No description available.

Reservoir storage is essential for developing dependable water supplies and is a major component of the river system water budget. The storage contents of reservoirs fluctuate greatly with variations in water use and climatic conditions that range from severe multiple-year droughts to floods. Water surface evaporation typically represents a major component of the reservoir water budget. This thesis investigates the effects of evaporation and potential reductions in this evaporation on the water supply capabilities of reservoirs in Texas. As part of this research, a literature review based assessment of capabilities for reducing reservoir evaporation using monolayer films and other methods was performed. The literature review assessment provides an overview of past evaporation suppression studies performed using monolayer films and other evaporation suppression technologies including water shades and covers. The overview provides a summary on monolayer film application techniques, environmental impacts, operational and material costs, evaluation methods, and achievable evaporation reduction rates. This research project quantifies the impact of reservoir evaporation on water supply availability/reliability by using the Texas Water Availability Modeling (WAM) System which consists of the Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP) and 21 sets of WRAP input files covering the 23 river basins of the state, a geographic information system (GIS), and contains over 8,000 water rights permits, which include 3,435 reservoirs. The impact of evaporation on water supply availability/reliability was evaluated by performing several analyses in which evaporation rates are reduced by specified percentages starting when storage levels drop below certain trigger percentages of reservoir storage capacity.

No description available.

Zugl.: Ilmenau, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2007

O sistema de revestimento de argamassa é formado por diversas etapas, preparo da base, emboço, reboco e acabamento decorativo. Apesar de ser uma técnica bastante difundida, em muitos casos, a produção racionalizada e eficiente ainda não está consolidada, ocorrendo em falhas, elevados desperdícios e problemas quanto ao seu desempenho. A eliminação de etapas se apresenta como uma alteração viável aumentar a produtividade, reduzir as perdas, diminuir o consumo de materiais e simplificar o sistema. Neste contexto, surge o sistema de revestimento de argamassa decorativa monocamada. Este sistema de revestimento utiliza uma argamassa pigmentada, eliminando a necessidade de pintura e pode ser aplicada sobre substratos de alvenaria ou concreto estrutural. Por se tratar de um revestimento decorativo, deve ser capaz de atender as expectativas estéticas, apresentando conformidade de cor por toda extensão revestida. No entanto, devido a eliminar etapas, diminuir espessura e por ser uma argamassa com maior complexidade em relação à utilizada na técnica tradicional, pode ocorrer variações de cor no revestimento..Neste sentido, este trabalho buscou identificar os fatores que influenciam na variação de cor do revestimento decorativo monocamada. Para tanto, foram avaliados 4 substratos (vidro e 3 cerâmicos, queimadas a 800, 900 e 1000°C) e utilizou-se diferentes espessuras do revestimento (1, 2 e 3 cm). Também avaliou-se o efeito da quantidade de água na mistura e a temperatura de cura inicial. Utilizou-se um espectrofotômetro para a verificação da cor, e como resposta, adotou-se os sistemas L*a*b* e L*C*h(°). Analisou-se o efeito das variáveis estudadas sobre a cor e posteriormente determinou-se a diferença de cor através do cálculo do ΔE, sendo as diferenças obtidas classificadas quanto sua percepção. Observou-se que em sua maioria, os efeitos impostos geraram algum tipo de variação nos fatores que compõem a cor. Porém, nem sempre geram variações de cor perceptíveis. As maiores diferenças de cor foram obtidas nas primeiras idades. / Mortar coatings are made through of several steps, such as substrate preparation, mortar plaster and decorative finish. Despite being an rather widespread technique, In many cases, optimized and efficient production is still not consolidated, leading to failure, substantial losses and problems with performance. The elimination of some steps is presented as a feasible opportunity to increase productivity, waste reduction, reduce of consumption of raw materials and system simplification. In this context, the monolayer mortar coating system is an interesting option. This system uses a pigmented coating mortar, eliminating the painting and can be applied to masonry substrates or structural concrete. As this is a decorative coating, The system must be able to attend the aesthetic expectations, showing conformity of color throughout coated extension. However, due to eliminate steps and reduce the thickness to be a mortar with more complex compared to the traditional technique used, the color variations can occur in the coating. Thus, this study aim to identify factors that influence the color variation of the decorative monolayer coating. Thus, four substrates were evaluated (3 glass and ceramic, fired at 800, 900 and 1000°C) and used different coating thicknesses (1, 2 and 3 cm). This paper also evaluated the effect of the amount of water in the mixture and the initial cure temperature. It was used a spectrophotometer to check the color response, and adopted the L*a*b* and L*C*h(°). The analysis have been made calculating the effect of the variables on color and then the color difference ΔE. The differences obtained are classified from its perception. It was observed that in most cases, the effects taxes have generated some variation in the factors that make up the color. However, not always produced notable changes in color. The greatest differences in color were obtained at early ages.

