Magister Legum - LLM / This paper analyses how the Zimbabwean economic history has led to the perception and attitude of the population towards the financial industry. It has been blighted by extremes to the extent that in 2008 the Zimbabwe economy had one of the highest hyperinflation rate in the world.1 Pettinger sums up the hyperinflation journey of Zimbabwe as having begun in the 1990s shortly after the disastrous land reform.2 This is where private farms were grabbed from landowners and re-allocated to mostly peasant farmers who had no technical know-how in farming. It was also a time when the country was involved in an unbudgeted and unsolicited second Congo civil war necessitating that the Government increase salaries to cater for soldiers and other officials assigned to the Congo.3 Earlier on the government had buckled under pressure from former war liberators (war veterans) and paid out unbudgeted bonuses.4

Zimbabwean migrants in South Africa often send financial support to their relatives in Zimbabwe. This financial support is known as remittances and is sent as cash or in-kind. This study investigated the characteristics of the South African-Zimbabwe remittance corridor. A critical investigation of the remittance channels used, the type of remittances sent, and the remittance transaction costs involved was done. Data for use in this study was collected through interviews with remittance service providers and by actual remittance transfers to Zimbabwe. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of data using statistical analysis techniques was done. From the analyzed data, it was observed that remittance service providers fall into two channels: formal and informal. The informal remittance channels were found to be the most popular in this corridor. The popularity of informal channels can be attributed to lower transaction costs and a lack of documentation needed from the sender. Informal remittance channels do not require the remittance sender to provide any identification document, therefore, undocumented Zimbabwean migrants opt for them. Long-distance buses that serve the South Africa-Zimbabwe route were found to be a popular channel of sending remittances - both cash and in-kind - to Zimbabwe. In-kind remittances have gained popularity due to the perennial lack of household consumer goods in Zimbabwe. Due to the national lockdown imposed in South Africa as a response to the Covid19 global pandemic, the study was unable to find the volume of remittances that is sent through the informal longdistance buses and trucks. The lockdown resulted in the closure of borders and non-essential travel was not permitted. The study found that the remittance transaction cost in the South AfricaZimbabwe corridor was higher than the global average cost of 6.84% (for formal channels) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of 3% by the year 2030.

<p>The flows of money from Diasporas or immigrants to their countries of origin (i.e. remit-tance) have become a more and more important source of income for their families and relatives in their home countries. ‘Remittances are the largest source of external financing in many poor countries.’ (Ratha, Mohapatra, Vijayalakshmi & Xu, 2007).</p><p>As the remittance flows increase year by year, the researchers pay more and more attention to the ways they send money back home. There has been substantial academic interest of conducting different researches on the money transfer service. One of those research topics is shifting remittance transfer method from informal to formal money transfer channels to enhance the security when sending money internationally. This can help combat financial crime, money laundry and terrorism funding.</p><p>This academic interest together with the increasing number of immigrants and the good structure and facilities of banks in Sweden intrigue us to conduct research on finding out how banks in Sweden can improve the international money transfer service to enhance customer’s value. In order to do that we analyzed why Diasporas choose to use informal money transfer channels and looked into the current situation of money transfer service offered by banks in Sweden. This research was conducted in three banks in Sweden: Handelsbanken, Nordea and Swedbank in Jönköping.</p><p>Different previous researches on the reasons why diasporas choose to use informal money transfer channels and theories of service management, customer relationship management and Porter’s generic strategies were blended together to formulate the frame of reference of this thesis.</p><p>Qualitative research method with case study was employed in this thesis. The case study includes four pilot studies with Handelsbanken, Nordea, SEB and Swedbank and three in-depth interviews with Handelsbanken , Nordea and Swedbank .</p><p>The result of this study shows that price, speed, convenience, mutual cultural sharing and recommendations from friends are those main reasons for Diasporas to choose informal money transfer channels.