Esta pesquisa apresenta a especificação, desenvolvimento e aplicação de um sistema de mapeamento de indícios de mediação em ambientes virtuais de ensino-aprendizagem – AVEA. Este sistema visa o apoio ao processo de mediação pedagógica a professores que desenvolvem atividades vinculadas a Educação a Distância – EAD, objetivando reduzir a sobrecarga de trabalho desses na identificação e acompanhamento da evolução das mediações realizadas no ambiente. Para isso, utilizamos técnicas de mineração de textos com o emprego de mecanismos de inferência bayesiana para identificação de categorias de mediação a partir de interações realizadas entre os participantes de um curso na modalidade a distância. A validação do sistema e avaliação dos resultados foi realizada através de um estudo de caso, aplicado em uma disciplina de um curso de Pós-Graduação da UFRGS na área de Informática na Educação. Os dados utilizados nesta pesquisa foram obtidos a partir das interações armazenadas no ambiente virtual de ensino-aprendizagem Moodle do Centro Interdisciplinar de Novas Tecnologias na Educação. No decorrer da investigação foram selecionados estudantes da disciplina para mapeamento das interações realizadas. Com o mapeamento de tais interações e identificação das categorias de mediação para cada estudante, foram gerados gráficos e relatórios com informações sobre o processo de mediação. As categorias de mediação auxiliam na identificação dos níveis de mediação. Na análise dos resultados, as informações obtidas em tais gráficos e relatórios foram trianguladas com informações provenientes da entrevista com um dos tutores e a visão do pesquisador envolvido no estudo de caso. Os resultados apontam que a utilização de um sistema de mapeamento de indícios de mediação em ambientes virtuais de ensino-aprendizagem, com adoção da tecnologia de mineração de textos, torna possível a identificação de níveis de medição dos participantes de um curso na modalidade a distância. / This research presents the specification, development and employ of a system to mapping evidences of mediation on Virtual Learning Enviroments – VLE. This system aims to support the mediation process to teachers who develop educational activities related to distance education, aimed at reducing the workload of the teacher during the identification and attendance of the mediations evolution in the environment. For this, we use techniques of text mining with the employ of bayesian inference mechanisms to identify mediations categories from the users interactions in the online course. The system validation and evaluation of results were performed through a case study applied to a discipline of graduate course of the UFRGS about Computers in Education. The data used in this research were achieved from the interactions stored in the Moodle virtual learning environment of the Interdisciplinary Center of New Technologies in the Education. During the investigation were selected students from the discipline to interactions mapping. With the interactions mapping and identification of the mediations categories for each student were created graphics and reports with informations about mediation process. The mediation categories aid to identify levels of mediation. In analyzing the results, the information obtained from such graphs and reports were triangulated with information from an interview with the tutor and the vision of the researcher involved in the case study. The results shown that the use of a system to mapping evidences of mediation in virtual learning environments, with the choice of the text mining technology makes it possible to identify levels of mediation of the participants of a course in the distance modality.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-09T15:34:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Sérgio Nilson de Faustino.pdf: 42690030 bytes, checksum: 4268fc77ce04e3f14d1cb5c02da6518e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-10T15:07:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Sérgio Nilson de Faustino.pdf: 42690030 bytes, checksum: 4268fc77ce04e3f14d1cb5c02da6518e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T15:07:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Sérgio Nilson de Faustino.pdf: 42690030 bytes, checksum: 4268fc77ce04e3f14d1cb5c02da6518e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-10 / The present work deals with a proposal for the teaching of electrochemistry concepts in Basic Education from a Virtual Learning Environment (AVA) using the Moodle collaborative tool, with a CTSA (Science-Technology-Society-Environment) approach aiming at minimizing The learning difficulties of the students in the concepts in electrochemistry in High School. The students' interactions with the platform during the course design and implementation and the interactions in the AVA in use were studied. The methodology chosen was qualitative- quantitative research. As a data collection instrument, questionnaires were used to evaluate the proposal for the electrochemical teaching process and the didactic proposal presented. Data collection was carried out at a public high school in the city of João Pessoa- PB. The reference framework used was based on Vygotsky's theory, highlighting the social interactions between the subjects and the process of internalization of the knowledge, that through it is that the subjects begin to carry out their activities, that under guided guidelines they develop gradually, they learn to realize Them independently. The target audience