A devolução da estética em prótese ocular está diretamente relacionada ao conhecimento da anatomia e morfologia da íris humana, e uma pintura da íris mais fiel será decorrente de uma boa determinação e reprodução dos sinais anatômicos presentes na íris remanescente do paciente. Nesta pesquisa, foi realizado um estudo dos sinais anatômicos presentes em ambas as íris do globo ocular de 112 indivíduos escolhidos aleatoriamente, através de imagens fotográficas digitais. Foram elaboradas tabelas de avaliação dos sinais: lacunas, anéis de tensão,radiis solaris, sulcos radiais, manchas, flocos de neve, nuvens e anel de gordura, verificando a freqüência com que os mesmos aparecem nas íris consideradas de cor escura (castanho, castanho claro e castanho escuro); de cor clara (azul, verde e cinza) e de média (hazel e âmbar). Os dados obtidos foram processados em análise estatística, através do Teste Exato de Fisher e qui quadrado em nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram que: os sinais anatômicos são menos evidentes nas íris de cor escura, sendo que, as lacunas e os anéis de tensão foram os mais observados e as nuvens não foram observadas. Nas íris de cor clara, os sinais mais observados foram as manchas e os flocos de neve e o anel de gordura não foi observado. As íris de cor média foram as que apresentaram maior variedade de sinais, prevalecendo os anéis de tensão e as lacunas, e os menos freqüentes foram as nuvens e o anel de gordura. O sinal anel de gordura foi observado apenas em indivíduos em idade superior a 50 anos. Por fim, verificou-se também, que as íris direita e esquerda do mesmo indivíduo são similares, mas não iguais, havendo pequenas alterações na quantidade do mesmo sinal presente em ambas. / The devolution of the aesthetics in ocular prosthesis is directly related to the knowledge of the anatomy and morphology of the iris, and a painting of the most fidelity iris will be due to a good determination and reproduction of the present anatomical signs in the patient\'s remaining iris. In this research, the study of the anatomical signs was accomplished in 112 individuals\' human iris, analyzing the right and left irises, through images of digital pictures. Tables of evaluation were created of the signs: tension rings, lacuna, clouds, cholesterol ring, radiis solaris, snow flakes (lymphatic rosary), spots and spastic furrows and later verified the frequency with that the same ones appear in the irises of color blue, green, gray, hazel, amber, brown colors (brown, dark brown and light brown). The sequence of obtained data was processed in statistical analysis, and the results showed that the signs that more they appeared were the lacuna, stress ring and radiis solaris, and the anatomical signs that fewer appeared in the human iris were snow flakes (lymphatic rosary), clouds and cholesterol ring, however the signs of the type cholesterol rings presented the characteristic of being related the patient\'s age (above 50 years). The irises of color amber and hazel were the ones that presented the largest variety of anatomical signs. Already in the irises of brown color (dark brown, brown and light brown), the signs as a whole is less evident. Finally the same individual\'s right and left irises are similar and no same, suffering alteration in the amount of the same sign presented in both.

