Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

Tesis (licenciatura en historia)--Universidad de Montevideo. / "En la presente edición se ha suprimido el Apéndice documental que completa este trabajo de tesis." Errata slip inserted. Bibliography: p. [393]-408.

In general, this thesis sheds light on the complexities associated with formal recognition of statehood within the international community and investigates the application of the articles in the Montevideo Convention relative to obtaining sovereign status as well as Palestine's efforts to meet the requirements set in those articles, in comparison to similar efforts underway by other alleged states. This is most relevant to academia in that it addresses the theoretical application of international law requirements for obtaining statehood and to political/policy circles in providing a synthesized understanding of modern barriers to statehood. Palestine is unable to achieve sovereign status because it lacks international recognition by powerful states, such as the US. Key components of this argument are that the International Court of Justice identifies the articles in the Montevideo Convention as customary law, Palestine meets the Montevideo Convention criteria, even if arguably only in the most basic sense, Palestine currently has bilateral recognition from 135 States and The United States, with support from Israel, continues to threaten its veto powers on any attempt of a bid for full membership by Palestine until a deal can be made between Palestine and Israel at the negotiation tables. Key discoveries made through the comparative analysis are (1) Kosovo, Taiwan and Palestine all meet the criteria outlined in the Montevideo Convention but have yet to receive official membership extended to sovereign states with the United Nations, (2) even in the absence of formal political recognition, diplomatic relationships (whether official or unofficial) still exist; they are typically indicative of economic and business needs rather than political ones and (3) without either unilateral acceptance or abstention of an aspiring state's application for statehood by one of the members of the United Nations Security Council, achieving sovereign status with recognition by the United Nations (and not just some of the sub agencies) is almost impossible. Despite growing momentum in support of a bid for Palestinian statehood, without support from members of the UNSC, progress will be stalled. This thesis explores a topic that is heavily analyzed by taking a step back to look at the basics. Other analyses on the topic of Palestinian statehood are very focused on the complexities of the situation and the mere fact that sovereign status is not achieved; this focuses on the simplicity of the situation and identifying the primary factor that prevents sovereign status. / Master of Arts

L'usage des médias, dans les conceptions populaires, est historiquement restreint à des formes commerciales de médias dans une optique de consommation. Cependant, les médias communautaires abordent l'usage des médias et la communication sociale d'une manière qui peut s'incorporer à l'intérieur des superstructures normatives de la société démocratique. Notre sujet d'étude, la radio communautaire, nous permet d'aborder cette problématique. Alors que nos ondes radiophoniques sont reconnues internationalement comme patrimoine social, les systèmes de réglementations actuels donnent des privilèges d'utilisation aux entreprises privées et commerciales plutôt qu'aux citoyens. Pour aborder cette problématique, nous considérons le rôle des systèmes nationaux des médias selon leurs relations communicationnelles avec le corps social. Ce mémoire explore les rôles, les potentiels et les limitations de la radio communautaire. Notre objectif est de faire une évaluation extensive de l'état actuel de la radio communautaire à Montréal au Québec et à Montevideo en Uruguay, et de proposer des étapes concrètes et pratiques pour développer ce genre de média à un niveau optimal. Notre travail se présente comme une étude de cas comparative dans laquelle nous employons la méthode qualitative d'analyse. L'essentiel de notre corpus se compose d'entrevues, d'observation participante et de textes de chercheurs spécialisés, ainsi que d'entretiens réalisés au sein d'associations de radios communautaires, de l'ensemble des radios communautaires à Montréal, d'une douzaine de diffuseurs communautaires à Montevideo et auprès de représentants du gouvernement. L'ensemble du temps consacré à cette recherche nous a révélé des faits intrigants. D'abord le potentiel du chercheur en communication comme élément catalyseur autant que son rôle possible d'acteur intermédiaire dans la réforme des politiques de la communication. Notre recherche s'appuie donc sur une perspective critique et pratique. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Alternatif, Politiques de la communication, Communautaire, Espace public, Réforme, Uruguay.

