Abstract The object of this study is to investigate the flow induced vibration of cable structures. Two various methods, Eigenvalue method and Cable dynamics method, are used to evaluate, the natural frequencies of structures. Vortex shedding frequencies are introduced in order to compare with the natural frequencies mentioned above. The results determine whether the phenomenon of resonance or Lock-in occur. This study has four parts. The first part is the dynamic analysis of an underwater cable Depending on the various boundary conditions, the study discusses, the system of towing cable and mooring cable in which the maximum horizontal displacement and the maximum dynamic response amplitude are found in different ocean environment. The second part is a linear Eigenvalue analysis for natural frequencies of cable structures. The third part compare the results based on the two methods , Cable dynamics and Eigenvalue method. The former obtain tension results that are important to determine the natural frequencies of structures by theoretical formula. The results of natural frequencies from the letter are compared to those in the former. The fourth part is mainly to calculate vortex shedding frequencies resulting in the relative motion between structures and fluid. The final results found in the fourth part are necessary to compare with part three, so as to determine whether the resonance or Lock-in occur.

The purpose of this report is not only to improve the cage volume deformation problem during typhoon attack but also to perform the risk analysis for a single-point-mooring (SPM) net cage system when employed in the open sea. This SPM cage system has advantages over the traditional multi-mooring lines cage system, especially when the water depth is deeper than 50m, which may prohibit divers from checking the security of anchors as well as installing the mooring system at a precise position due to the difficulty in deploying anchors in the deep and restless ocean. But the SPM cage system has no such deploying problems, and yet offers some benefits such as: (1) having environmental eco-friendly feature, the uneaten feeds could spread in a vast area and thus reduce the intensity of pollution, (2) employing only one mooring line means saving a lot of construction cost, (3) a precise location is not required and thus relatively easier to be installed at any sites, and (4) easier to connect or remove cages from the mooring system. So far the SPM cage systems have become one of the most potential cage systems in the world. For example, Israel and Canada have individually developed their own SPM cage systems. This study also follows this trend and focuses on developing a new system which is suitable to Taiwan marine environment. The numerical model for cage motion equations are solved based on the lumped mass method which produces the maximum mooring line strength and the minimum of the volume deformation. As for the risk analysis for mooring line consists of two procedures: at first to form a loading probability density function, which is based on the recent data records forming significant wave probability density function and its corresponding mooring tension probability density function of rope through beta distribution technique; secondly to form a strength capacity probability density function, which is given by a rope manufacture company. Finally, the breaking risk of mooring lines is obtained by calculating the intersection area of loading and strength capacity probability density functions. The results show that the cage with a portal frame has good performance in general, especially when the sea states are rigorous. In other words, the frame-cage could maintain about 2 times net volume compared with the cage without a frame. However, the advantage of frame-cage is not obvious when the sea states are mild. Besides, the distance of frame ropes to the cage will also affect the net volume deformation, the trend shows that the net volume deformation increases with the decreasing of the distance of frame ropes. Finally assuming there are four typhoons per year attacking on the net cage system, the recommended replacing period of nylon mooring line (diameter 55 mm)is about 7 years, while for PET mooring line (diameter 50 mm)is about 13.4 years. The failure risk probability of nylon and PET mooring lines at the recommended replacing years are about 0.49 and 0.48~0.49 respectively. Therefore, we strongly recommend marine farmers to use PET ropes instead of nylon and have to replace those ropes before the failure occurs.

For an offshore platform structure applied to wave-energy conversion system, in order to catch the maximum waves to generate more powers, similar to wind-energy power generators, a range of angles for the devices normal to the propagating direction of incident waves is required, particularly when the power converting system has directional preference. That is one essential reason why a single mooring offshore platform system is so important in the development of an offshore wave-energy conversion system. The single mooring-system would allow the offshore wave-energy conversion system to turn freely in accordance to the action of strong directions of propagating waves and in this way, most energy induced from the incident waves can be caught and converted into reusable powers. The aims of this study are firstly, based on previous studies to further modify a single moored offshore platform system that may subject to less wave forces in the sea and, secondly, to verify the efficiency of single-moored system by carrying out an experimental testing on a simple single-moored floating platform system in the water tank.