</p><p>In term of money transfer service offered by Handelsbanken, Nordea and Swedbank, the result implies that there may exist some difficulties for the users to understand the information of money transfer service obtained from the banks’ websites and internet banking systems. Another shortcoming is that front line employees have limited time to spend on each customer to explain how the service works.</p><p>In general, all three banks should find ways to structure the information related to the service on their websites in a way that customers find it easy. They should prepare hard copy or online brochure to help customers understand how the service works. It will also mean that employees will spend less time on each customer since they have quick access to the information needed. All of these changes will improve the relationship between customers and front line employees in the banks, who directly handle every customer and have an important influence of persuading them to use the money transfer service.</p> / <p>Pengaflödet från Diaspora av människor med invandrar bakgrund till deras respektive hemländer har blivit en viktig inkomstkälla för familjer och släkt i dessa länder och Remissa är den största källan för extern finansiering i de fattiga länderna. (Rath, Mohapatra, Vijalakshmi & Xu, 2007)</p><p>I takt med att remissa flödet ökar för varje år, blir även forskarna mer uppmärksamma på hur man kan gå tillväga för att skicka pengar till respektive hemländer. Ett stort akademisk intresse har visats i att studera omarbetningen av det informella sättet att överföra pengar på till det mer formella, för att öka säkerheten och för att förhindra finansiell brottslighet, pengatvätt och finansiering av terrorist verksamhet.</p><p>Författarnas akademiska intresse för den struktur och de anläggningar som banker i Sverige har ledde till viljan att undersöka huruvida banker i Sverige kan förbättra tjänsten för penningöverföring till utlandet för att ytterligare öka kundvärdet. För att uppnå studiens syfte analyserade författarna anledningen bakom valet att använda sig av en informell penningöverföring tjänst, samt granskade hur situationen ser ut idag i svenska banker. Studien genomfördes i tre svenska banker; Handelsbanken, Swedbank och Nordea, samtliga belägna i Jönköping.</p><p>Tidigare studier inom ämnet, vilka undersökte anledningarna bakom Diasporas val att använda sig av den informella penningöverföring tjänsten samt service hanterings teorier, kundrelationshantering och Porter’s generiska strategier togs i åtanke, vilket resulterade i att en kvalitativ undersökning med en fallstudie som verktyg utfördes. Fallstudien inkluderade fyra förundersökningar av Handelsbanken, Swedbank, Nordea och SEB samt tre ingående intervjuer med Handelsbanken, Nordea och Swedbank.</p><p>Resultat av denna studie visar att priset, snabbhet, bekvämlighet, gemensamma kulturella värderingar och rekommendationer fån vänner är de huvudsakliga motiven till varför Diaspora väljer den informella penningöverföring tjänsten. Vad gäller de penningöverföringar som erbjuds av Handelsbanken, Nordea och Swedbank, visar studiens resultat att det kan uppstå vissa svårigheter för användare att förstå den information som erhålls från bankernas hemsidor och Internet bank gällande den pennigöverföring som sker till utlanden. Kassa och kundservice ansvariga har begränsad tid per kund för att kunna förklara hur tjänsten fungerar.</p><p>Generellt sett, bör samtliga tre banker hitta ett sätt att strukturera informationen kring tjänsten på deras hemsidor för att underlätta dess tillgänglighet för kunden. Dessutom bör bankerna ställa tryckta papperskopior eller online broschyrer till kundens förfogande för att ytterligare förmedla tjänstens procedur. Detta kommer i sin tur leda till att kassaservice personalen fordrar mindre tid per kund då kunden får snabbare tillgång till den information som behövs. Dessa förändringar kommer därtill att förbättra relationen mellan kunden och kundservice ansvarig, som har som uppgift att stå till kundens förfogande men som även har en viktig roll i fråga om att uppmuntra kunden till att använda tjänsten för internationell penningöverföring.</p>

The flows of money from Diasporas or immigrants to their countries of origin (i.e. remit-tance) have become a more and more important source of income for their families and relatives in their home countries. ‘Remittances are the largest source of external financing in many poor countries.’ (Ratha, Mohapatra, Vijayalakshmi &amp; Xu, 2007). As the remittance flows increase year by year, the researchers pay more and more attention to the ways they send money back home. There has been substantial academic interest of conducting different researches on the money transfer service. One of those research topics is shifting remittance transfer method from informal to formal money transfer channels to enhance the security when sending money internationally. This can help combat financial crime, money laundry and terrorism funding. This academic interest together with the increasing number of immigrants and the good structure and facilities of banks in Sweden intrigue us to conduct research on finding out how banks in Sweden can improve the international money transfer service to enhance