Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-05-25T12:40:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Paulino Taveira de Souza - 2014.pdf: 849596 bytes, checksum: eee793790a2c7f7fd7862d10195991fc (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-05-25T12:44:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Paulino Taveira de Souza - 2014.pdf: 849596 bytes, checksum: eee793790a2c7f7fd7862d10195991fc (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-25T12:44:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Paulino Taveira de Souza - 2014.pdf: 849596 bytes, checksum: eee793790a2c7f7fd7862d10195991fc (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-05 / Grazing livestock activity remains the most used, viable and inexpensive technique in Brazil. However, is necessary the use of technologies to reduce the grasslands degradation, forage production seasonality and, especially, the nutritional value loss, particularly as a result of nitrogen (N) deficiency in Brazilian soils. Besides composing amino acids and proteins, nitrogen is part of several key molecules for plant life, being one of the most responsible for the increased tissues flow which can provide greater leaf area index and forage production. In this context, biological nitrogen fixation can be used as an alternative to increase the forage productivity reducing the nitrogenous fertilizers spend and improving the forage quality. Nitrogen fixation provided by the biological process is less prone to leaching and volatilization, making the biological process a clean and sustainable alternative to provide N in commercial agriculture. As a function of this, target to evaluate the physiological, morphophysiological and bromatological characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture subjected to nitrogen and the Azospirillum brasilense inoculation in Cerrado (Savanna) soil. / A atividade pecuária a pasto continua sendo a técnica mais utilizada, viável e barata no Brasil. No entanto, a utilização de tecnologias se faz necessária para reduzir à degradação das pastagens, a estacionalidade na produção de forrageiras e, principalmente, a perda do valor nutritivo, particularmente, como consequência da deficiência de nitrogênio (N) nos solos brasileiros. Além de compor aminoácidos e proteínas, o nitrogênio faz parte de inúmeras moléculas fundamentais à vida das plantas, sendo um dos principais responsável pelo aumento do fluxo de tecidos podendo, assim, proporcionar maior índice de área foliar e produção de forragem. A fixação biológica de nitrogênio, nesse contexto, pode ser utilizada como alternativa para aumentar a produtividade da forrageira reduzindo os gastos com fertilizantes nitrogenados e melhorando a qualidade da mesma. O nitrogênio fornecido pelo processo de fixação biológica é menos propenso a lixiviação e volatilização, tornando o processo biológico uma alternativa limpa e sustentável para o fornecimento de N na agricultura comercial. Em função disso, objetivou-se avaliar as características fisiológicas, morfofisiológicas e químico-bromatológicas do pasto de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu submetido a doses de nitrogênio e a aplicação de Azospirillum brasilense em solo do Cerrado.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-11-30T11:20:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodrigo Fernandes de Lima - 2015.pdf: 2077886 bytes, checksum: 41cc0e061b83ff79f5098eb054d1fcda (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-11-30T11:21:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodrigo Fernandes de Lima - 2015.pdf: 2077886 bytes, checksum: 41cc0e061b83ff79f5098eb054d1fcda (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-30T11:21:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodrigo Fernandes de Lima - 2015.pdf: 2077886 bytes, checksum: 41cc0e061b83ff79f5098eb054d1fcda (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The neonatal development is stimulated by various hormonal interactions. Environmental pollutants that mimic steroid hormones, such as bisphenol A (BPA) can cause changes in the pattern of development of the prostate, leading to lifelong lesions. The objective of this study was to determine whether neonatal exposure to BPA affects the development of prostate gerbils males and females. For this, the newborns were exposed to environmental levels (LBPA - 40 μ / kg / day) and high dose (HBPA - 4 mg / kg / day) of BPA, from 1st to the 7th day of life. On the eighth day, the prostatic complexes were collected and processed for morphological analysis, stereological and immunohistochemistry. It was observed through the three-dimensional reconstruction that in males the prostatic buds have elongated in a "V" form towards the ventral condensed mesenchyme (VMP). The stereological data of males showed