The search for new solutions for the generation of energy is becoming more and more important for our future. Big arguments and disagreements on e.g. the questions of gas transport or the dependence on energy supplied by other countries raise demands on the development of new forms of alternative energy resources. Wave power is one of the main sources of renewable energy due to the high power density stored in ocean waves. Nevertheless, the dynamic forces of waves are so large that serious questions popped up on how to design a system which could work even in an unfavourable wave climate or could at least retain working capabilities after big storms without significant damages. This thesis studies the reliability of the mechanical parts of a linear direct driven permanent magnet generator. The results of offshore experiment where strain gauge sensors instrumented on the capsule and the inner framework structure are presented. Stress estimation analyses using strain gauges are carried out. A method for measuring forces and moments in the mechanical structure of the WEC is developed. Evaluation of the lateral force acting on the outer structure is a key factor for the design and construction of the WEC. A method for the measurement of the lateral force acting on the capsule has been developed. A study of the inclination angle between the Wave Energy Converter and the floating buoy has been carried out. The aim of this work is to contribute to the development of wave energy conversion system, and especially to the estimation of structural loads which are important for the survivability of the system under hard sea states. This work is a step that may influence future design of wave energy devices in terms of material aspect, survivability in a hard wave climate and cost-effective renewable energies.

A vibração induzida por vórtices - VIV é um assunto muito estudado na engenharia oceânica, tendo seu nome adaptado para VIM por ocasião de observação semelhante em plataformas do tipo Spar no Golfo do México. Com o início da utilização de plataformas monocolunas, especificamente com a instalação da Sevan Piranema no Nordeste Brasileiro, em 2007, questionou-se sobre a ocorrência deste fenômeno nestas unidades de seção cilíndricas, aplicando cargas não previstas aos sistemas de ancoragem, e eventualmente tornando estes subdimensionados. Em um primeiro momento, foi realizado estudo detalhado sobre os trabalhos já realizados na área, e tendo sido encontrado material insuficiente sobre o VIM em plataformas monocolunas, buscou-se a sua caracterização em termos de amplitudes e períodos de oscilação a partir de ensaios em tanques de prova, estratégia justificada pela dificuldade em se obter tais resultados de forma confiável via uma abordagem analítica e/ou numérica. Posteriormente, com o objetivo de se verificar o impacto do VIM nas cargas extremas, e principalmente na fadiga do sistema de ancoragem, foram realizadas análises com dois métodos distintos encontrados na literatura. Em linhas gerais, o primeiro método é descrito como aquele que considera a aplicação do VIM via movimentos equivalentes aos identificados experimentalmente e o segundo, por sua vez, via a consideração apenas das respectivas forças. Para esses estudos foi analisado o sistema de amarração em um cenário típico, sob condições ambientais de vento, onda e correnteza. Finalmente, dada a sua importância observada nos resultados, foram discutidas as relações entre o VIM e alguns fatores externos, tais como: a razão de aspecto da plataforma; a presença concomitante de ondas e o amortecimento viscoso atuante nas linhas de ancoragem, sendo apresentados para este último uma comparação dos resultados obtidos numericamente com aqueles experimentais. / The vortex induced vibration VIV is a main subject studied in the offshore engineering, having its name adapted to VIM by the occurrence in Spar platforms in the Gulf of México. As the first monocolumn unit, the Sevan Piranema, was in Northeast Brazil in 2007, VIM occurrence in cylindrical units like this was questioned, having the mooring lines design dimensioned without this load. Firstly a detailed study about the works developed in this field was performed, and not being found enough publications about VIM in monocolumns, its characterization was aimed in terms of oscillation amplitude and period through model tests, due to the difficulty to obtain reliable results by means of analytical or numerical approaches. Later, with the objective of verifying the impact of VIM in extreme loads and, mainly, in fatigue damage, analyses with two different methods found in the literature were performed. The first consider the application of VIM as a motion in the numerical model, based on the experimental results, and the second applies the observed forces. For these studies the mooring system for a typical scenario was analyzed, under the wave, wind and current environmental force. At last, due to the importance observed from the results, there were discussed the relation of VIM with some external factors, like span wise relation, presence of waves and viscous damping, being presented for this last a comparison of the numerical model results with the experimental is presented.