Neste trabalho, foi realizada a síntese de compostos do sistema PbO CrO3, em especial as composições PbCrO4 e Pb2CrO5, pelo método dos precursores poliméricos, avaliando sua aplicação como pigmentos. Para eliminar o aspecto negativo quanto à toxicidade dos materiais envolvidos, foi realizada a dispersão dos mesmos em SiO2, pelo método sol-gel. As amostras foram caracterizadas estruturalmente por difração de raios X, espectroscopia Raman e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão. Pelos resultados de difratometria de raios X e espectroscopia Raman, foi verificado que o método dos precursores poliméricos possibilita a formação de Pb2CrO5 e PbCrO4 monofásicos para ambas as estequiometrias estudadas. Contudo, as imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostram que as partículas das duas composições apresentam forte coalescência e aglomeração. A caracterização óptica foi realizada pela técnica de reflectância difusa e coordenadas colorimétricas, em que foi determinado que as amostras de PbCrO4 possuem coloração verde-amarelada e que as amostras de Pb2CrO5 possuem coloração que varia do laranja escuro ao vermelho. A dispersão em SiO2 das partículas de Pb2CrO5 foi alcançada, no entanto, este processo provocou a formação de diferentes fases cristalinas, além de alterações na cor, as quais têm uma contribuição significativa da própria matriz SiO2, fato confirmado pela teoria de Kubelka-Munk. A incorporação dessas partículas em uma matriz polimérica de um copolímero de etileno e acetato de vinila (EVA) resultou em uma coloração homogênea da mesma, confirmando a eficácia destas partículas como pigmentos. / In this work, the synthesis of particles from the PbO-CrO3 system, in particular the PbCrO4 and Pb2CrO5 compositions were accomplished, by a polymeric precursor method, evaluating its application as pigments. In order to eliminate the negative toxic aspect of these materials, the dispersion of the same in SiO2 was achieved, by the sol-gel method. The samples were characterized structurally by X-Ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. From X-Ray diffraction and Raman spectra results it was verified that the polymeric precursors method is able to form single phase Pb2CrO5 and PbCrO4 for both studied stoichiometries. Although, scanning electron microscope images revealed that both compositions present strong coalescence and agglomeration of the particles. Optical characterization was carried out by diffuse reflectance technique and colorimetric coordinates. It was verified that the PbCrO4 samples possess green-yellowish coloration and the Pb2CrO5 samples presents coloration that varies from dark orange to red. The dispersion of Pb2CrO5 particles in SiO2 was reached, however, this process causes the formation of different crystalline phases, besides alteration in color, which have a significant contribution from the SiO2 matrix, confirmed by Kubelka-Munk theory. The incorporation of these particles in a polymeric matrix of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) resulted in the coloration of the same, confirming the efficiency of these particles as pigments.

Submitted by Simone Souza (simonecgsouza@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-25T15:07:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Meeg Vicente Andrade.pdf: 751625 bytes, checksum: 9148dd40ee4f716669670cfda0e3eb08 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-08-30T12:05:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Meeg Vicente Andrade.pdf: 751625 bytes, checksum: 9148dd40ee4f716669670cfda0e3eb08 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T12:05:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Meeg Vicente Andrade.pdf: 751625 bytes, checksum: 9148dd40ee4f716669670cfda0e3eb08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-24 / CAPES / Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar características agronômicas e o valor nutritivo da Urochloa brizantha cultivar Marandu, sob estratégias de manejo e aporte nitrogenado. O experimento foi conduzido em Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brasil, na Embrapa Agrossilvipastoril de 03 de outubro de 2012 a 16 de maio de 2013 em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4, com três repetições. Os fatores foram duas estratégias de corte: 25 cm de altura do dossel e 28 dias; e quatro estratégias de aporte nitrogenado: 0 e 80 kg de N.ha-1, somente inoculante e 80 kg de N.ha-1 + inoculante. Amostras pré-corte foram retiradas para caracterizar acúmulo, composição morfológica e valor nutritivo da forragem. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o SAS. A estratégia de 25 cm de altura obteve maior período de rebrotação maior de forragem (2430 kg.ha-1) e de folhas (1515 kg.ha-1). Enquanto a estratégia 28 dias resultou em acúmulo de forragem e de folha menor (1860 e 1230 kg.ha-1, respectivamente). O aporte de nitrogênio mineral associado à fixação biológica de nitrogênio aumenta a proporção de folhas da massa de forragem de capim Marandu. O teor de proteína bruta na forragem de capim Marandu aumenta quando associa-se Azospirillum brasilense com fertilizante mineral. / The objective of this study was to evaluate agronomic characteristics and the nutritive value of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu forage as affected by management strategies and nitrogen supply. The experiment was carried out in Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil, at Embrapa Agrosilvopastoral, from October 3, 2012 to May 16, 2013, in a randomized complete block design in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement with three replications. The factors were two harvest strategies: 25 cm of canopy height and 28 days of rest period; 4 strategies of nitrogen supply: 0, 80 kg of N.ha-1, only 80 kg of inoculant and N.ha-1 inoculant. Pre-harvest samples were collected to characterize forage accumulation, morphologic composition and nutritive value. Data were analyzed using of SAS system. The 25 cm strategy had the higher rest period, which results in higher forage (2430 kg.ha-1) and leaf (1515 kg.ha-1) accumulation. While the 28 days strategy registered lower forage and leaf accumulation (1860 and 1230 kg.ha-1, respectively). Nitrogen supply associated to biological nitrogen fixation increases leaf proportion on the Marandu palisadegrass. Crude protein on the pre-harvest forage mass enhance when associated Azospirillum brasilense with mineral fertilizer.