a significant increase in the relative frequency of the mesenchymal compartment in the LBPA group compared to other groups (p ≤ 0.05). The AR-positive cells became significantly more frequent in the periurethral mesenchyme (PEM), ventral epithelial buds (VB) and muscle layer (SM) in the BPA group. There was a reduction in the frequency of PCNA-positive cells in the periurethral buds (PeB) and in the SM of the LBPA group. In females, the three-dimensional reconstruction showed that PeBs can emerge from one or both sides of the urethra and it was also visible a significant paraurethral mesenchyme (MAP) reduction in the BPA group. Only females of the HBPA group apparently presented paraurethral buds (PAB) more developed. In the LBPA group it was observed an increase in the AR-positive cells frequency in the PeM and a decrease of these cells in the PeB and mesenchyme paraurethral (PaM). In the HBPA group the AR-positive cells were more frequent in the PeM and PaB and reduced in PeB and PaM. PCNA-positive cells became significantly less frequent in the PaB and PaM of LBPA and HBPA groups. Regarding the ER-α positive cells in the group LBPA females showed a reduction in the immunoblots of PeM and MS, whereas in the group HBPA this reduction occurred only in the PaM. This study revealed that the postnatal development of the prostate of female gerbils occurs earlier and are morphologically distinct from what occurs in males of the same species. Furthermore, it can be seen that the BPA exerted a proliferative effect on the prostate gland of males and females with eight days of postnatal life, though females being more susceptible to this environmental chemicals. / O desenvolvimento neonatal é estimulado por diversas interações hormonais. Os poluentes ambientais que mimetizam hormônios esteróides, como o bisfenol-A (BPA), podem causar alterações no padrão de desenvolvimento da próstata, levando a lesões ao longo da vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a exposição neonatal ao BPA afeta o desenvolvimento da próstata de gerbilos machos e fêmeas. Para isso, os recém-nascidos foram expostos a níveis ambientais (LBPA – 40 μ/kg/dia) e doses elevadas (HBPA – 4 mg/kg/dia) de BPA, do 1° ao 7º dia de vida. No oitavo dia, os complexos prostáticos foram coletados e processados para as análises morfológica, estereológica e imunohistoquímica. Com a reconstrução tridimensional observamos que nos machos os brotos prostáticos se alongaram em forma de “V” em direção ao mesênquima condensado ventral (VMP). Os dados estereológicos dos machos demonstraram um aumento significativo na frequência relativa do compartimento mesenquimal do grupo LBPA em relação aos demais grupos (p ≤ 0,05). As células AR-positivas tornaram-se significativamente mais frequentes no mesênquima periuretral (PeM), brotos epiteliais ventrais (VB) e camada muscular (SM) dos grupos tratados com BPA. Ocorreu uma redução na frequência de células PCNA-positivas nos brotos periuretrais (PeB) e na SM do grupo LBPA. Em fêmeas, a reconstrução tridimensional demonstrou que os PeBs podem emergir de um ou ambos os lados da uretra e também foi visível uma significativa redução do mesênquima parauretral (PaM) nos grupos tratados com BPA. Apenas as fêmeas do grupo HBPA apresentaram brotos parauretrais (PaB) aparentemente mais desenvolvidos. No grupo LBPA observou-se um aumento na frequência de células AR-positivas no PeM e uma diminuição destas células no PeB e mesênquima parauretral (PaM). No grupo HBPA as células AR-positivas tornaram-se mais frequentes no PeM e PaB, contudo sofreram redução no PeB e PaM. Células PCNA-positivas tornaram-se significativamente menos frequentes no PaB e PaM dos grupos LBPA e HBPA. Em relação às células ER-α positivas, nas fêmeas do grupo LBPA observou-se uma redução das imunomarcações no PeM e SM, enquanto que no grupo HBPA essa redução ocorreu apenas no PaM. Este estudo revelou que o desenvolvimento pós-natal da próstata de fêmeas de gerbilos é mais precoce e morfologicamente distinto do que ocorre nos machos da mesma espécie. Além disso, pode-se observar que o BPA exerceu um efeito antiproliferativo sobre a glândula prostática de machos e fêmeas com oito dias de vida pós-natal, sendo as fêmeas mais susceptíveis a este químico ambiental.