This dissertation centres on Montevideo’s political and moral economy of discards as experienced through the lives and labour of waste-pickers around Uruguay’s largest landfill, Felipe Cardoso. These workers are known as clasificadores [classifiers] in recognition of their role separating whatever can be recovered from the waste stream from that which cannot. Conducted from a base next to the landfill as a resident of the COVIFU housing cooperative, 12 months of continuous fieldwork and several subsequent visits consisted principally of participant observation conducted with neighbours who worked the waste stream at nearby dumps, recycling plants, and informal yards. The thesis builds on post-human discard studies by recognising the agentive role of the non-human in consecrating materials not only as waste, but also as a ‘commons’. A central idea is that Montevideo’s waste stream is comparable to the historic English commons in several key regards. These include the manner in which disputes over property status centre on use/ access rather than exchange/ ownership; the customary rights which are claimed by vulnerable subjects; and the provision of a refuge from wage labour. A central disciplinary contribution is forged by combining a renewed ethnographic interest in the commons with a historical perspective and the insights of the anthropology of infrastructure, kinship, and materiality. The commons that emerges is neither romantic nor post-capitalist but a vital, temporarily de-commodified space that thrives in the shadow of municipal infrastructure. The thesis is structured by the relationship between Montevideo’s waste commons and its attempted enclosure. Chapter two weaves ethnography of private and public sector waste managers with the history of municipal waste disposal in the city. It pinpoints technologies of containment and elimination as integral to a policy of ‘hygienic enclosure’ deemed necessary to limit waste’s capacity for hygienic and aesthetic chaos as part of attempts to grasp an ever-elusive infrastructural modernity. Chapter three moves from enclosure to the commons. It draws on ethnography conducted at the Felipe Cardoso landfill and explores waste-picker resistance to attempted hygienic enclosure before turning to historical comparison with the English commons. Chapter four narrows in on two material encounters – with melted ice-cream and plastic potatoes – that draw attention to the ways that particular materialities and affordances of what clasificadores call requeche (leftovers) prefigure both their emplacement in the waste stream and their extraction from it. Clasificador praxis is also shown to disturb the boundaries of the landfill as well as those separating subjects from objects and rural from urban commons. Chapter five returns to infrastructure, demonstrating how waste sustains relations of care while also being ‘reversed’ by the social infrastructure of clasificador kin-based labour. The final chapter draws on ethnography conducted at Montevideo’s Aries recycling plant, arguing that recent government waste policy blends clasificadores’ value-based approach to the waste-stream with a Catholic orientation towards the accompaniment of the poor. In privileging jobs for clasificadores, the state maintains a link between waste and vulnerability but encloses only a small fraction of waste-pickers in hygienic plants while dispossessing many more.

Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

Thèse de doctorat--Philosophie--The Hague--Institue of social studies, 2004.

Orientador: Tirza Aidar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T07:01:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GuidottiGonzalez_CarolinaAlondra_M.pdf: 1037100 bytes, checksum: 8bb20ac181360f5777bbb4830a711d62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este trabalho delimita o panorama das configurações familiares em que os idosos montevideanos moram e das transferências em que participam, partindo de dados das Encuestas Continuas de Hogares do Instituto Nacional de Estadística del Uruguay, dos anos 2001 e 2007 e da pesquisa Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento, realizada pela Organização Pan-americana da Saúde de 2000. O objetivo é investigar em que medida os idosos, beneficiários do sistema de previdência social com alta abrangência (que os coloca numa situação econômica relativamente favorecida em relação aos grupos mais jovens), participam das dinâmicas de redistribuição desses benefícios nos hogares em que vivem com outras gerações. Com esse objetivo é elaborada uma caracterização dos hogares com idosos, considerando as condições de vida destes e as possíveis transferências de recursos e serviços dos quais participam. O estudo parte da hipótese de que a desigualdade sócio-econômica é peça chave para compreender as dinâmicas de transferências dentro e entre os hogares, assim como para delimitar as formas de solidariedade intergeracional nos mesmos / Abstract: This work outlines the framework of the family configurations in which the elderly population of Montevideo lives and the transfers they are involved. We will use data, obtained in 2001 and 2007, from the survey Encuesta Continua de Hogares of the Instituto Nacional de Estadística del Uruguay (National Institute of Statistics of Uruguay), and, also, from the survey on Health, Well-Being and Aging by the Pan American Health Organization of year 2000. The main objective is to investigate how older people, which are recipients of a broad social protection system and have an economic situation relatively better than the younger groups, participate of household intergenerational distribution dynamics. In order to achieve this goal, we elaborated a characterization of the elderly's households, considering the life conditions, the resources and service transfers in which they participate. The initial hypotheses is that the socioeconomic inequality is the key for understand the transfer dynamics into, and between the households and for delimiting the types (classes) of intergenerational solidarity / Mestrado / Mestre em Demografia