were xx high school students of the public network of the State of Paraíba. The results were systematized in graphs and tables were then discussed. After analyzing the data obtained, we conclude that the study pointed out that the use of the virtual Moodle learning environment when planned and systematized has the potential to collaborate with meaningful learning, as long as it provides a favorable environment for pedagogical mediation. At the end of this research was carried out a tutorial as an educational product so that the school can take advantage of this pedagogical proposal. / O presente trabalho trata-se de uma proposta para o ensino de conceitos de eletroquímica na Educação Básica a partir de um Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA), utilizando atividade colaborativa no Moodle, com enfoque CTSA (Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade- Ambiente) visando minimizar as dificuldades de aprendizagem dos estudantes nos conceitos em eletroquímica no Ensino Médio. Foram objetos de estudo as interações dos estudantes com a plataforma Moodle durante a elaboração e organização do curso e as interações no AVA em seu percurso. A metodologia escolhida foi a Pesquisa quali-quantitativa. O instrumento de coleta de dados aplicado foi o questionário para avaliação da proposta para o processo de ensino de eletroquímica e da proposta didática apresentada. A coleta de dados realizou-se numa escola pública de ensino médio na Cidade de João Pessoa- PB. O pressuposto teórico utilizado tomou como base a teoria de Vygotsky, destacando as interações sociais entre os sujeitos e o processo de internalização dos conhecimentos. Pois, por meio dela é que os sujeitos começam a desempenhar suas atividades, através de orientações guiadas se desenvolvem gradativamente, aprendem a realizá-las de maneira independente. O público alvo foram 17 alunos do ensino médio da rede pública do Estado da Paraíba. Os resultados encontrados foram sistematizados em gráficos e Tabelas. Após a análise dos dados obtidos, concluímos que o estudo apontou que o uso do ambiente virtual de aprendizagem Moodle quando planejado e sistematizado possibilita um ambiente favorável à mediação pedagógica e colaborativa, com a aprendizagem bastante significativa por ser interativa e possibilitar ao estudante o acesso às aulas virtuais. Ao final desta pesquisa foi realizado um tutorial como produto educacional para que a escola possa usufruir desta proposta pedagógica.

Esta tese teve como objetivo analisar dificuldades de aprendizagem apresentadas por alunos de Cálculo Diferencial e Integral, bem como testar possibilidades de superar tais dificuldades por meio de recursos tecnológicos. Na primeira fase da pesquisa, foram realizadas análises de erros cometidos por estudantes de Cálculo, inicialmente de uma turma de Sistemas de Informação e, na sequência, de uma turma de Engenharia. Em ambos os testes identificou-se que as maiores dificuldades se referiam a conteúdos de Matemática Básica, pré-requisitos para o Cálculo. O trabalho teve como pressupostos teóricos as ideias de Ausubel, Tall, Vinner e de autores que discutem aprendizagem de Álgebra, visto que os erros mais encontrados nas análises se referiam à aplicação da propriedade distributiva da multiplicação sobre a adição. A metodologia de investigação é quanti-qualitativa e está baseada nos pressupostos da Pesquisa Baseada em Design. Foi aplicado, também, um teste de estilos de aprendizagem, a fim de identificar quais os estilos preferenciais dos estudantes, o que guiou a construção de um Objeto de Aprendizagem voltado para a propriedade distributiva. Na segunda fase da pesquisa, foram realizadas atividades na Plataforma MOODLE, com alunos de Cálculo Diferencial e Integral I. Inicialmente, os estudantes responderam a um questionário que envolvia conteúdos de matemática básica, a fim de que fossem identificadas suas dificuldades. A partir delas, os grupos de alunos foram direcionados a objetos de aprendizagem, dentre os quais se tem o objeto construído na primeira etapa. Após o estudo com os objetos, os estudantes foram desafiados a discutir em fóruns, nos quais lançaram-se novas questões sobre as dificuldades encontradas. Nessa discussão, observou-se que muitas das considerações feitas nos pressupostos teóricos foram confirmadas. Por fim, foi aplicado um segundo questionário, semelhante ao primeiro, com fins de comparação do desempenho dos alunos envolvidos na pesquisa. A partir da análise estatística dos resultados, pode-se afirmar que houve uma melhora substancial no desempenho do grupo, o que indica que o trabalho realizado cumpriu com os objetivos propostos. Ainda, foi realizada uma entrevista com uma das professoras responsáveis pelo Laboratório de Aprendizagem da Instituição onde o trabalho foi desenvolvido, na qual foi salientada a importância de realizar uma pesquisa que possa dar subsídios para uso de recursos tecnológicos no Laboratório, para auxiliar os alunos a localizar e remediar suas dificuldades. / This thesis aims to analyze learning difficulties presented by students of Differential and Integral Calculus and test possibilities to overcome these difficulties through technological resources. In the first phase of the research, error analyzes were performed using results from a Calculus test, initially from a group of Information Systems students and, afterward, from a group of Engineering students. In both tests, it was found that the main difficulties refer to Basic Mathematics content, prerequisites for the Calculus