O sistema de revestimento de argamassa é formado por diversas etapas, preparo da base, emboço, reboco e acabamento decorativo. Apesar de ser uma técnica bastante difundida, em muitos casos, a produção racionalizada e eficiente ainda não está consolidada, ocorrendo em falhas, elevados desperdícios e problemas quanto ao seu desempenho. A eliminação de etapas se apresenta como uma alteração viável aumentar a produtividade, reduzir as perdas, diminuir o consumo de materiais e simplificar o sistema. Neste contexto, surge o sistema de revestimento de argamassa decorativa monocamada. Este sistema de revestimento utiliza uma argamassa pigmentada, eliminando a necessidade de pintura e pode ser aplicada sobre substratos de alvenaria ou concreto estrutural. Por se tratar de um revestimento decorativo, deve ser capaz de atender as expectativas estéticas, apresentando conformidade de cor por toda extensão revestida. No entanto, devido a eliminar etapas, diminuir espessura e por ser uma argamassa com maior complexidade em relação à utilizada na técnica tradicional, pode ocorrer variações de cor no revestimento..Neste sentido, este trabalho buscou identificar os fatores que influenciam na variação de cor do revestimento decorativo monocamada. Para tanto, foram avaliados 4 substratos (vidro e 3 cerâmicos, queimadas a 800, 900 e 1000°C) e utilizou-se diferentes espessuras do revestimento (1, 2 e 3 cm). Também avaliou-se o efeito da quantidade de água na mistura e a temperatura de cura inicial. Utilizou-se um espectrofotômetro para a verificação da cor, e como resposta, adotou-se os sistemas L*a*b* e L*C*h(°). Analisou-se o efeito das variáveis estudadas sobre a cor e posteriormente determinou-se a diferença de cor através do cálculo do ΔE, sendo as diferenças obtidas classificadas quanto sua percepção. Observou-se que em sua maioria, os efeitos impostos geraram algum tipo de variação nos fatores que compõem a cor. Porém, nem sempre geram variações de cor perceptíveis. As maiores diferenças de cor foram obtidas nas primeiras idades. / Mortar coatings are made through of several steps, such as substrate preparation, mortar plaster and decorative finish. Despite being an rather widespread technique, In many cases, optimized and efficient production is still not consolidated, leading to failure, substantial losses and problems with performance. The elimination of some steps is presented as a feasible opportunity to increase productivity, waste reduction, reduce of consumption of raw materials and system simplification. In this context, the monolayer mortar coating system is an interesting option. This system uses a pigmented coating mortar, eliminating the painting and can be applied to masonry substrates or structural concrete. As this is a decorative coating, The system must be able to attend the aesthetic expectations, showing conformity of color throughout coated extension. However, due to eliminate steps and reduce the thickness to be a mortar with more complex compared to the traditional technique used, the color variations can occur in the coating. Thus, this study aim to identify factors that influence the color variation of the decorative monolayer coating. Thus, four substrates were evaluated (3 glass and ceramic, fired at 800, 900 and 1000°C) and used different coating thicknesses (1, 2 and 3 cm). This paper also evaluated the effect of the amount of water in the mixture and the initial cure temperature. It was used a spectrophotometer to check the color response, and adopted the L*a*b* and L*C*h(°). The analysis have been made calculating the effect of the variables on color and then the color difference ΔE. The differences obtained are classified from its perception. It was observed that in most cases, the effects taxes have generated some variation in the factors that make up the color. However, not always produced notable changes in color. The greatest differences in color were obtained at early ages.