A devolução da estética em prótese ocular está diretamente relacionada ao conhecimento da anatomia e morfologia da íris humana, e uma pintura da íris mais fiel será decorrente de uma boa determinação e reprodução dos sinais anatômicos presentes na íris remanescente do paciente. Nesta pesquisa, foi realizado um estudo dos sinais anatômicos presentes em ambas as íris do globo ocular de 112 indivíduos escolhidos aleatoriamente, através de imagens fotográficas digitais. Foram elaboradas tabelas de avaliação dos sinais: lacunas, anéis de tensão,radiis solaris, sulcos radiais, manchas, flocos de neve, nuvens e anel de gordura, verificando a freqüência com que os mesmos aparecem nas íris consideradas de cor escura (castanho, castanho claro e castanho escuro); de cor clara (azul, verde e cinza) e de média (hazel e âmbar). Os dados obtidos foram processados em análise estatística, através do Teste Exato de Fisher e qui quadrado em nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram que: os sinais anatômicos são menos evidentes nas íris de cor escura, sendo que, as lacunas e os anéis de tensão foram os mais observados e as nuvens não foram observadas. Nas íris de cor clara, os sinais mais observados foram as manchas e os flocos de neve e o anel de gordura não foi observado. As íris de cor média foram as que apresentaram maior variedade de sinais, prevalecendo os anéis de tensão e as lacunas, e os menos freqüentes foram as nuvens e o anel de gordura. O sinal anel de gordura foi observado apenas em indivíduos em idade superior a 50 anos. Por fim, verificou-se também, que as íris direita e esquerda do mesmo indivíduo são similares, mas não iguais, havendo pequenas alterações na quantidade do mesmo sinal presente em ambas. / The devolution of the aesthetics in ocular prosthesis is directly related to the knowledge of the anatomy and morphology of the iris, and a painting of the most fidelity iris will be due to a good determination and reproduction of the present anatomical signs in the patient\'s remaining iris. In this research, the study of the anatomical signs was accomplished in 112 individuals\' human iris, analyzing the right and left irises, through images of digital pictures. Tables of evaluation were created of the signs: tension rings, lacuna, clouds, cholesterol ring, radiis solaris, snow flakes (lymphatic rosary), spots and spastic furrows and later verified the frequency with that the same ones appear in the irises of color blue, green, gray, hazel, amber, brown colors (brown, dark brown and light brown). The sequence of obtained data was processed in statistical analysis, and the results showed that the signs that more they appeared were the lacuna, stress ring and radiis solaris, and the anatomical signs that fewer appeared in the human iris were snow flakes (lymphatic rosary), clouds and cholesterol ring, however the signs of the type cholesterol rings presented the characteristic of being related the patient\'s age (above 50 years). The irises of color amber and hazel were the ones that presented the largest variety of anatomical signs. Already in the irises of brown color (dark brown, brown and light brown), the signs as a whole is less evident. Finally the same individual\'s right and left irises are similar and no same, suffering alteration in the amount of the same sign presented in both.

