidean distances of all solutions, the best appears to be that for clusters derived from analysing trade figures between Africa and its trading partners outside Africa. Further analysis of this solution failed to demonstrate viable clusters. The final conclusion to be made from this analysis is that k means clustering of trade figures for member states of the African Union does not generate viable clusters that could be used as steps towards full monetary integration in Africa. Given this conclusion it is recommended that the stepwise progression towards full monetary integration be considered by utilising existing economic arrangements, i.e. by using the five Regional Economic Communities proposed by the African Union. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die uiteindelike doel van die Afrika-unie is volledige politieke en ekonomiese integrasie, wat 'n monetere unie met 'n gemeenskaplike geldeenheid vir al die lidstate van die Afrika-unie insluit. Hierdie monetere integrasie word in twee stadiums beoog: eers deur vyf streke, en daarna deur volledige integrasie. Hierdie verslag ondersoek die huidige handelsdata vir lidstate van die Afrika-unie deur k gemiddelde trosanalise te gebruik om lande volgens handelspatrone te groepeer. 'n Analise is ook gedoen van die werklike VS-dollarwaarde van handel, en deur die aanwesigheid of afwesigheid van handel in aanmerking te neem. Daar is beperkings op die data wat ingesamel is: eerstens is dit jaarlikse data, wat skommelings in handel as gevolg van ekonomiese toestande of politieke ontwikkelings verberg. Tweedens is hulle onderworpe aan ontbrekende of ondergerapporteerde waardes. Die fokus van hierdie navorsingsverslag was dus om handelsyfers vir die eerste keer te oorweeg, en die beperkings is aanvaarbaar beskou in die lig van die doel om 'n eerste benadering van resultate te verkry. Wanneer aile oplossings oorweeg word, is daar oorvleueling tussen trosse, maar geen definitiewe patrone ontstaan wat vir alle analises geld nie. Wanneer die F- en Euklidiese afstande van alle oplossings oorweeg word, lyk dit asof die beste die trosse is wat verkry is uit die analise van handelsyfers tussen Afrika en sy handelsvennote buite Afrika. Verdere analise van hierdie oplossing het nie lewensvatbare trosse aangedui nie. Die finale gevolgtrekking wat uit hierdie analise gemaak kan word, is dat k gemidderde trosvorming van handelsyfers vir lidstate van die Afrika-unie nie lewensvatbare trosse genereer wat gebruik kan word as stappe in die rigting van volledige monetere integrasie in Afrika nie. Met die oog op hierdie gevolgtrekking word daar aanbeveel dat die stapsgewyse vordering na volledige monetere integrasie oorweeg moet word deur bestaande ekonomiese reelings te gebruik, d.w.s. deur die vyf Streeksekonomiese Gemeenskappe te gebruik wat deur die Afrika-unie voorgestel is.

Trade is largely considered a driving force of economic growth and development of nations. To this end, there is vast and far-reaching research on the subject, especially on matters international. However, research on intra-African trade is lacking in comparison to research on trade amongst the rest of the world, not just developed, but also developing countries alike. That aside there are numerous efforts put in place to enhance and encourage trade within and without the continent. The research presented in this thesis aims to investigate and address three key issues specific to intra-Africa trade. The questions asked are: are the measures currently in place successful in the promotion of intra-Africa trade; is the continent ready for measures about to be implemented and after all that, is trade really the key driving force for economic growth and development within Africa? To answer these questions, the research presented here in this thesis employs the gravity modelling approach, the G-PPP test and develops a macro-economic model which is applied to the Kenyan economy. The results indicate that; yes, trade is significant and important in determining economic growth, and while measures taken thus far such as the creation of Economic Integrations have not been as successful as was envisioned, trade openness continues to be among the most important ways in which trade is encouraged and enhanced, to this end, although the continent is yet to fulfil all the requirements for the formation of a full-blown Economic Union, it is ready for drastic measures such as the formation of a currency union. Literature reveals that this could form the basis of hastening complete integration and harmonization of all systems of the participating economies, thereby benefiting not just trade but also all other sectors of the economies.

Thesis (doctoral)--Wissenschaftliche Hochschule für Unternehmensführung Koblenz, Vallendar, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-215).

Habilitation - Universität, München, 2008/09. / Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)--Universität München, 2008/09. Includes bibliographical references (p. [403]-435) and index.

This study has its foundation on a model developed by Holden, Holden and Suss (1979). The model is on the determinants of the flexibility of an exchange rate. These determinants are: the openness of an economy; the level of economic development; the diversification of the external sector; geographical concentration of trade; the mobility of capital and the inflation differential. In the present study, the model by Holden, et al is adapted in order to determine whether SADC forms an optimum currency area or not. SADC has a number of objectives which it aims to achieve. One of these objectives is the formation of a monetary union in the future. This is the widest objective for SADC and the path towards achieving this is the establishment of a Trade Protocol that aims to form a Free Trade Area in the region. A number of criteria have to be assessed in order to determine whether SADC does form an optimum criteria or not. The Holden et. al model forms the basis for this assessment. The model reveals that SADC does not form an optimum currency area. SADC has not yet converged on the criteria for a monetary union. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.