discipline. The work is based in conceits of Ausubel, Tall, Vinner and other authors who discuss learning Algebra, since the most common errors referred to the application of the distributive property of multiplication over addition. The research methodology is quantitative-qualitative and is based on assumptions of Research-Based Design. It was also applied a learning style test in order to identify the preferred styles of students, which guided the creation of a Learning Object directed to the distributive property. In the second phase of the research, activities were carried out in the MOODLE platform with students from Differential and Integral Calculus I. Initially, students answered a questionnaire involving basic math content in order to identify their difficulties. From these results, groups of students were directed to Learning Objects, among which is the object constructed in the first stage. After studying with these objects, students were challenged to discuss in forums in which were launched new questions about the difficulties encountered. In this discussion, it was noted that many of the considerations made in the theoretical assumptions were confirmed. Finally, a second questionnaire was applied, similar to the first, in order to compare the performance of the students involved in the research. From the statistical analysis, it can be said that there was a substantial improvement in performance of the group, indicating the work complied with the proposed objectives. An interview was conducted with one of the teachers responsible for the Learning Laboratory where the research was developed, in which was highlighted the importance of conducting a study to sustain the use of technological resources in the Laboratory, in order to help students locate and remedy its difficulties.

Esta pesquisa apresenta a especificação, desenvolvimento e aplicação de um sistema de mapeamento de indícios de mediação em ambientes virtuais de ensino-aprendizagem – AVEA. Este sistema visa o apoio ao processo de mediação pedagógica a professores que desenvolvem atividades vinculadas a Educação a Distância – EAD, objetivando reduzir a sobrecarga de trabalho desses na identificação e acompanhamento da evolução das mediações realizadas no ambiente. Para isso, utilizamos técnicas de mineração de textos com o emprego de mecanismos de inferência bayesiana para identificação de categorias de mediação a partir de interações realizadas entre os participantes de um curso na modalidade a distância. A validação do sistema e avaliação dos resultados foi realizada através de um estudo de caso, aplicado em uma disciplina de um curso de Pós-Graduação da UFRGS na área de Informática na Educação. Os dados utilizados nesta pesquisa foram obtidos a partir das interações armazenadas no ambiente virtual de ensino-aprendizagem Moodle do Centro Interdisciplinar de Novas Tecnologias na Educação. No decorrer da investigação foram selecionados estudantes da disciplina para mapeamento das interações realizadas. Com o mapeamento de tais interações e identificação das categorias de mediação para cada estudante, foram gerados gráficos e relatórios com informações sobre o processo de mediação. As categorias de mediação auxiliam na identificação dos níveis de mediação. Na análise dos resultados, as informações obtidas em tais gráficos e relatórios foram trianguladas com informações provenientes da entrevista com um dos tutores e a visão do pesquisador envolvido no estudo de caso. Os resultados apontam que a utilização de um sistema de mapeamento de indícios de mediação em ambientes virtuais de ensino-aprendizagem, com adoção da tecnologia de mineração de textos, torna possível a identificação de níveis de medição dos participantes de um curso na modalidade a distância. / This research presents the specification, development and employ of a system to mapping evidences of mediation on Virtual Learning Enviroments – VLE. This system aims to support the mediation process to teachers who develop educational activities related to distance education, aimed at reducing the workload of the teacher during the identification and attendance of the mediations evolution in the environment. For this, we use techniques of text mining with the employ of bayesian inference mechanisms to identify mediations categories from the users interactions in the online course. The system validation and evaluation of results were performed through a case study applied to a discipline of graduate course of the UFRGS about Computers in Education. The data used in this research were achieved from the interactions stored in the Moodle virtual learning environment of the Interdisciplinary Center of New Technologies in the Education. During the investigation were selected students from the discipline to interactions mapping. With the interactions mapping and identification of the mediations categories for each student were created graphics and reports with informations about mediation process. The mediation categories aid to identify levels of mediation. In analyzing the results, the information obtained from such graphs and reports were triangulated with information from an interview with the tutor and the vision of the researcher involved in the case study. The results shown that the use of a system to mapping evidences of mediation in virtual learning environments, with the choice of the text mining technology makes it possible to identify levels of mediation of the participants of a course in the distance modality.