Neste trabalho, foi realizada a síntese de compostos do sistema PbO CrO3, em especial as composições PbCrO4 e Pb2CrO5, pelo método dos precursores poliméricos, avaliando sua aplicação como pigmentos. Para eliminar o aspecto negativo quanto à toxicidade dos materiais envolvidos, foi realizada a dispersão dos mesmos em SiO2, pelo método sol-gel. As amostras foram caracterizadas estruturalmente por difração de raios X, espectroscopia Raman e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão. Pelos resultados de difratometria de raios X e espectroscopia Raman, foi verificado que o método dos precursores poliméricos possibilita a formação de Pb2CrO5 e PbCrO4 monofásicos para ambas as estequiometrias estudadas. Contudo, as imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostram que as partículas das duas composições apresentam forte coalescência e aglomeração. A caracterização óptica foi realizada pela técnica de reflectância difusa e coordenadas colorimétricas, em que foi determinado que as amostras de PbCrO4 possuem coloração verde-amarelada e que as amostras de Pb2CrO5 possuem coloração que varia do laranja escuro ao vermelho. A dispersão em SiO2 das partículas de Pb2CrO5 foi alcançada, no entanto, este processo provocou a formação de diferentes fases cristalinas, além de alterações na cor, as quais têm uma contribuição significativa da própria matriz SiO2, fato confirmado pela teoria de Kubelka-Munk. A incorporação dessas partículas em uma matriz polimérica de um copolímero de etileno e acetato de vinila (EVA) resultou em uma coloração homogênea da mesma, confirmando a eficácia destas partículas como pigmentos. / In this work, the synthesis of particles from the PbO-CrO3 system, in particular the PbCrO4 and Pb2CrO5 compositions were accomplished, by a polymeric precursor method, evaluating its application as pigments. In order to eliminate the negative toxic aspect of these materials, the dispersion of the same in SiO2 was achieved, by the sol-gel method. The samples were characterized structurally by X-Ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. From X-Ray diffraction and Raman spectra results it was verified that the polymeric precursors method is able to form single phase Pb2CrO5 and PbCrO4 for both studied stoichiometries. Although, scanning electron microscope images revealed that both compositions present strong coalescence and agglomeration of the particles. Optical characterization was carried out by diffuse reflectance technique and colorimetric coordinates. It was verified that the PbCrO4 samples possess green-yellowish coloration and the Pb2CrO5 samples presents coloration that varies from dark orange to red. The dispersion of Pb2CrO5 particles in SiO2 was reached, however, this process causes the formation of different crystalline phases, besides alteration in color, which have a significant contribution from the SiO2 matrix, confirmed by Kubelka-Munk theory. The incorporation of these particles in a polymeric matrix of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) resulted in the coloration of the same, confirming the efficiency of these particles as pigments.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are rarely used in the context of abdominal sepsis and in sepsis research. This study investigates the impact of MRI for monitoring septic peritonitis in an animal model (colon ascendens stent-induced peritonitis, CASP). The CASP model closely mimics that of human disease and is highly standardized. The most frequently employed readout parameter in mouse CASP studies is prolonged or decreased rate of survival. Monitoring the progression of peritonitis via MRI could provide a helpful tool in the evaluation of severity. The use of alternative readout systems could very well reduce the number of research animals. Perspectively, clinical improvement after certain treatment could be classified. Methods: This study describes for the first time MRI findings following the induction of septic peritonitis in mice using the CASP model. Two sublethal groups of mice with septic peritonitis were investigated. Each had received one of two differing stent diameters in order to control the leakage of feces into the abdominal cavity. Each mouse served as its own control. Imaging and analyses were performed blinded. Gut diameters, stomach volume, abdominal organ wall diameters, and volume of the adrenal glands were measured. Serum corticosterone levels were detected using ELISA. Serum IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 levels were screened by cytometric bead array. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric probes and the Kruskal-Wallis and t tests. Results: Using a 7-tesla MRI scanner 24 and 48 h after induction of septic peritonitis, interenteric fluid, organ swelling of spleen and adrenal glands, as well as dilatation of the stomach were compared to nonseptic conditions. Swelling of adrenal glands resulted in an increased serum corticosterone level. In addition, the wall of the intestine bowel was thickened. Based upon these findings, an MRI score (MRI sepsis score, MSS) for abdominal sepsis in mice was established. Reduced stent sizes led to reduced severity of the abdominal sepsis, which could be reproduced in the MSS, which is described here for the first time. Conclusions: Intraabdominal variations during septic peritonitis are detectable by MRI techniques. MRI methods should become a more important tool for the evaluation of abdominal peritonitis. MSS could provide an interesting tool for the evaluation of therapeutic strategies.