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Deise Dalazen Castagnara.pdf: 536549 bytes, checksum: e14e79db4c67625bd7ab5dd08b4d5ddd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-26 / Universidade Federal do Pampa / The experiment was developed in the experimental farm "Professor Antonio Carlos dos Santos Pessoa", in an experimental area of the Center of Agrarian Sciences, of Oeste Paraná's State University - Campus Marechal Cândido Rondon in a Red Latosol, with the objective evaluates the application of growing doses of nitrogen (N) on three tropical forages. The design used were randomized complete block in factorial outline 4x3 (four doses of N (0; 40; 80 and 160 kg ha-1) and three tropical forage grasses (Panicum maximum cv. mombaça, Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania and Brachiaria hybrid sp Mulato)), with three repetitions. The evaluations were initiate in December of 2008, after the standardization cut and application of the fertilization nitrogen. The morphogenic characteristics were obtained by the technique of demarcation of the tillers, while the structural and productive characteristics were appraised in the occasion of the cut that was accomplished with regrowth age of 42 days. The bromatological composition was determined in the material sampled by occasion of the cut. The effect of doses of nitrogen was compared through regression analysis and, for choice of the model, was considered significance of 5% for the coefficients of the equations and the determination coefficient. The forages were compared by Tukey test to 5% of probability. The emergence taxes and prolongation of leaves presented positive lineal answer to the doses of N, while the phyllochron answered in a negative lineal way, with the superiority of the tanzania and mombaça grasses. There were not significant effect of the doses of N, grasses and interaction about the duration of life of the leaves and on the senescência tax to foliate. There was quadratic effect of the doses of N on the tax of prolongation of stems, the final length of leaves, and the height of the dossal with the superiority of the tanzania and mombaça grasses. The number of alive leaves for tiller presented positive lineal behavior in response to the doses of N, while the perfilhos density presented quadratic behavior. For the perfilhos density there was effect of the interaction, and the mulato grass presented density of superior perfilhos to the others. Effect lineal negative of the doses of N was detected on the variable relationship leave/stem. The diameter of the base of the stem was only influenced by the grasses. For the productions of matter total drought, of leaves and of stems significant effect of the doses of N was verified, of the foragers and of the interaction. As for the nutritional composition, for the tenor of crude protein (CP) significance of the interaction of the factors was verified, while the tenors of fiber neutral detergent (FND) answered from a quadratic way to the doses of N. The tenors of fiber acid detergent (FAD) were influenced just by the grasses. There was significant effect of the doses of N and of the interaction on the tenors of mineral matter. The manuring nitrogen influenced positively most of the morphogenic, structural, productive and nutritional characteristics studied, suggesting that his use can be beneficial to elevate the productive indexes and to improve the nutritional quality of the pastures / O estudo foi desenvolvido na fazenda experimental Professor Antonio Carlos dos Santos Pessoa , pertencente ao Centro de Ciências Agrárias, da UNIOESTE - Campus Marechal Cândido Rondon em um Latossolo Vermelho, com o objetivo de estudar a aplicação de doses crescentes de nitrogênio (N) sobre três forrageiras tropicais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4x3 (quatro doses de N (0; 40; 80 and 160 kg ha-1) e três gramíneas tropicais (Panicum maximum cv. tanzânia e Brachiaria sp híbrida mulato)), com três repetições. As avaliações iniciaram-se em dezembro de 2008, após o corte de uniformização e a aplicação da adubação nitrogenada. As características morfogênicas foram obtidas pela técnica de marcação dos perfilhos, enquanto as características estruturais e produtivas foram avaliadas na ocasião do corte que foi realizado com uma idade de rebrota de 42 dias. A composição bromatológica foi determinada no material amostrado por ocasião do corte. Os efeitos de doses de nitrogênio foram comparados por meio de análise de regressão e as forrageiras foram comparadas por meio do teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. As taxas de aparecimento e alongamento de folhas apresentaram resposta linear positiva às doses de N, enquanto o filocrono respondeu de forma linear negativa, com a superioridade dos capins tanzânia e mombaça. Não houve efeito significativo das doses de N, forrageiras e interação sobre a duração de vida das folhas e sobre a taxa de senescência foliar. Houve efeito quadrático das doses de N sobre a taxa de alongamento de colmos, o comprimento final de folhas, e a altura do dossel com a superioridade dos capins tanzânia e mombaça. O número de folhas vivas por perfilho apresentou comportamento linear positivo em resposta às doses de N, enquanto a densidade de perfilhos apresentou comportamento quadrático. Para a densidade de perfilhos houve efeito da interação, e a forrageira mulato