A vibração induzida por vórtices - VIV é um assunto muito estudado na engenharia oceânica, tendo seu nome adaptado para VIM por ocasião de observação semelhante em plataformas do tipo Spar no Golfo do México. Com o início da utilização de plataformas monocolunas, especificamente com a instalação da Sevan Piranema no Nordeste Brasileiro, em 2007, questionou-se sobre a ocorrência deste fenômeno nestas unidades de seção cilíndricas, aplicando cargas não previstas aos sistemas de ancoragem, e eventualmente tornando estes subdimensionados. Em um primeiro momento, foi realizado estudo detalhado sobre os trabalhos já realizados na área, e tendo sido encontrado material insuficiente sobre o VIM em plataformas monocolunas, buscou-se a sua caracterização em termos de amplitudes e períodos de oscilação a partir de ensaios em tanques de prova, estratégia justificada pela dificuldade em se obter tais resultados de forma confiável via uma abordagem analítica e/ou numérica. Posteriormente, com o objetivo de se verificar o impacto do VIM nas cargas extremas, e principalmente na fadiga do sistema de ancoragem, foram realizadas análises com dois métodos distintos encontrados na literatura. Em linhas gerais, o primeiro método é descrito como aquele que considera a aplicação do VIM via movimentos equivalentes aos identificados experimentalmente e o segundo, por sua vez, via a consideração apenas das respectivas forças. Para esses estudos foi analisado o sistema de amarração em um cenário típico, sob condições ambientais de vento, onda e correnteza. Finalmente, dada a sua importância observada nos resultados, foram discutidas as relações entre o VIM e alguns fatores externos, tais como: a razão de aspecto da plataforma; a presença concomitante de ondas e o amortecimento viscoso atuante nas linhas de ancoragem, sendo apresentados para este último uma comparação dos resultados obtidos numericamente com aqueles experimentais. / The vortex induced vibration VIV is a main subject studied in the offshore engineering, having its name adapted to VIM by the occurrence in Spar platforms in the Gulf of México. As the first monocolumn unit, the Sevan Piranema, was in Northeast Brazil in 2007, VIM occurrence in cylindrical units like this was questioned, having the mooring lines design dimensioned without this load. Firstly a detailed study about the works developed in this field was performed, and not being found enough publications about VIM in monocolumns, its characterization was aimed in terms of oscillation amplitude and period through model tests, due to the difficulty to obtain reliable results by means of analytical or numerical approaches. Later, with the objective of verifying the impact of VIM in extreme loads and, mainly, in fatigue damage, analyses with two different methods found in the literature were performed. The first consider the application of VIM as a motion in the numerical model, based on the experimental results, and the second applies the observed forces. For these studies the mooring system for a typical scenario was analyzed, under the wave, wind and current environmental force. At last, due to the importance observed from the results, there were discussed the relation of VIM with some external factors, like span wise relation, presence of waves and viscous damping, being presented for this last a comparison of the numerical model results with the experimental is presented.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-28T12:37:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_Doutorado_EngCivil_FMGF_2016_[digital].pdf: 9767217 bytes, checksum: e33d3971801fd7f7f68b85fc05826ba3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T12:37:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_Doutorado_EngCivil_FMGF_2016_[digital].pdf: 9767217 bytes, checksum: e33d3971801fd7f7f68b85fc05826ba3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-29 / Ao esgotar as reservas de hidrocarbonetos em terra e águas rasas, a indústria vem explorando e produzindo petróleo em águas profundas e ultraprofundas. No entanto, a verificação hidrodinâmica de novos sistemas flutuantes de produção continua usando as metodologias consagradas, especialmente os ensaios em tanques oceânicos de laboratório. A utilização de modelos em escala reduzida vem sendo adotada desde os primeiros projetos em águas rasas e continua até hoje nos projetos em águas ultraprofundas. No entanto, os ensaios em profundidades superiores a 1.500m necessitam de um fator de escala muito elevado, com diversos problemas associados, dentre eles as dificuldades de acomodar as linhas de ancoragem e as incertezas relacionadas a modelos muito pequenos. Dentre as soluções possíveis, os ensaios híbridos (numérico-experimental) se apresentam como a solução mais viável para