No description available.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Aiming to characterize the main transgenic soybeans cultivars used in Rio Grande do Sul, experiments were conducted during the 2007/2008 season, in Santa Maria/RS. In the field, the cultivars Relmo Anta RR 82, A 6001 RG, A 8000 RG, FUNDACEP 53 RR, FUNDACEP 54 RR, FUNDACEP 56 RR, BRS 244 RR, and CD 214 RR CD 219 RR, drilled at seeds rates of 250, 400 and 550 thousand seed ha-1 and at row spacing of 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60m. The variables were: grain yield, yield components, distribution of income in different strata of the plant, morphological characteristics, rate of soil covering and amount of light incident on the canopy. The experimental design was a randomized blocks, with 4 repetitions in trifatorial outline (9 cultivars x 3 seed rates x 3 row spacing). In laboratory, tests of peroxidase reaction had been carried through only using the tegument of the seeds or the entire seeds and also seedling color for 50 soybean cultivars. For the grain yield cultivars CD 214 RR and FUNDACEP 53 RR had the best results (3589 and 3530 kg ha-1, respectively). For the distribution of income in the plant strata, there is interaction between density of planting and row spacing, which indicate the trends for each cultivar. For the amount of light incident on the canopy, the interactions between the factors of planting density, row spacing, timing of the cycle of development and level of the canopy, combined with the architecture of each cultivar define the amount of light intercepted, after flowering. The morphological response of each cultivar is different for every situation tested, indicating the need for understanding the behavior of each material, to select the practices to maximize the yield. The use of the test of reaction of peroxidase used the entire seed can be used of so efficient form how much the traditionally used method (tegument). The identification of the seedling color may be an early way to identify varietal blend. / Com o objetivo de caracterizar as principais cultivares transgênicas de soja utilizadas no Rio Grande do Sul, foram realizados experimentos durante a safra agrícola 2007/2008, em Santa Maria/RS. Em campo, as cultivares Relmo Anta 82 RR, A 6001 RG, A 8000 RG, FUNDACEP 53 RR, FUNDACEP 54 RR, FUNDACEP 56 RR, BRS 244 RR, CD 214 RR e CD 219 RR foram submetidas às densidade de semeadura de 250, 400 e 550 mil semente ha-1 e aos espaçamentos entre linhas de 0,30, 0,45 e 0,60m. As variáveis avaliadas foram: rendimento de grãos, componentes do rendimento, distribuição do rendimento em diferentes estratos da planta, características morfológicas, taxa de cobertura do solo e quantidade de luz incidente no dossel. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições, no esquema trifatorial (9 cultivares x 3 densidades de semeadura x 3 espaçamentos entre linhas). Em laboratório, foram realizados testes de reação da peroxidase utilizando somente o tegumento das sementes ou as sementes inteiras e também coloração do hipocótilo para 50 cultivares de soja. Para o rendimento de grãos as cultivares CD 214 RR e FUNDACEP 53 RR apresentaram os melhores resultados (3589 e 3530 kg ha-1, respectivamente). Para a distribuição do rendimento nos estratos da planta, existe interação entre densidade de semeadura e espaçamento entre linhas, os quais indicam as tendências para cada cultivar. Para a quantidade de luz incidente no dossel, as interações entre os fatores densidade de semeadura, espaçamento entre linhas, época do ciclo de desenvolvimento e nível do dossel, aliados à arquitetura de cada cultivar definem a quantidade de luz interceptada, após o florescimento. A resposta morfológica de cada cultivar é diferenciada para todas as situações testadas, indicando a necessidade do conhecimento do comportamento de cada material, para a escolha das práticas que visem maximizar o rendimento de grãos. O uso do teste de reação da peroxidase utilizando a semente inteira pode ser utilizado de forma tão eficiente quanto o método tradicionalmente utilizado (tegumento). A identificação da coloração do hipocótilo pode ser uma forma precoce de identificar mistura varietal.