The thesis assesses the costs and benefits of Namibia's membership of the CMA to determine whether the CMA is an optimal currency area at least from the perspective of Namibia. This issue is examined from two main perspectives: (a) whether real exchange rate (RER) adjustment is frustrated by the inability to use the nominal exchange rate as an instrument of adjustment. Evidence of persistent RER misalignment may be seen as a necessary condition for an independent nominal exchange rate regime, however, it is not sufficient.(b) In this case, we examine whether nominal devaluations will have sustained effects on RER adjustment, given Namibia's structural features, such as the high degree of openness and a small nontradable sector. An equilibrium RER for Namibia is estimated using a single equation model of RER determination. The model is used to compute RER misalignments to determine whether there are sustained long periods of misalignments. To test whether nominal exchange rates can be effective in changing relative prices, a simple model was developed to measure pass-through of foreign price and exchange rate changes to domestic prices and wages. This provides useful information regarding whether nominal devaluations can be sustained. The results show that RER misalignments have been small, while the extent and speed of pass-through is complete and instantaneous for most items, suggesting that nominal devaluations in Namibia are not likely to have real effects. Even if it was the case that monetary autonomy cannot be supported on grounds of affecting relative prices, it may nevertheless be important for Namibia to pursue an independent exchange rate strategy. To examine this possibility, the analysis was extended by looking at costs and benefits of OCAs which do not rely on the ability to change relative prices. Benefits arising from savings on transactions costs and on foreign exchange reserves amounted to 3.8% and 2.4% of GDP, respectively. Further, we demonstrated that past "shocks" between Namibia and South Africa were highly correlated. The findings of the thesis suggest that the CMA is an optimal exchange regime for Namibia.

Thesis (Doctoral)--Göteborg Universitet. / Thesis title and abstract on inserted sheet. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Denis Maracci Gimenez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T14:53:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LopezRiveros_Anna_M.pdf: 2524883 bytes, checksum: 3c0c8ee898d122734c361b27b6af40eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os determinantes da desigualdade e da regressão do mercado de trabalho na Espanha no contexto da crise contemporânea. Para fazer isso, analisamos as condições macroeconómicas em Espanha após a entrada na União Económica e Monetária (UEM) e as condições relativas à desigualdade e ao mercado de trabalho espanhol para mostrar como essas variáveis evoluíram na Espanha a longo prazo. O análise dos determinantes da desigualdade envolve a análise de diferentes áreas mas neste estudo analisou apenas aqueles relacionados ao mercado de trabalho. Integração UEM foi um ponto de viragem no desenvolvimento econômico e social da Espanha, no entanto não resultou em uma redução dos níveis de desigualdade. As divergências da economia espanhola ao dos seus parceiros da EU e a inadequação do modelo produtivo nas perturbações econômicas, têm condicionado um modelo de desenvolvimento de pouca permeabilidade com efeitos adversos sobre o mercado de trabalho, questionando a homogeneização econômica num contexto comunitário marcado diferenciação entre centro e periferia. Não houve grandes mudanças nos indicadores de desigualdade desde a adesão da Espanha na UEM, apesar de um ciclo econômico expansivo com elevada capacidade de geração de emprego e que a Espanha não conseguiu superar um modelo de desenvolvimento de baixa produtividade e diversificação econômica limitada favorecendo os desequilíbrios que, no clima econômico atual, foram consolidadas como estruturais e têm impactado diretamente na distribuição da renda das famílias. Os efeitos da crise econômica, as suas determinantes e as medidas adotadas para enfrentá-los neste contexto europeu ampliou a diferença de renda da cidadania afetando diretamente os níveis de desigualdade e pobreza em Espanha. Poderiam, portanto, definir três determinantes do aumento da desigualdade na Espanha: a constrição dos salários, a desestruturação do emprego e o desemprego / Abstract: This thesis aims to make an approach of the determinants of inequality and regression of the labor market in Spain in the context of the contemporary crisis. To do this, we have analyzed the macroeconomic conditions in Spain after the integration into the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the conditions regarding inequality and the Spanish labor market, to show how these variables have evolved in Spain in the long run. While the analysis of the determinants of inequality involves the analysis of different areas, this study analyzed only those related to the labor market. EMU integration was a turning point in the economic and social development of Spain. However, the economic growth experienced by the country following accession did not result in a reduction in the levels of inequality which have been increased in the current economic context redefining the distribution pattern of the country. The divergences of the Spanish economy versus of its EU partners and the unsuitability of the productive model towards economic avatars, have conditioned a model of development with low permeability and with adverse effects on the labor market, questioning the idea of the economic homogenization in a Community context with marked differentiation between center and periphery. It notes that there have been no major changes in indicators of inequality since the accession of Spain in the EMU, despite an expansive economic cycle with high capacity to generate employment, and that Spain has failed to overcome a development model of low productivity and limited economic diversification favoring the imbalances in the current economic context which have been consolidated as structural and which have impacted directly in the distribution of household income. The effects of the economic crisis, its determinants and the measures adopted to face them in this community context have expanded the income gap among the citizenship, affecting directly the levels of inequality and poverty in Spain. We could, therefore, define three determinants of rising inequality in Spain: the constriction of wages, the failure of employment and unemployment / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestra em Desenvolvimento Econômico