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-06-17T13:47:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - David Brito Ramos.pdf: 4100632 bytes, checksum: 1dbc884d0e02bf6156a6f4c85f22cc88 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-06-17T13:48:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - David Brito Ramos.pdf: 4100632 bytes, checksum: 1dbc884d0e02bf6156a6f4c85f22cc88 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-06-17T13:48:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - David Brito Ramos.pdf: 4100632 bytes, checksum: 1dbc884d0e02bf6156a6f4c85f22cc88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-17T13:48:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - David Brito Ramos.pdf: 4100632 bytes, checksum: 1dbc884d0e02bf6156a6f4c85f22cc88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-04 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The Educational area has received great benefits with the use of internet and digital media. Along with new technologies, Virtual Learning Environments (VLE) emerged, in which students and teachers can interact synchronously and asynchronously. The Distance Education began to use the VLE as the main tool to mediate the relationship between students, teachers and content. However, it also has been used as a support tool in blended learning and even the presential teaching. Virtual Learning Environments collect data about users that can be useful to define the learner's profile, his/her behavior and identify their difficulties and needs. Thus, the teacher or the AVA itself can personalize learning and maintain a real-time monitoring. One way to perform a learner monitoring is by observing the actions that he/she takes within the system, these actions make paths that are known as learning paths. In this sense, a Systematic Review of the Literature (SLR) to identify how these paths are represented in VLEs was held. The advantage in the use of learning paths is the transparent monitoring, i.e. no information is requested directly from the learner, the data collected tend to match as close as possible to their actual situation. This work, therefore, describes a model for identification and representation of learning paths that presents a view of actions performed in the LMS Moodle. The model extracts the data stored in database records and uses the structure of graphs as a basis for modeling the information about the students learning paths and present them visually to teachers and tutors. In order to validate the model, a plugin that uses Web standards was developed for Moodle, where its possibilities of use were investigated and validated through analysis of several real scenarios and an application questionnaire based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The proposed model was applied in two courses offered by the Institute of Computing (ICOMP) during the second academic semester of the year 2015 and proved promising in carrying out the monitoring of learners through a visual tool that aids in behavior analysis through the learning paths. / A área de educação recebeu grandes benefícios com o uso da Internet e das mídias digitais. Por meio do uso de novas tecnologias, surgiram os ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem (AVA), no qual discentes e docentes podem interagir de forma síncrona e assíncrona. A Educação a Distância (EaD) passou a utilizar o AVA como principal ferramenta para mediar a relação entre alunos, professores e conteúdo. No entanto, ele também tem sido utilizado como ferramenta de suporte no ensino semipresencial e até mesmo no presencial. Ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem coletam dados sobre os usuários que podem ser úteis para definir o perfil do aprendiz, o seu comportamento e identificar suas dificuldades e necessidades. Com isso, o docente, ou o próprio AVA, pode personalizar o aprendizado e manter um acompanhamento em tempo real. Uma das formas de monitoramento do aprendiz pode ser realizada por meio da observação das ações que ele executa dentro do sistema, sendo que essas formam caminhos que são conhecidos como Trilhas de Aprendizagem (TA). Nesse sentido, foi realizada uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (RSL) que identificou como essas trilhas são representadas no AVAs. A vantagem no uso de trilhas de aprendizagem é que se trata de um monitoramento transparente, ou seja, sem solicitação de informações diretamente do aprendiz, os dados coletados tendem a corresponder o mais próximo possível da sua situação real. Este trabalho, portanto, descreve um modelo de identificação e representação de trilhas de aprendizagem que apresenta uma visualização de ações realizadas no AVA Moodle. O modelo extrai os dados contidos nos registros do banco de dados e utiliza a estrutura de grafos, como base, para modelar as informações sobre as trilhas de aprendizagem dos alunos e apresentá-las visualmente aos docentes e tutores. Para validar o modelo, um plugin que utiliza padrões da Web foi desenvolvido para o Moodle, onde foram investigadas suas possibilidades de uso e validação por meio de análise de diversos cenários reais e aplicação de questionário baseado no modelo de aceitação de tecnologia (TAM). O modelo proposto foi aplicado em duas disciplinas ofertadas pelo Instituto de Computação (IComp), durante o segundo semestre letivo do ano de 2015 e mostrou-se promissor em realizar o acompanhamento dos aprendizes por meio de uma ferramenta visual que auxilia na análise de comportamento por meio das trilhas de aprendizagem.