Submitted by PPG Hist?ria (historia-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-10-03T17:24:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o- J?ssica Tuany Wiadetski vers?o final.pdf: 11012072 bytes, checksum: 289c098f6780add7bb4d1c8ff24463d7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-10-04T12:44:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o- J?ssica Tuany Wiadetski vers?o final.pdf: 11012072 bytes, checksum: 289c098f6780add7bb4d1c8ff24463d7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-04T13:15:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o- J?ssica Tuany Wiadetski vers?o final.pdf: 11012072 bytes, checksum: 289c098f6780add7bb4d1c8ff24463d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / La presente tesis de maestr?a trata de comprender la actuaci?n de los Clubes de Grabado de Porto Alegre y de Montevideo, dentro del marco temporal de las d?cadas de 1950 y 1960, en el contexto de la Guerra Fr?a. El grabado es utilizado por los clubes como medio de difusi?n art?stica y herramienta de concientizaci?n social y valorizaci?n de temas populares, a partir de sus variados niveles de compromiso pol?tico y social, de acuerdo con el club analizado. Esas agremiaciones buscaban la producci?n del arte para el pueblo y sobre el pueblo, de manera que ?ste fuera retratado en sus universos del cotidiano y del trabajo. Tomando tal direcci?n art?stica y pol?tica, los clubes siguieron por el Realismo Social en vez de adoptar el Realismo Socialista, no teniendo en cuenta a los dogmas sovi?ticos, a pesar de compartir el imaginario art?stico de izquierda. A lo largo de esta tesis de maestr?a, es realizado un breve hist?rico del grabado y sus funciones art?sticas, sociales y su potencialidad para la escritura de la historia. A continuaci?n, por medio de una perspectiva comparativa, son relatadas las experiencias de los clubes de grabado, que se encuentran en el panorama hist?rico nacional e internacional de la Guerra Fr?a y se habla sobre sus intenciones ut?picas. Despu?s, son analizados los grabados seleccionados de ambos los clubes, de modo que puedan ser expresadas las memorias que est?n en ellos, sus vestigios de otras temporalidades y resignificaciones en el transcurso del tiempo y los motivos que las inspiraron. / A presente disserta??o procura compreender a atua??o dos Clubes de Gravura de Porto Alegre e de Montevid?u, dentro do marco temporal das d?cadas de 1950 e 1960, no contexto da Guerra Fria. A gravura ? utilizada pelos clubes como meio de difus?o art?stica e ferramenta de conscientiza??o social e valoriza??o de temas populares, a partir dos seus variados n?veis de engajamento pol?tico e social, de acordo com o clube analisado. Essas agremia??es procuravam a produ??o da arte para o povo e sobre o povo, de maneira que este fosse retratado nos seus universos do cotidiano e do trabalho. Seguindo tal vi?s art?stico e pol?tico, os clubes enveredaram pelo Realismo Social em vez de adotarem o Realismo Socialista, n?o se alinhando aos dogmas sovi?ticos, apesar de compartilharem o imagin?rio art?stico de esquerda. Ao longo da disserta??o, ? feito um breve hist?rico da gravura e suas fun??es art?sticas, sociais e sua potencialidade para a escrita da hist?ria. Em um segundo momento, atrav?s de uma perspectiva comparativa, s?o relatadas as experi?ncias dos clubes de gravura, inseridos no panorama hist?rico nacional e internacional da Guerra Fria e se discorre sobre suas inten??es ut?picas. Ap?s, s?o analisadas gravuras selecionadas de ambos os clubes, de modo que possam ser exprimidas as mem?rias nelas contidas, os seus vest?gios de outras temporalidades e ressignifica??es ao longo do tempo e os motivos que as inspiraram.