O sistema de revestimento de argamassa é formado por diversas etapas, preparo da base, emboço, reboco e acabamento decorativo. Apesar de ser uma técnica bastante difundida, em muitos casos, a produção racionalizada e eficiente ainda não está consolidada, ocorrendo em falhas, elevados desperdícios e problemas quanto ao seu desempenho. A eliminação de etapas se apresenta como uma alteração viável aumentar a produtividade, reduzir as perdas, diminuir o consumo de materiais e simplificar o sistema. Neste contexto, surge o sistema de revestimento de argamassa decorativa monocamada. Este sistema de revestimento utiliza uma argamassa pigmentada, eliminando a necessidade de pintura e pode ser aplicada sobre substratos de alvenaria ou concreto estrutural. Por se tratar de um revestimento decorativo, deve ser capaz de atender as expectativas estéticas, apresentando conformidade de cor por toda extensão revestida. No entanto, devido a eliminar etapas, diminuir espessura e por ser uma argamassa com maior complexidade em relação à utilizada na técnica tradicional, pode ocorrer variações de cor no revestimento..Neste sentido, este trabalho buscou identificar os fatores que influenciam na variação de cor do revestimento decorativo monocamada. Para tanto, foram avaliados 4 substratos (vidro e 3 cerâmicos, queimadas a 800, 900 e 1000°C) e utilizou-se diferentes espessuras do revestimento (1, 2 e 3 cm). Também avaliou-se o efeito da quantidade de água na mistura e a temperatura de cura inicial. Utilizou-se um espectrofotômetro para a verificação da cor, e como resposta, adotou-se os sistemas L*a*b* e L*C*h(°). Analisou-se o efeito das variáveis estudadas sobre a cor e posteriormente determinou-se a diferença de cor através do cálculo do ΔE, sendo as diferenças obtidas classificadas quanto sua percepção. Observou-se que em sua maioria, os efeitos impostos geraram algum tipo de variação nos fatores que compõem a cor. Porém, nem sempre geram variações de cor perceptíveis. As maiores diferenças de cor foram obtidas nas primeiras idades. / Mortar coatings are made through of several steps, such as substrate preparation, mortar plaster and decorative finish. Despite being an rather widespread technique, In many cases, optimized and efficient production is still not consolidated, leading to failure, substantial losses and problems with performance. The elimination of some steps is presented as a feasible opportunity to increase productivity, waste reduction, reduce of consumption of raw materials and system simplification. In this context, the monolayer mortar coating system is an interesting option. This system uses a pigmented coating mortar, eliminating the painting and can be applied to masonry substrates or structural concrete. As this is a decorative coating, The system must be able to attend the aesthetic expectations, showing conformity of color throughout coated extension. However, due to eliminate steps and reduce the thickness to be a mortar with more complex compared to the traditional technique used, the color variations can occur in the coating. Thus, this study aim to identify factors that influence the color variation of the decorative monolayer coating. Thus, four substrates were evaluated (3 glass and ceramic, fired at 800, 900 and 1000°C) and used different coating thicknesses (1, 2 and 3 cm). This paper also evaluated the effect of the amount of water in the mixture and the initial cure temperature. It was used a spectrophotometer to check the color response, and adopted the L*a*b* and L*C*h(°). The analysis have been made calculating the effect of the variables on color and then the color difference ΔE. The differences obtained are classified from its perception. It was observed that in most cases, the effects taxes have generated some variation in the factors that make up the color. However, not always produced notable changes in color. The greatest differences in color were obtained at early ages.

Surfaces of metal oxides play a vital role in many technologically important applications. The surfaces of titanium dioxide, in particular, show quite promising properties that can be utilized in solid-state gas sensing and photocatalysis applications. In the first part of this dissertation we investigate these properties of TiO2 surfaces through a vigorous surface scientific approach. In the second part, we investigate the possibilities of modifying the TiO2 surfaces by depositing multi-component transition metal oxide monolayers so that the properties of bare TiO2 surface can be influenced in a beneficial way. For instance, via formation of new surface sites or cations that have different valance states, the chemisorption and catalytic properties can be modified. We use sophisticated experimental surface science techniques that are compatible with ultra-high vacuum technology for surface characterization. All the experimental results, except for the photocatalysis experiments, were compared to and verified by supporting DFT-based theoretical results produced by our theory collaborators. TiO2 based solid-state gas sensors have been used before for detecting trace amounts of explosives such as 2,4-dinitrololuene (DNT), a toxic decomposition product of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) that have very low vapor pressure. However, the adsorption, desorption and reaction mechanism were not well- understood. Here, we investigate 2,4-DNT adsorption on rutile-TiO2(110) surface in order to gain insight about these mechanisms in an atomistic level and we propose an efficient way of desorbing DNT from the surface through UV-light induced photoreactions. TiO2 exists in different polymorphs and the photocatalytic activity differs from one polymorph to another. Rutile and anatase are the most famous forms of TiO2 in photocatalysis and anatase is known to show higher activity than rutile. The photoactivity also varies depending on the surface orientation for the same polymorph. So far, a reasonable explanation as to why these differences exist was not reported. In our studies, we used high quality epitaxial rutile and anatase thin films which enabled isolating the surface effects from the bulk effects and show that it is the difference between the charge carrier diffusion lengths that causes this difference in activities. In addition to that, using different surface orientations of rutile-TiO2, we show that the anisotropic bulk charge carrier mobility may contribute to the orientation dependent photoactivity. Moreover, we show that different surface preparation methods also affect the activity of the sample and vacuum reduction results in an enhanced activity. In an effort to modify the TiO2 surfaces with monolayer/mixed monolayer oxides, we carried out experiments on (011) orientation of single crystal rutile TiO2 with few of the selected transition metal oxides namely Fe, V, Cr and Ni. We found that for specific oxidation conditions a monolayer mixed oxide is formed for all M (M= Fe, V, Cr, Ni), with one common structure with the composition MTi2O5. For small amounts of M the surface segregates into pure TiO2(011)-2×1 and into domains of MTi2O5indicating that this mixed monolayer oxide is a low energy line phase in a compositional surface phase diagram. The oxygen pressure required for the formation of this unique monolayer structure increases in the order of V2O5 mixed monolayer oxide by DFT-based simulations was verified by X-ray photoemission diffraction measurements performed at a synchrotron facility.

Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié les propriétés électroniques de WS2 et WSe2 par µ-PL, spectroscopie Raman, absorption optique inter bande et µ-PL résolue en temps combinées avec des champs magnétiques intenses. Nous montrons que l'émission de l'exciton par rapport au trion dans les monocouches de WS2 et WSe2 est fonction de la puissance du laser utilisé pour l'excitation de la µ-PL. De plus, nous montrons que l'intensité de l'émission du trion peut être contrôlée indépendamment en utilisant une énergie d'excitation plus basse que la bande interdite. Il s'agit d'une preuve du contrôle de la densité de porteurs dans ces systèmes 2D. Nous avons également étudié la diffusion Raman en résonance dans une monocouche de WS2. Nous observons un mode acoustique (2LA), seulement 4cm-1 en-dessous du mode E12g. Nous montrons qu'en fonction du rapport des intensité et la largeur de ligne de chacun de ces deux pics, toute analyse qui néglige la présence de la mode 2LA peut conduire à une estimation incorrecte du nombre de couche. Les propriétés électroniques de chaque vallée d'une monocouche de WSe2 ont été sondées par µ-PL via l'étude de l'émission et de la polarisation des excitons neutres et chargés. Nous montrons que le temps de diffusion de l'exciton entre les vallées de K+ et K- est de l'ordre de plusieurs ps. Enfin, grâce à la magnéto-spectroscopie, nous mettons en évidence différents types de porteurs de charges entre la monocouche et le cristal massif. Nous montrons que dans la monocouche, les porteurs de charge se comportent comme des fermions massifs Dirac, tandis que dans le monocristal de WSe2 nous observons un comportement excitonique, décrit par le modèle de l'atome d'hydrogène / In this thesis, we have studied tungsten dichalcogenides (WS2 and WSe2) by means of steady-state µ-photoluminescence (µ-PL) and Raman spectroscopy, optical interband absorption and time-resolved µ-PL techniques in the visible spectral range combined with high magnetic fields. We demonstrate that the ratio between the trion and exciton emission can be tuned by varying the power of the laser used for excitation of the µ-PL in ungated monolayer WS2 and WSe2 samples. Moreover, the intensity of the trion emission can be independently tuned using additional sub band gap illumination. This is a direct evidence that we can control the density of carriers in a 2D system. We have investigated the resonant Raman scattering in a WS2 monolayer. We observe a second order longitudinal acoustic mode (2LA) at only 4cm-1 below the first order E12g mode. We demonstrate, that depending on the intensity ratio and the respective line widths of these two peaks, any analysis which neglects the presence of the 2LA mode can lead to a potentially incorrect assignment for the number of layers. The valley dynamics in monolayer WSe2 has been probed by monitoring the emission and polarization dynamics of neutral and charged excitons in µ-PL. We demonstrate that the exciton inter valley scattering between the K+ and K- valleys is in the order of several picoseconds. Finally, using magneto-spectroscopy studies, we reveal the very different nature of carriers in monolayer and bulk dichalcogenides. We demonstrate that in monolayer WSe2, the carriers behave as massive Dirac fermions, while in bulk WSe2 we observe a distinctly excitonic behavior which is best described within the hydrogen model

No description available.