apresentou densidade de perfilhos superior às demais. Foi detectado efeito linear negativo das doses de N sobre a variável relação folha/colmo. O diâmetro da base do colmo foi influenciado somente pelas forrageiras. Para as produções de matéria seca total, de folhas e de colmos foi constatado efeito significativo das doses de N, das forrageiras e da interação. Quanto à composição nutricional, para o teor de PB foi constatada significância da interação dos fatores, enquanto os teores de FDN responderam de forma quadrática às doses de N. Os teores de FDA foram influenciados apenas pelas forrageiras. Houve efeito significativo das doses de N e da interação sobre os teores de matéria mineral. A adubação nitrogenada influenciou positivamente a maioria das características morfogênicas, estruturais, produtivas e nutricionais estudadas, sugerindo que sua utilização pode ser benéfica para elevar os índices produtivos e melhorar a qualidade nutricional das pastagens

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_ Leandro_ De_Conto.pdf: 674253 bytes, checksum: f8a6acbf927bff01bf737a696bc27bb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-31 / A field experiment was carried out in 2009 at Embrapa Clima Temperado Experiment Station, in Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, to evaluate the effect of different heights and cutting intervals on morphogenetic and structural characteristics of Berseem Clover x Annual Ryegrass association, as well as forage dry matter yield. Treatments consisted of two residual cutting heights (A1= 5 cm and A2= 10 cm) and harvesting intervals based in thermal sums (GD): (IC= 350 GD; IC2= 450 GD and IC3= 550 GD). A complete randomized block design was used with four replications. In each plot three representative ryegrass stems and three stems of clover, were marked. In both forages the following variables were evaluated: number of live leaves (NFV), number of dead leaves (NFM), rate of leaf appearance (TSF) and phylochrone, as well as daily growth rate (TCD) and dry matter yield (MS) of leaves and stems (kg MS/ha). For the clover it also were evaluated rate of stems appearance (TSR), number of nodes per plant (NNP) and number of stems per plant (NRP). For ryegrass and clover the TCD and was higher at the 450 GD interval with 25.5 and 14.9 kg MS, respectively. Yield of leaves for the clover was higher in both cutting heights and for ryegrass it was higher at IC1 at 10 cm height. Yield of stems of clover was higher in IC2 and A2 and for ryegrass it was higher in IC1 and A2. The TSF for clover and ryegrass, in the regrowth cutting was of 0.032 and 0.132 leaves/day, respectively. No considerable number of dead leaves in clover was observed for treatments; however for ryegrass the NFM was higher in IC2 with 2.667 leaves. Evaluations made in clover four weeks after regrowth showed the best results for TSF of 0.247 leaves/day; phylocrone of 4.211 °C/day/leaf in IC2 an TSR of 0.136 stems/day. For NNP and NRP the highest values were in IC3 with 31.815 and 4.390, respectively. The NFV was higher in IC2 and IC3 with 8.709 and 9.168 leaves, respectively, without significant statistical difference. Cuttings made at intervals of 450 GD showed to be the ideal for this type of mixture, where the best forage characteristics were observed, as well as favoring both forage species, mainly the legume which contributes to the pasture quality. Morphogenetic and structural characteristics are not affected by changing from 5 cm to 10 cm the residual cutting height. 12 / O experimento foi conduzido a campo, em área da Embrapa Clima Temperado, no município Capão do Leão, RS, durante o ano de 2009, para avaliar o efeito de diferentes intervalos e alturas de corte sobre as características morfogênicas e estruturais de trevo alexandrino (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) consorciado com azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum) bem como a produção de matéria seca das forrageiras. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas alturas residuais (A1=5 cm e A2=10 cm) e três intervalos entre cortes baseados em somas térmicas (IC1=350 GD; IC2=450 GD e IC3=550 GD). O delineamento utilizado foi blocos completos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram marcadas em cada parcela três perfilhos de azevém e três ramos de t. alexandrino representativos da pastagem. Em ambos foi avaliado o número de folhas vivas (NFV), número de folhas mortas (NFM), taxa de surgimento de folhas (TSF) e filocrono, bem como a taxa de crescimento diário (TCD) e a produção de folhas e caules (kg de MS/ha). No trevo alexandrino também foi avaliado a taxa de surgimento de ramos (TSR), número de nós por planta (NNP) e número de ramos por planta (NRP). A TCD para o azevém e o trevo alexandrino foi maior no intervalo com 450 GD com 25,5 e 