As cidades podem ser definidas como sistemas abertos altamente dependentes do seu entorno para a provisão dos recursos naturais e eliminação dos resíduos. Abarcando 2% da superfície da terra, elas consomem aproximadamente 75% de seus recursos, expulsando resíduos em escala similar. Na atualidade, 50% da população mundial habita em cidades e é estimado que esta porcentagem ascenderá a 70% no 2050. Em particular, a América Latina apresenta uma crescente população urbana. No ano 1970, 57 % da população era urbana e estima se que se atinja 81% no 2025. O Uruguai é o país de América Latina de maior porcentagem de população urbana: 93%, em 2010. A Análise de Fluxos de Materiais (AFM) é una metodologia de avaliação do campo da economia ecológica que tem sido pouco considerada na planificação ou gestão urbana regional. Argumenta-se que essas abordagens são as que podem dar luz a um modelo de desenvolvimento de cidades mais sustentáveis, contribuindo para a definição de políticas publicas ambientais. O objetivo do trabalho é estimar quantitativamente o consumo doméstico de materiais (CDM) para a cidade de Montevidéu, no período entre os anos 2002 e 2009. Os principais desafios do trabalho foram a inexistência de metodologias de consenso de aplicação regional e a dificuldade na aquisição de dados, os quais se encontram em sua maioria desagregados em diferentes instituições públicas e privadas. O referencial metodológico adotado foi o proposto por EUROSTAT, aplicado a nível nacional pelas maiores economias da OCDE. O trabalho propõe uma estratégia de ponderação que permite a passagem da escala nacional á urbana, Os resultados obtidos evidenciam um aumento no consumo de materiais em Montevidéu na serie de anos analisada, sendo 80% deles de origem não renovável no ano 2009. A indústria da construção é responsável por mais de 50% do consumo total. A estimação quantitativa do CDM, para a cidade de Montevidéu, é um primeiro passo na identificação de alternativas para uma menor intensidade no uso de materiais, condição indispensável para um relacionamento mais equilibrado entre os sistemas socioeconômicos e o médio ambiente. O CDM de Montevidéu é uma ferramenta em processo, passível de ser aprimorada em futuros trabalhos. A principal dificuldade deste trabalho foi a compatibilização dos diferentes critérios de classificação de materiais da metodologia da EUROSTAT e das bases de dados nacionais. / Cities can be defined as open systems that are highly dependent on their environment for the provision of natural resources and waste disposal. Although cities only cover 2% of the surface of the earth, they consume 75% of its resources. Currently, 50% of the world population lives in cities and it is estimated that this number will rise to 70% in the year 2050. This phenomenon is remarkable in Latin America. While in 1970 its urban population was 57%, it is expected to climb to 81% by 2025. In this context, Uruguay is the country of Latin America that present the higher rate of urban population: 93% (year 2010). The Material Flow Analysis (MFA) (an evaluation methodology from the field of ecological economics) has not been contemplated on regional planning and urban management. However, it is argued that these approaches can enlighten the development of more sustainable cities contributing to the definition of environmental public policy. The aim of this work is to quantify the domestic consumption of materials (fossils, minerals and biomass) for the city of Montevideo, Uruguay for the years 2006 and 2009. At this point, the main barriers are the lack of agreed on regional implementation methodologies and the difficulty with data acquisition. The methodological guide to be used is the one defined by Eurostat, applied nationally for several years by the greatest OECD economies. The paper proposes a weighting strategy that allows the passage from a national scale to an urban one.The results obtained for the period of time analized show an increase in consumption of materials and energy. For instance, the consumption of non-renewable sources reached 80% for the year of2009. On this period, the construction industry was responsible for the 50% of the total consumption. This diagnosis let us perceive the paths to follow in order to reduce the intensity of the use of materials and energy, wich is imperative to create a balanced relationship between socioeconomic systems and the environment. The DMC of Montevideo is a tool in the process, which can be improved in future works. The main difficulty of this work was to reconcile the different criteria of classification of materials from EUROSTAT methodology with national databases.