Esta tesis doctoral reúne información relevante para validar el modelo educación piramidal aplicado en caso de estudio “Enseñanza de la ingeniería web en las carreras de Ciencias de la Computación en la Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador”. En este documento se narra en que consiste el modelo Educación Piramidal y todos los aspectos que se deben tener en cuenta al aplicarlo en un programa académico. El objetivo principal de la investigación es proponer este modelo como una herramienta para el aprendizaje colaborativo por medio de la utilización de una plataforma tipo e-Learning. En el caso de estudio se propone aplicar el modelo para la enseñanza de la ingeniería web entendiéndose este término como la aplicación de metodologías sistemáticas, disciplinadas y cuantificables al desarrollo eficiente, operación y evolución de aplicaciones de alta calidad en la World Wide Web. El esfuerzo que se realiza en esta investigación propone aplicar el modelo educación piramidal en la enseñanza de la ingeniería web; permitiendo que los participantes tengan a su disposición el apoyo de un tutor para facilitar el proceso de aprendizaje en las diferentes temáticas que se abordan en estos programas de estudio, que representan un reto para el aprendizaje de los participantes. Para aplicar el modelo se desarrolló una plataforma tipo e-Learning a través de la cual se valida el modelo intercambiando en todo el proceso de formación los roles de discente y docente, la plataforma que se propone se denomina WIKS la cual ha sido desarrollada para realizar trabajo colaborativo y ejecutar las pruebas piloto que permita validar el modelo Educación Piramidal. El modelo está enfocado en trabajar de forma colaborativa entre los diferentes actores involucrados en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje; sigue los parámetros jerárquicos que intervienen en una pirámide, donde la parte más alta representa un nivel de privilegio mayor, los contenidos académicos se incorporan en una plataforma tecnológica a través de la cual los participantes intercambian los roles de “docente” y “discente”. A través de la plataforma WIKS se implementa el modelo educación piramidal, sin duda es una herramienta que sumará esfuerzos para enfrentar los nuevos desafíos de las sociedades. El 2020 fue un año atípico; la humanidad experimentó una pandemia que hizo que las políticas públicas de los países llevaran a varios confinamientos a su población cambiando completamente los esquemas tradicionales de trabajo. En todas las áreas los negocios se tuvieron que reinventar para operar, las empresas en muchas de sus operaciones migraron a teletrabajo, incluyen restaurantes los cuales realizaron cambios drásticos en su tradicional forma de trabajo, y en el caso de la educación tanto pública como privada, paso de la presencialidad a modalidad síncrona; donde muchas instituciones por no estar preparadas se vieron en la penosa situación de cerrar. Esta tesis doctoral es conformada por cinco capítulos, en cada uno se abordan temáticas que de forma gradual desarrollan los diferentes objetivos propuestos. El capítulo 1: Hace la introducción al contenido a desarrollar, así como describe la conjetura, los objetivos, el estado del conocimiento que a su vez tiene subtemas, este apartado finaliza con la metodología. El capítulo 2: Describe el modelo educación piramidal y su funcionamiento, enfatizando la metodología formal causal. El capítulo 3: Aborda la aplicación del modelo Educación Piramidal en el Caso de Estudio Enseñanza de la Ingeniería Web en las carreras de Ciencias de la Computación en la Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador. El capítulo 4: Desarrolla todo el escenario de la plataforma tipo e-Learning propuesta, desde su funcionamiento, forma de trabajo y aplicación en el caso de estudio. El capítulo 5: Describe las conclusiones de la tesis doctoral en las cuales se hace una valoración del impacto en los cambios de paradigmas que el modelo Educación Piramidal genera, también se escriben las principales limitaciones y las líneas de trabajo futuro con respecto al modelo. Este documento resulta interesante y será una base fundamental para los cambios que deben hacerse en los sistemas educativos tradicionales.