14,9 kg de MS respectivamente. A produção de MS de folhas de trevo foi maior em IC2 nas duas alturas de corte, no entanto para o azevém foi maior em IC1 na altura de 10 cm. A produção de MS de caules de trevo foi maior em IC2 e A2 e para o azevém foi maior em IC3 e A2. A TSF para o azevém e o trevo no corte do rebrote foi 0,032 e 0,132 folhas/dia respectivamente. Não foi observado número considerável de folhas mortas para avaliação nos tratamentos para o trevo; já para o azevém o NFM, foi maior em IC2 com 2,667 folhas. As avaliações realizadas no trevo alexandrino quatro semanas após o rebrote apresentaram os melhores resultados para TSF de 0,247 folhas/dia; filocrono de 4,211 °C/dia/folha em IC2 e TSR de 0,136 ramos/dia. Para o NNP e NRP os maiores valores foram em IC3 com 31,815 e 4,390, respectivamente. O NFV foi maior em IC2 e IC3 com 8,709 e 9,168 folhas, respectivamente e iguais estatisticamente. Os cortes realizados com intervalos de 450 graus-dia se mostraram ser os ideais para o manejo desta consorciação tendo em vista que as melhores características forrageiras foram observadas neste, bem como o favorecimento às duas forrageiras, 10 para a leguminosa que acrescenta qualidade à pastagem. As características morfogênicas e estruturais não são afetadas pela elevação da altura de corte de 5 cm para 10 cm.

The study of self-assembling robots represents a promising strand within the emerging field of modular robots research. Self-assembling robots have the potential to autonomously adapt their bodies to new tasks and changing environments long after their initial deployment by forming new or reorganizing existing physical connections to peer robots. In previous research, many approaches have been presented to enable self-assembling robots to form composite morphologies. Recent technological advances have also increased the number of robots able to form such morphologies by at least two orders of magnitude. However, to date, composite robot morphologies have not been able to solve real-world tasks nor have they been able to adapt to changing conditions entirely without human assistance or prior knowledge.In this thesis, we identify three reasons why self-assembling robots may not have been able to fully unleash their potential and propose appropriate solutions. First, composite morphologies are not able to show sensorimotor coordination similar to those seen in their monolithic counterparts. We propose "mergeable nervous systems" -- a novel methodology that unifies independent robotic units into a single holistic entity at the control level. Our experiments show that mergeable nervous systems can enable self-assembling robots to demonstrate feats that go beyond those seen in any engineered or biological system. Second, no proposal has been tabled to enable a robot in a decentralized multirobot system select its communication partners based on their location. We propose a new form of highly scalable mechanism to enable "spatially targeted communication" in such systems. Third, the question of when and how to trigger a self-assembly process has been ignored by researchers to a large extent. We propose "supervised morphogenesis" -- a control methodology that is based on spatially targeted communication and enables cooperation between aerial and ground-based self-assembling robots. We show that allocating self-assembly related decision-making to a robot with an aerial perspective of the environment can allow robots on the ground to operate in entirely unknown environments and to solve tasks that arise during mission time. For each of the three propositions put forward in this thesis, we present results of extensive experiments carried out on real robotic hardware. Our results confirm that we were able to substantially advance the state of the art in self-assembling robots by unleashing their potential for morphological adaptation through enhanced sensorimotor coordination and by improving their overall autonomy through cooperation with aerial robots. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Un modèle de morphogenèse aérienne de graminées fourragères, nommé L grass, a été développé lors de travaux précédents. Le but de la thèse est de proposer une méthode d'insertion de la morphogenèse racinaire dans ce modèle afin de tenir compte de l'impact des ressources telluriques sur la structure et le fonctionnement de la plante.</br>Un simulateur de plante entière de ray-grass anglais (Lolium perenne L.) incorporant (i) des règles d'autorégulation de l'architecture aérienne, (ii) le développement architecturé du système racinaire, (iii) des processus de coordination entre les parties aérienne et racinaire et (iv) un système d'allocation du carbone a été développé. La nature autorégulée du modèle lui permet de reproduire les réponses à l'intensité d'une défoliation et à la compétition pour la lumière sans nécessiter de contrôle central. Le couplage du modèle avec un modèle de sol permet de simuler le développement de la plante subissant différents scénarios d'apport en eau sans nécessiter de consignes morphogénétiques données a priori.