verificação experimental em águas ultraprofundas, em especial o ensaio híbrido passivo. Esse tipo de ensaio é organizado em etapas, sendo a primeira delas responsável pela definição do sistema truncado. Se essa etapa não for executada de forma satisfatória, o sucesso do ensaio pode ser comprometido. Assim, a fim de minimizar essa questão, propõe-se nesta tese de doutorado uma forma sistemática para encontrar sistemas truncado equivalentes, considerando os efeitos estáticos e dinâmicos, através da utilização de ferramentas de otimização. Nesse sentido, a abordagem adotada utiliza um simulador para análise estática e dinâmica de estruturas offshore denominado Dynasim e um algoritmo de otimização baseado em gradiente através do sistema Dakota. Também é utilizada a metodologia de planejamento de experimentos para identificar os fatores que influenciam as respostas estática e dinâmica do problema, evitando o uso de variáveis de projeto irrelevantes no estudo da otimização. Ressalta-se que essa metodologia não foi aplicada em outros trabalhos no contexto de sistemas de ancoragem truncado, segundo nosso conhecimento. Além disso, analisa-se o projeto ótimo do sistema truncado em várias condições ambientais, cujo interesse é verificar a concordância dele com o sistema de ancoragem na profundidade completa. Devido ao elevado custo computacional envolvido nessa verificação, utiliza-se a computação de alto desempenho, com processamento paralelo, para viabilizar a realização dessas análises. Como é demonstrado neste trabalho, a metodologia proposta facilita a busca de sistemas de ancoragem truncado equivalente preservando as características estáticas e dinâmicas do sistema de ancoragem completo. São apresentados e discutidos quatro casos, os dois primeiros se referem a casos simplificados, o terceiro é baseado na literatura e o quarto é baseado em um cenário real. Os resultados obtidos nos casos estudados mostram que os sistemas truncados equivalentes encontrados conseguem reproduzir o comportamento dos sistemas completos para as condições verificadas. / With the depletion of onshore and offshore shallow-water reserves, the industry has exploited and produced oil in deep water and ultra-deepwater. However, the hydrodynamic verification of new floating production systems continues using the established methodologies, especially by carrying out tests on ocean basin laboratories. Small-scale model tests have been used since the first projects in shallow water and continue today in the projects in ultra-deepwater. However, tests in depths above 1,500m require a very high scale factor, which poses several complications, among them the difficulties to accommodate the mooring lines and the small models related uncertainties. Among the possible solutions, the hybrid testing (numerical and experimental) are the most feasible solution to experimental verification in ultra-deepwater, especially the hybrid passive systems test. Such test is divided into steps, the first one responsible for the definition of the truncated system. If this step is not performed satisfactorily, the success of the test may be compromised. Thus, in order to minimize this issue, a systematic way to find equivalent truncated systems, considering the static and dynamic effects through the use of the optimization tools is proposed in this doctoral thesis. Accordingly, the approach adopted uses a numerical simulator, called Dynasim, for static and dynamic analysis of offshore structures, and a gradient based optimization algorithm, given in Dakota computational system. Additionally, the design of experiments methodology is used to identify the factors that influence the static and dynamic responses of the problem, avoiding the use of irrelevant design variables in the optimization process. It has to be emphasized that this methodology has not been used in other works in the context of truncated mooring systems, to our knowledge. Furthermore, the optimal design of the truncated system is analyzed for several environmental conditions. The aim is to verify the agreement of the truncated mooring system with system in the full-depth. Due to the high computational cost involved in the verification, we use the high-performance computing, with parallel computation, to perform the analyzes. As shown in this work, the proposed methodology easy the search for equivalent truncated mooring systems preserving the static and dynamic characteristics of full-depth mooring systems. Four case studies are presented and discussed. The first two refer to simplified cases; the third is based on the literature and the fourth is based on a real scenario. The results in each case show that the truncated equivalent system found can reproduce the behavior of full-depth system for the verified conditions.