customer’s value. In order to do that we analyzed why Diasporas choose to use informal money transfer channels and looked into the current situation of money transfer service offered by banks in Sweden. This research was conducted in three banks in Sweden: Handelsbanken, Nordea and Swedbank in Jönköping. Different previous researches on the reasons why diasporas choose to use informal money transfer channels and theories of service management, customer relationship management and Porter’s generic strategies were blended together to formulate the frame of reference of this thesis. Qualitative research method with case study was employed in this thesis. The case study includes four pilot studies with Handelsbanken, Nordea, SEB and Swedbank and three in-depth interviews with Handelsbanken , Nordea and Swedbank . The result of this study shows that price, speed, convenience, mutual cultural sharing and recommendations from friends are those main reasons for Diasporas to choose informal money transfer channels. In term of money transfer service offered by Handelsbanken, Nordea and Swedbank, the result implies that there may exist some difficulties for the users to understand the information of money transfer service obtained from the banks’ websites and internet banking systems. Another shortcoming is that front line employees have limited time to spend on each customer to explain how the service works. In general, all three banks should find ways to structure the information related to the service on their websites in a way that customers find it easy. They should prepare hard copy or online brochure to help customers understand how the service works. It will also mean that employees will spend less time on each customer since they have quick access to the information needed. All of these changes will improve the relationship between customers and front line employees in the banks, who directly handle every customer and have an important influence of persuading them to use the money transfer service. / Pengaflödet från Diaspora av människor med invandrar bakgrund till deras respektive hemländer har blivit en viktig inkomstkälla för familjer och släkt i dessa länder och Remissa är den största källan för extern finansiering i de fattiga länderna. (Rath, Mohapatra, Vijalakshmi &amp; Xu, 2007) I takt med att remissa flödet ökar för varje år, blir även forskarna mer uppmärksamma på hur man kan gå tillväga för att skicka pengar till respektive hemländer. Ett stort akademisk intresse har visats i att studera omarbetningen av det informella sättet att överföra pengar på till det mer formella, för att öka säkerheten och för att förhindra finansiell brottslighet, pengatvätt och finansiering av terrorist verksamhet. Författarnas akademiska intresse för den struktur och de anläggningar som banker i Sverige har ledde till viljan att undersöka huruvida banker i Sverige kan förbättra tjänsten för penningöverföring till utlandet för att ytterligare öka kundvärdet. För att uppnå studiens syfte analyserade författarna anledningen bakom valet att använda sig av en informell penningöverföring tjänst, samt granskade hur situationen ser ut idag i svenska banker. Studien genomfördes i tre svenska banker; Handelsbanken, Swedbank och Nordea, samtliga belägna i Jönköping. Tidigare studier inom ämnet, vilka undersökte anledningarna bakom Diasporas val att använda sig av den informella penningöverföring tjänsten samt service hanterings teorier, kundrelationshantering och Porter’s generiska strategier togs i åtanke, vilket resulterade i att en kvalitativ undersökning med en fallstudie som verktyg utfördes. Fallstudien inkluderade fyra förundersökningar av Handelsbanken, Swedbank, Nordea och SEB samt tre ingående intervjuer med Handelsbanken, Nordea och Swedbank. Resultat av denna studie visar att priset, snabbhet, bekvämlighet, gemensamma kulturella värderingar och rekommendationer fån vänner är de huvudsakliga motiven till varför Diaspora väljer den informella penningöverföring tjänsten. Vad gäller de penningöverföringar som erbjuds av Handelsbanken, Nordea och Swedbank, visar studiens resultat att det kan uppstå vissa svårigheter för användare att förstå den information som erhålls från bankernas hemsidor och Internet bank gällande den pennigöverföring som sker till utlanden. Kassa och kundservice ansvariga har begränsad tid per kund för att kunna förklara hur tjänsten fungerar. Generellt sett, bör samtliga tre banker hitta ett sätt att strukturera informationen kring tjänsten på deras hemsidor för att underlätta dess tillgänglighet för kunden. Dessutom bör bankerna ställa tryckta papperskopior eller online broschyrer till kundens förfogande för att ytterligare förmedla tjänstens procedur. Detta kommer i sin tur leda till att kassaservice personalen fordrar mindre tid per kund då kunden får snabbare tillgång till den information som behövs. Dessa förändringar kommer därtill att förbättra relationen mellan kunden och kundservice ansvarig, som har som uppgift att stå till kundens förfogande men som även har en viktig roll i fråga om att uppmuntra kunden till att använda tjänsten för internationell penningöverföring.