</br>La représentation architecturée du système racinaire présente quelques limites, principalement en termes de ressources informatiques, pour les simulations de peuplements. Afin de pallier ces limites, un modèle continu de dynamique de densités racinaires a aussi été incorporé pour simuler l'enracinement. Les comparaisons entre les deux modèles de système racinaire ont montré l'intérêt indéniable des modèles de densités racinaires notamment pour les études à l'échelle d'un couvert végétal. / A model of the shoot morphogenesis of forage grasses, called L-grass, was developed in previous studies. The aim of this thesis is to propose a method for introducing root morphogenesis in the current model so the effect of telluric resources availability can be taken into account for shaping plant form and functioning.</br>A simulator of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) whole plant, which includes (i) the rules of shoot architecture self-regulation,(ii) the architectural development of the root system, (iii) the coordination processes between shoot and root parts and (iv) a system of allocation of carbon, was developed. The self-adaptable character of the model allows the reproduction of the responses to the intensity of defoliation and the competition for sunlight without the need of any central control. The coupling of the model with a soil model enables to recreate the development of the plant undergoing different scenarios of water supply with no requirement of previously established morphogenetic guidelines.</br>The architectural representation of the root system presents some shortcomings, mainly regarding the need in computing power when simulating plant populations. In order to overcome these limitations, a continuous model of the dynamics of root densities has been also incorporated to simulate plant rooting. The comparison between both models of root systems has shown the undeniable interest of modeling root density, especially for the studies at the vegetation cover level.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Feed supplementation of the animals affects the pasture intake and may influence its productive and structural characteristics. Morphogenesis is a valuable tool for the dynamics understanding of the pasture, however the morphogenetic studies related to sorghum culture are still scarce as well as the evaluation of the supplementation effects on these characteristics. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the different levels of supplementation on the morphogenetic characteristics of sorghum forage (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) submitted to continuous grazing of beef steers. The experiment was performed at the Beef Cattle Laboratory of UFSM from January to April, 2013. Morphogenetic measures were taken by the marked tiller technique in order to determine the morphogenetic variables of sorghum forage. The completely randomized experimental design was used, with measures repeated in time, with three treatments and two repetitions (area) for the morphogenetic characteristics. The results of the morphogenetic variables were submitted to variance analysis with 5% of significance level using PROC MIXED. The analyses were performed with the assistance of the statistical package SAS 9.1.3 (2009). By increasing the supplementation level offered to the animals it was observed a lower value for the Number of Live Leafs (2.77, 3.34 and 3.55) and Leaf Elongation Rate (0.06, 0.09 and 0.08) characteristics. The variables Leaf Appearance Rate (0.0041, 0.0043 and 0.039), Leaf Senescence Rate (0.05, 0.06 and 0.11) and Phyllochron (283.96, 265.21 and 278.62) were not influenced by the different supplementation levels. There was a difference among the evaluation periods for the characteristics Leaf Life Span (1081.1, 986.25 and 788.79) and Leaf Elongation Length (350.58, 312.83 and 326.36). For the characteristics Canopy Height, Pseudo Stem Length, and Final Length of Blades there was an interaction between treatment and period. / A suplementação alimentar dos animais afeta o consumo do pasto e pode influenciar suas caraterísticas produtivas e estruturais. A morfogênese é uma valiosa ferramenta para a compreensão da dinâmica do pasto, porém os estudos morfogênicos referentes à cultura do sorgo ainda são escassos, bem como a avaliação dos efeitos da suplementação sobre estas características. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de suplementação sobre as características morfogênicas do sorgo forrageiro (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) submetido ao pastejo contínuo de novilhos de corte. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Bovinocultura de Corte da UFSM no período de janeiro a abril de 2013. Foram tomadas medidas morfogênicas pela técnica de perfilhos marcados para determinação das variáveis morfogênicas do sorgo forrageiro. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo, com três tratamentos e duas repetições (área) para as características morfogênicas. Os resultados das variáveis morfogênicas foram submetidos à análise de variância em nível de 5% de significância, utilizando o PROC MIXED. As análises foram realizadas com auxílio do pacote estatístico SAS 9.1.3 (2009). Ao aumentar o nível de suplementação ofertado aos animais, observou-se menor valor para as características de Folhas Vivas (2,77, 3,34 e 3,55) e Taxa de Alongamento Foliar (0,06 0,09 e 0,08). Não foram influenciadas pelos diferentes níveis de suplementação as variáveis Taxa de Aparecimento Foliar (0,0041, 0,0043 e 0,039), Taxa de Senescência Foliar (0,05, 0,06 e 0,11), Filocrono (283,96, 265,21 e 278,62). Para as características Duração de Vida da Folha (1081,1, 986,25 e 788,79) e Duração de Elongação Foliar (350,58, 312,83 e 326,36) houve diferença entre os períodos de avaliação. Para as características Altura de Dossel, Comprimento de Pseudocolmo e Comprimento Final de Laminas houve interação entre tratamento e período.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The leaf biomass flows of Alexandergrass (Urochloa plantaginea (Link) Hitch), the intensity and frequency of defoliation were evaluated using Zero, 100, 200 or 300 kg ha-1 of nitrogen (N), in the form of urea. The grazing method was continuous with variable number of animals to keep the forage mass in 3000 kg ha-1 DM. The experimental animals were Angus heifers with age and initial average body weight of 15 months and 241.5±5.7 kg, respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized following a repeated measure arrangement measures with four treatments and variable number of experimental units. Application of 100 kg ha-1 N provided higher leaf blades growth flow. The senescence and intake fluxes and defoliation intensity were similar in N fertilizer rates used. The return frequency (days) was influenced by N rates and evaluation periods. It is recommended using 100 kg ha-1 N in Alexandergrass pasture. / Os fluxos de biomassa foliar do papuã (Urochloa plantaginea (Link) Hitch), a intensidade e frequência de desfolha foram avaliados com o uso de Zero, 100, 200 ou 300 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio (N), na forma de ureia. O método de pastejo foi contínuo com número variável de animais para manter a massa de forragem em 3000 kg ha-1 de MS. Os animais experimentais foram bezerras Angus com idade e peso corporal médio inicial de 15 meses e 241,5±5,7 kg, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo, com quatro tratamentos e número variável de unidades experimentais. O uso de 100 kg ha-1 de N proporcionou maior fluxo de crescimento de lâminas foliares. Os fluxos de senescência e de consumo e a intensidade de desfolha foram similares nas doses de N utilizadas. A frequência de retorno (dias) foi influenciada pelas doses de N e períodos de avaliação. É recomendada a utilização de 100 kg ha-1 de N em pastagem de papuã.

Forces requises pour les changements de forme au cours de la morphogenèse des tissus sont générés par d’actine et de myosine. Durant ma thèse, je étudié le rôle de la réglementation MyoII par la voie Rho1-Rok durant l’élongation de l’ectoderme ventro-latéral par intercalation cellulaire. Les pulsations de MyoII médio-apicale se déplacent de manière anisotrope vers les jonctions parallèles avec l’axe dorso-ventral (ou jonctions verticales). Ceci provoque le rétrécissement graduel des jonctions qui sont stabilisées par une population de MyoII polarisée dans le plan du tissu et enrichie au niveau de ces jonctions. Les mécanismes cellulaires qui régulent la pulsatilité, la stabilité et la polarité de la myosine II restent à élucider. J’ai identifié deux propriétés cruciales de la dynamique de la myosine II régie par phospho- à savoir la cinétique d’échange gouvernée par les cycles de phosphorylation-déphosphorylation des chaines légères régulatrices de la MyoII (RLC) et l’advection due à la contraction des moteurs sur le réseau de F-actine. Contrôle spatial sur le chiffre d'affaires MyoII établit 2 régimes stables des taux élevés et faibles dissociation résultant dans MyoII polarité. Pulsatilité est un comportement auto-organisé qui émerge à taux de dissociation intermédiaires permettant d'advection MyoII et les régulateurs en amont. Dans la deuxième partie de ma thèse, je l'ai montré que la protéine GPCR- GRsmog et la brume, et la voie G-protéines en aval permettent l'activation progressive