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T12:05:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Prado Morais Tese Doutorado.pdf: 1346460 bytes, checksum: 7a4d11cce03206de064b40ceb41748dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-29 / The Araguaia River is the most important fluvial system of South America. With an area of 380.000Km², it´s includes two phytogeography regions that have a good part of planet biodiversity: Cerrado, in the south, and Amazonia Forest, in the north of Brazil. The high level of Cerrado ecosystem destruction and changes in the land using, after 1965, promoted an intense sedimentation in fluvial system. This study is about the channel of Araguaia river, in a 580 km extension, between the city of Barra do Garças (MT) and the confluence of Cristalino and Araguaia Rivers. The multidisciplinary approach of this study has as aim analyze the channel geomorphic and middle reach alluvial plains processes causing environmental changes to the channel morphology and to vegetation succession, done by the erosive and sedimentary processes in the channel. The quantitative data were obtained through maps, air photographs and topographic charts from Landsat 1 MMS (1975) and Landsat 5 TM (1998). Using geoprocessing recourses were done areal reports of erosive and sedimentary plans and were applied mathematics equations to estimate sediments bulk and mass remobilized and stored in fluvial system. Were obtained also socioeconomics information about the Araguaia River basin area in Goiás, during the decades of 1960 and 2000, the cities of this same basin s GDP, the cattle growing statistics, vegetation and deforestation areas. The physical and socioeconomic data showed a correlation between the emergence of geomorphologic processes that had modified the channel, with the growth and development socioeconomics activities. The gotten results had disclosed that between 1965 and 1975, few changes had occurred in the fluvial channel. After 1975, a sped up erosion process of the channel edges and of islands has beginning, mobilizing the sediments, the bigger vegetation, as arboreal and bush arboreal type, that are associates to the oldest units of alluvial plain. With greater arrives of sediments that had entered in the channel, from the edges and the islands erosion, before steady, and in bigger degree, through the tributaries that drain the contribution basin area, modified for the use of the land (cattle and agriculture), the excess of sediments intensified the lateral sedimentation and the formation of bars of the central type, increasing the interlacement of the channel and, therefore, its morphology. It was estimated that between 1965 and 1998, about 233 million tons of sediments had been stored in the fluvial channel of Araguaia river. In the new sedimentation areas it was developed herbaceous vegetation adapted to the sandy surfaces. It was evident that it is occurring, in the plain, the substitution of a bigger vegetation, with bigger floristic diversity, for a grassy vegetation of the type herbaceous, associates to the formation of a geomorphologic unit younger and unstable to the erosive and sedimentary processes, because of the hydrologic channel behavior. This fact probably will bring consequences to the diverse biological processes associates to all alluvial plain. In one another approach, throughout the historical period of the analysis, was verified that as they increased the percentages of Cerrado natural vegetation areas in the area of the basin converted into agricultural areas and of cultivated pastures, the GDP of the cities also increased. The correlation between deforested areas, growth of the GDP, volume and mass of sediments stored in the fluvial system and increase of arenaceous bars in the channel resulted absolutely in satisfactory evidences in inferring that the economic growth of the region is in a relation of direct dependence with the changes in the use of the land of the Cerrado areas, and its ambient implications in the processes of morphologic changes in the Araguaia River channel and plain / A bacia do rio Araguaia é um dos sistemas fluviais mais importantes da América do Sul. Com uma área de 380.000 km2, inclui duas regiões fitogeográficas que concentram boa parte da biodiversidade do planeta: o Cerrado ao sul e Floresta Amazônica ao norte. O alto grau de destruição do bioma Cerrado e mudanças