Information technology is nowadays a essential part of student's everydays life. Current e- learning technologies are based on the basic teacher-student relationship. This work presents a new way how to make the learning process more effective by bringing the student's interaction to the next level.

Problem Statement: The implementation and use of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) has been ascribed as a transformative drive across the world, especially to improve the human capacity development of individuals in Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs). However, developing countries are still struggling to harness the productive capacity of their ICT resources. The ICT index of ‘access, use and skills’ in developing countries is less than 50%, whilst that for developed countries is above 75%. Whilst HEIs have incorporated ICTs, the uptake of the Learning Management Systems (LMS) is low, with the expected objectives remaining largely unachieved and the full potential of the technologies not realised. A myriad of challenges have contributed to the low uptake of ICT projects in resource-limited settings ranging from limited ICT expertise, cost and complexity of implementation, inadequate training, lack of top management support, poor organisational culture, limited infrastructure and resistance to change. Whilst these challenges play a significant role in limiting uptake, the role of user resistance to LMS implementation in HEIs has not been fully explored. Purpose of study: This study offered an explanatory critique of user resistance and its implications on low uptake of LMS in HEIs. The objective was to examine how resistance behaviours manifested from lecturers during implementation of an LMS in an HEI of a developing country context. The study identified different forms of lecturer resistance behaviours and examined how they manifested to cause low uptake of the LMS. It also analysed the nature of responses and/or strategies from management and ICT implementers towards the lecturer resistance behaviours during LMS implementation. Furthermore, the study examined how contextual factors influenced manifestation of resistance practices in relation to habitus, capital and field positions of lecturers, management and ICT implementers. Research methodology: The study adopted an interpretive research paradigm and drew on Bourdieu`s Theory of Practice (TOP) framework and the Multilevel Model of Resistance to Information Technology Implementation (MRITI) as theoretical lens, to analyse the manifestation, interaction and logic of user resistance towards LMS implementation in HEIs. The study analysed data from semi-structured interviews and project documents to highlight issues of incorporating ICTs into teaching and learning. More data and field notes came from participant observations during the implementation of the LMS (Moodle). The case of Omega University in Zimbabwe was used as a representation of an HEI in a developing country context. Key findings: User resistance affected the implementation and uptake of Moodle. The different forms of resistance behaviours that manifested from lecturers during Moodle implementation were disinterest, minimal use, refusal to use, pessimism, withdrawal, avoidance, prioritisation and delegation. The forms were classified into four episodes; apathy, passive resistance, covert resistance and active resistance. Aggressive forms of resistance were not found in this study. Delegation of responsibilities was a unique form in that it falsified and misrepresented acceptance of Moodle despite harbouring resistance tendencies; like two sides of the same coin. Resistance behaviours manifested during Moodle implementation due to initial conditions that interacted with objects and triggers of resistance to generate perceived threats in lecturers. Initial conditions were Omega`s management model, its ICT structure and ICT culture, whilst the objects of lecturer`s resistance were mostly towards ‘Moodle advocates’ and less towards ‘Moodle features’ or ‘Moodle significance’. Therefore, lecturer resistance behaviours were directed towards external rather than internal factors with regard to the LMS. The triggers of lecturer resistance were grouped into management, infrastructure and personal triggers. Perceived threats from lecturers were either fear of loss of relevance, status, jobs or increased workloads. The positive responses and/or strategies from management and ICT implementers were acknowledgment, reward innovation, rectification, effective training and user consultations, whilst the negative responses were inaction, dissuasion, enforcement, no reward for innovation, ineffective training, and absence of change management. Due to other underlying contextual factors, the nature of these responses neither reduced lecturer resistance nor enhanced the low uptake of Moodle. Contextual factors in form of differences in habitus and forms of capital influenced lecturer resistance as well as practices of management and ICT implementers during Moodle implementation. Lecturer resistance was caused by the following habitus: prior exposure to technology, age-related habitus, technophobia and pedagogical beliefs and the following forms of capital: qualifications, position, academic titles and employment status. The practices of management and ICT implementers were driven by the habitus of implementing, supporting, training of ICT projects, providing ICT infrastructure as well as developing and enforcing ICT policies. The following forms of capital motivated management and ICT implementers` practices: prestige, honour, level of Moodle expertise and university positions. Contribution of the study: The study contributed to knowledge, theory and practice. First, the study provided a deeper conceptualisation of user resistance towards the implementation of ICT projects and suggested theoretical propositions to explain how lecturer resistance manifested during the implementation of LMS in HEIs. Second, the study developed a unified conceptual framework by integrating Bourdieu`s TOP and MRITI to explain resistance practices during LMS implementation in HEIs. Third, the study provided recommendations for managers and ICT implementers in Zimbabwean HEIs and similar contextual settings, to address user resistance issues by creating effective responses and strategies aimed at improving the design, implementation and uptake of LMS in HEIs. Additionally, recommendations were provided for HEIs who wish to achieve ‘technological determinism’ and/or ‘techno-centrism’, to implement policies that equip intended technology users with all the knowledge components of TPACK (Technology, Pedagogy and Content Knowledge). Finally, technology implementers should resolve exogenous issues in the institution before system implementation to avoid users directing focus on endogenous factors. This intervention and understanding may lead to the realisation of the full potential of ICT projects and achievement of expected objectives in HEIs of developing countries.