新型態的網路交易模式已漸漸地改變平民大眾的消費習慣，而隨之起步的支付模式更是日新月異。發展至今，有別於傳統的現金交易，或者是金融專戶轉帳等支付服務，因應電子商務交易習慣的第三方支付逐漸受到消費者的喜愛。 所謂的第三方支付服務，主要透過第三方支付業者的資金能力提供給使用者相當程度的交易擔保，並且與銀行進行合作進而承作類似儲蓄的預付儲值業務，讓使用者得以安心地進行網路交易，有效地推動電子商務的蓬勃發展。 然而，綜觀第三方支付服務在台灣的發展，可以發現相關的法律規範卻直到今年(2015年)才完成建置，在此之前，許多業務的經營多遇到法規適用的問題，導致第三方支付業者多在法規模糊地帶遊走，十分地不明確。時至今年，針對第三方支付服務所設立的專法-電子支付機構管理條例與相關的子法正式施行，相關的業者得以明確地受到法規管束，而對於使用者而言，亦可以受到明文的法律保障。本文除了探究第三方支付服務之法規發展，同時欲以國際上重要的第三方支付立法例進行國際法的比較，參酌中國美國歐盟之相關立法，分析我國相關法規與國際立法潮流之異同，並對於現今專法提出評析。 / The advanced development of E-Commerce have gradually changed the habit of people and it leads to the innovative payment system as well. Instead of traditional payment service, the third-party payment service becomes more and more popular. The operators of third-party payment guaranteed users a safe payment system with its own financial fund and run the money storage business though contracting with banks. The development of third-party payment and E-commerce is mutually progressing. However, there are still many issues about applying laws for the operators and users before establishment of third-party payment law and it also makes the third party payment operator in the grey area. Up to this year(2015), the exclusive law for third-party payment finally finished and it provides the operators and users a full set of regulations to follow. In addition to analysis the development of third-party payment, the thesis will go a step further to discuss about the comparative study on the legal system of third party payment service in China, USA, and EU. On the whole, the author makes a comprehensive discussion on third-party payment legal development in Taiwan with relevant law trends in focus countries, and puts forward the suggestions for the legal system in Taiwan in the end.

With mobile phones almost being ubiquitous in most communities, the electronic payment industry has realised the potential of using mobile phones as devices that can be used to conduct electronic payments. This realisation has led to an increase in the number of mobile payment solutions, which are being deployed for use by the public. However, these mobile payment solutions have not been widely adopted, especially by the citizens who are residing in the townships. Thus, this study investigates the factors that inhibit township residents from adopting mobile payments. The study was done at the Soshanguve township on the outskirts of Pretoria in Gauteng, South Africa. The study adopted a mixed method approach to collect data. Phase 1 relied on the interviews from a few selected individuals to collect the initial data, once this process was complete; a questionnaire (Phase 2) was developed and distributed to the general community of Soshanguve for data collection, which was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed.the diffusion and use of mobile payments in the townships. Some of the factors are as follows: mobile payments are not easy to use; lack of products to purchase using mobile payments; high costs associated with using mobile payment solutions; lack of trialability of mobile payment solutions; and lack of awareness of mobile payment providers in the townships. The study proposes several guidelines that could help developers and operators of mobile payment solutions to design and deploy their solutions in such a way that they are suitable for consumption by the users in township communities. Proposed guidelines are as follows: (1) when a mobile payment solution is launched, effort should be made to market it to the target market; (2) potential adopters of mobile payments should be able to try it without incurring any financial penalties; (3) mobile payments should be easier to use; (4) mobile payment security features should be apparent to the potential adopters in order to alleviate their fears; (5) mobile payment solutions should be designed according to the needs of the target market as one size fits all does not work; (6) mobile payment solutions should fulfill a need which is not met by the current alternatives or it should offer more value than the existing alternatives; (7) the cost of conducting mobile payments should be affordable; and (8) the regulator should develop legislation that stimulates innovation and competition while ensuring the security of mobile payments. / Computing / M. Sc. (Computing)