no uso da terra em larga escala, para a expansão das atividades agropecuárias, a partir de 1965, resultaram em um maior aporte de sedimentos no sistema fluvial. O estudo abrange o trecho médio do rio Araguaia localizado entre a cidade de Barra de Garças (MT) e a confluência do rio Cristalino com o rio Araguaia junto à Ilha do Bananal, correspondendo a 580 km de extensão. A abordagem multidisciplinar do estudo teve como objetivo, analisar os processos geomórficos do canal e da planície aluvial do médio rio Araguaia, que resultaram em mudanças ambientais para a morfologia do canal e consequentemente na dinâmica de sucessão vegetacional, desencadeadas por variáveis de transformação associadas aos processos erosivos e sedimentares no canal. Os dados quantitativos dos elementos morfológicos, processos erosivos e sedimentares do canal e da planície aluvial foram obtidos através de mapeamentos com o uso de cartas planialtimétricas, fotografias aéreas USAF (1965), imagens de satélite Landsat 1 MSS (1975) e Landsat 5 TM (1998). Utilizando os recursos de geoprocessamento, foram gerados relatórios areais das superfícies erodidas e sedimentadas e aplicadas equações matemáticas para estimar volume e massa dos sedimentos remobilizados e armazenados no sistema fluvial. Além dos dados geomorfológicos, foram obtidas informações socioeconômicas da área da bacia do Araguaia no Estado de Goiás, entre as décadas de 1960 e 2000, como o PIB (Produto Interno Bruto) dos municípios inseridos na bacia, estatísticas do crescimento do rebanho bovino e dados da área da cobertura vegetal de Cerrado e desmatamento. Interrelacioanando os dados físicos e socioeconômicos foi possível obter uma correlação entre o desencadeamento dos processos geomorfológicos que alteram o canal e o crescimento e desenvolvimento das atividades socioeconômicas. Os resultados revelaram que entre 1965 e 1975 poucas mudanças morfológicas ocorreram no canal fluvial. A partir de 1975, tem início um processo acelerado de erosão das margens do canal e de ilhas, remobilizando além dos sedimentos, a vegetação de maior porte, como as do tipo arbórea e arbustivo-arbórea, que estão associadas às unidades mais velhas da planície aluvial. Com um maior aporte de sedimentos que entraram no canal, a partir da erosão das margens e das ilhas, antes estáveis, e em maior grau, através dos afluentes que drenam a área de contribuição da bacia, alteradas pelo uso da terra (agricultura e pecuária), o excesso de sedimentos intensificou a sedimentação lateral e a formação de barras do tipo centrais, aumentando o entrelaçamento do canal e, portanto, sua morfologia. Estimouse que entre 1965 e 1998 cerca de 233 milhões de toneladas de sedimentos ficou armazenado no canal fluvial do rio Araguaia no trecho de estudo. Nas novas áreas de sedimentação, desenvolveu uma vegetação herbácea adaptada às superfícies arenosas. Ficou evidente que vem ocorrendo na planície a substituição de uma vegetação de maior porte, com maior diversidade florística, por uma vegetação de gramíneas do tipo herbáceas, associadas à formação de uma unidade geomorfológica mais jovem e instável, aos processos erosivos e sedimentares, devido ao comportamento hidrológico do canal. Este fato, provavelmente trará consequências a diversos processos biológicos associados à planície aluvial. Em outra abordagem, ao longo do período histórico da análise, verificou-se que à medida que aumentavam as porcentagens de áreas de vegetação natural de Cerrado convertidas em áreas agrícolas e de pastagens cultivadas, o PIB dos municípios apresentava crescimento. A correlação entre áreas desmatadas, crescimento do PIB, volume e massa de sedimentos armazenados no sistema fluvial e aumento de barras arenosas no canal resultaram em evidências absolutamente satisfatórias em inferir que o crescimento econômico da região encontra-se numa relação de dependência direta com as mudanças no uso da terra das áreas de Cerrado, e suas implicações ambientais nos processos de mudanças morfológicas no canal e na planície aluvial do rio Araguaia