With the enormous competition in the industry, organizations must frequently find better ways to embrace organizational learning. This research study advocates eLearning to be one of the best methods for organizational learning, and this is the study’s main area of interest. This research explored a case at a telecommunication organization named ComTek (pseudonym). The research study addressed a problem of eLearning low usage rate, which resulted in ComTek not meeting their set learning targets during the time of the study. The usage rate was measured using the number of enrolled assessments. The study uses qualitative methods to propose a conceptual framework to understand the causes of low eLearning usage. This conceptual framework illustrated the use of the activity theory elements to understand the problem of eLearning low usage, paired with the use of cloud computing services to access eLearning, and the use of content delivery techniques to help understand eLearning low usage. This conceptual framework took advantage of cloud services like Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). This research study focused on the periods from 2016 to 2017 for collecting data and creating an understanding of the research setting, while other data was derived from historical documents about the phenomenon studied. During this period, there was inadequate literature about cloud computing and other aspects to consider within the domain of telecommunication organizations. The literature study, therefore, comprised of literature from different domains. During the study, ComTek used eLearning with the aid of learning management systems (LMS) to manage learning and leverage employee skills. During the period of the study compared to other years, about 50% of assessments had a usage rate of below 80%, a standard target established by ComTek as a benchmark, placing compliance and training at a low rate. Of the 50% of assessments, some were just above 40% in usage rate, were of a high stake, and were in the categories of compliance and training iv assessments. While this was the case, this study did not consider the technical implementation of the application systems involved, and did not create any form of intervention, but focused on understanding the activities that were involved in the learning environment. This research study used a paradigm that was constructive and interpretive in nature, using qualitative methods with the belief that there were multiple realities in understanding the situation at ComTek and possible solutions to it. To unpack the multiple realities, an exploratory case study was conducted as a research approach. In this study, the researcher used multiple data collection methods, including open-ended questionnaires and unstructured interviews. / School of Computing

Användandet av Learning Management Systems, LMS, har bidragit till att digitalisera lärande. Den här studien genomförs inom ramen för projektet CriseIT, vilket undersöker möjligheten till att använda digitala verktyg för krisövningar. Ett alternativ som används inom CriseIT är LMS, där en tidigare studie använt Canvas LMS. På uppdrag från CriseIT-projektet genomförs i den här studien en jämförande studie mellan Canvas LMS och Moodle LMS, där fokus hamnar på installation, konfiguration och skapandet av en kurs. Den här studiens syfte är undersöka vad som krävs för att installera, konfigurera och skapa en kurs i Canvas respektive Moodle. Studien ska klargöra vilka likheter och skillnader LMS:en har inom den avgränsningen. Resultat visar på totalt 41 steg för både Canvas och Moodle för att genomföra installation, konfiguration och skapande av en kurs, något som visar på att LMS:en liknar varandra i en överskådlig analys. Slutsatser visar på att skillnaderna främst återfinns i hur installation, konfiguration och skapandet av en kurs genomförs. Likheterna återfinns i vad som faktiskt utförs i varje steg, det vill säga att färdiga installationer av Canvas och Moodle påminner mycket om varandra.