des MyoII, établissant pulsatilité et de la stabilité pour produire des déformations de forme polarisées cours de la morphogenèse. / Forces required to power shape changes during tissue morphogenesis are generated by non-muscle MyosinII (MyoII) pulling filamentous actin. During my PhD, I investigated the role of MyoII regulation through the conserved Rho1-Rok pathway during Drosophila germband extension. The morphogenetic process is powered by cell intercalation involving shrinkage of junctions in the dorsal-ventral axis (‘vertical junctions’) followed by junction extension in the anterior-posterior axis. Advances in light microscopy revealed that the actomyosin networks exhibit pulsed contractions to power junction shrinkage, and alternate with steps of stabilization by MyoII enriched on vertical junctions (planar-polarity) to result in irreversible shape changes. Although described in many different contexts, the underlying mechanisms of this ratchet-like behavior remained unclear. Using genetic and biophysical tools, quantitative imaging and subtle perturbations, I identified 2 critical properties underlying MyoII dynamics- turnover governed by phospho-cycling of the MyoII Regulatory Light Chain, and advection due to contraction of the motors on actin networks. Spatial control over MyoII turnover establishes 2 stable regimes of high and low dissociation rates resulting in MyoII planar polarity. Pulsatility is a self-organized behavior that emerges at intermediate dissociation rates enabling advection of MyoII and upstream regulators. In the second part of my thesis, I showed that G protein coupled receptors- GRsmog and Mist, and the downstream G-protein pathway allow step-wise activation of MyoII, establishing pulsatility and stability, to drive polarized shape deformations during morphogenesis.

Lors d’une infection chronique, le virus de l'hépatite C (HCV) circule sous forme de lipoviroparticule (LVP) : particules hybrides associant des composants viraux (ARN, les protéines structurelles) et des composants cellulaires (apolipoprotéines, cholestérol). Au cours de ma thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à identifier la plateforme d'assemblage du HCV, et le rôle du rassemblement des protéines virales par NS2 dans sa formation. Nous avons montré que des interactions de natures différentes sur la membrane du RE sont impliquées dans cette association protéique. Nos résultats suggèrent que des interactions complexes (directes ou via des « membranes résistantes aux détergents » (DRM)) entre les protéines complexées par NS2, peuvent immédiatement précéder la formation LVP. Nous avons également démontré que l’hétérodimère E1E2, les apolipoprotéines B et E (ApoB, ApoE) s’associent en un complexe de protéines dans le réticulum endoplasmique (RE) lorsqu'elles sont exprimées ensembles. Ce complexe se forme au début de l'assemblage du HCV, quelle que soit l'expression des autres protéines virales, et est conservée sur les LVP sécrétées. Basé sur ces données, nous avons proposé un mécanisme expliquant l’initiation de la morphogenèse des LVP. Ensuite, nous avons évalué l'importance de l'association E1E2/ApoE pour le cycle de vie du virus. Nous avons initié une étude pour identifier les acides aminés E1E2 impliqués dans l'interaction avec les apolipoprotéines. Avec ces données, nous souhaitons proposer une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de la morphogenèse du HCV. / In chronic infection, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) circulates as lipoviral particles (LVP): hybrid particles associating viral (RNA, structural proteins) and cellular components (apolipoproteins, cholesterol). During my PhD, we were interested in identifying the HCV assembly platform, and the role of the association of the viral proteins by NS2 during its formation. We showed that different natures of interactions on the ER membrane are involved in this proteic association. Our results suggest that a complex interplay between proteins of the complex formed by NS2, directly or through “detergent resistant membranes” (DRMs) may be immediately followed by LVPs formation. We also demonstrated that E1E2 heterodimer, apolipoproteins B and E (ApoB, ApoE) associate as a protein complex in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when expressed together. This complex is formed early in HCV assembly, regardless the expression of other viral proteins, and is conserved on the secreted LVPs. Based on these data, we proposed a mechanism explaining LVP morphogenesis initiation. Then we assessed the importance of E1E2/ApoE association for viral life cycle. We initiate a study to identify the E1E2 amino acids involved in the interaction with apolipoproteins. With these data, we wished to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of the HCV morphogenesis.