Le carcinome intracanalaire de la prostate (intraductal carcinoma of the prostate, IDC-P) est un variant histologique agressif du cancer de la prostate retrouvé dans environ 20% des spécimens de prostatectomie radicale. L’incidence de l’IDC-P augmente avec l’évolution de la maladie, elle passe de 2% chez les patients avec des cancers localisés à faible risque à plus de 50% chez les patients avec des cancers métastatiques ou récurrents. Malgré l'association de l'IDC-P à la récidive biochimique, au développement de métastases, au décès lié au cancer et à une mauvaise réponse aux traitements standards, environ 40% des hommes avec des IDC-P n’ont pas encore récidivé après cinq ans de suivi. Une portion des hommes avec des IDC-P auraient donc une forme moins agressive de la maladie qui ne nécessite pas de traitement immédiat. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que l’IDC-P possède des caractéristiques qui permettent de stratifier les patients en catégories pertinentes pour la prise en charge. Nos objectifs étaient de (1) comparer l’infiltration leucocytaire de l’IDC-P à celui du cancer invasif habituel et le tissu bénin et (2) identifier des critères morphologiques dans l’IDC-P qui sont associés à la récidive. La première étude a été réalisée sur les spécimens de prostatectomie radicale provenant d’une cohorte de 96 patients avec des cancers de la prostate localement avancés. Nous avons marqué par immunohistochimie les cellules exprimant CD3 (lymphocytes T), CD8 (lymphocytes T cytotoxiques), CD45RO (lymphocytes T mémoires), FoxP3 (lymphocytes T régulateurs), CD68 (macrophages), CD163 (macrophages M2), CD209 (cellules dendritiques immatures) et CD83 (cellules dendritiques matures). Le nombre de cellules positives par mm2 a ensuite été calculé dans le tissu bénin, au niveau des marges tumorales, dans le cancer et dans l’IDC-P. L’IDC-P a été retrouvé chez 33 patients (34%). Dans l'ensemble, l'infiltrat immunitaire était similaire chez les patients IDC-P-positifs et IDC-P-négatifs. Cependant, les lymphocytes T FoxP3+ (p < 0,001), les macrophages CD68+ et CD163+ (p < 0,001 pour les deux) et les cellules dendritiques CD209+ et CD83+ (p = 0,002 et p = 0,013, respectivement) étaient moins abondants dans l'IDC-P que dans le cancer invasif adjacent. De plus, les patients ont été stratifiés selon la densité de cellules immunitaires dans l’ensemble de l’IDC-P ou dans les points chauds immunitaires, en patients avec des IDC-P immunologiquement « froids » ou « chauds », avec une tendance vers un meilleur pronostic pour les patients avec des IDC-P « froids ». Un point chaud immunitaire a été défini comme la densité de cellules immunitaires la plus élevée dans les plus grandes lésions d’IDC-P. Par ailleurs, les points chauds immunitaires CD68/CD163/CD209 sont associés au développement de métastases (p = 0,014) et aux décès liés au cancer de la prostate (p = 0,009). Dans la deuxième étude, la morphologie de l’IDC-P a été examinée sur des tissus, colorés à l’hématoxyline et l’éosine, provenant de spécimens de prostatectomies radicales de 108 hommes avec des IDC-P. Dans la cohorte test (n = 39), nous avons trouvé cinq critères morphologiques associés à une récidive biochimique précoce (avant 18 mois) : les canaux plus larges (> 573 µm de diamètre), la présence de cellules avec des noyaux à contours irréguliers, un score mitotique élevé (> 1,81 mitoses/mm2), la présence de petits vaisseaux sanguins et la présence de comédonécrose. Dans la cohorte de validation (n = 69), deux de ces critères, la présence de cellules avec des noyaux à contours irréguliers et de vaisseaux sanguins, étaient indépendamment associés à un risque accru de récidive biochimique (rapport de risque = 2,32, intervalle de confiance à 95% = 1,09–4,96, p = 0,029). De plus, lorsque nous combinons les critères, la présence de cellules avec des noyaux à contours irréguliers, de vaisseaux sanguins, de scores mitotiques élevés ou de comédonécrose est plus fortement associée à la récidive biochimique (rapport de risque = 2,74, intervalle de confiance à 95% = 1,21–6,19, p = 0,015). Notre étude sur l’infiltration leucocytaire de l’IDC-P est la première étude décrivant l’environnement immunitaire de l'IDC-P. Nos résultats suggèrent que l’infiltration immunitaire des IDC-P est distinct de celui du cancer invasif habituel. Nous avons montré que l’IDC-P peut être classé comme immunologiquement « froid » ou « chaud », selon les densités de cellules immunitaires. Dans notre étude, les points chauds immunitaires CD68/CD163/CD209 ont prédit la progression vers une maladie métastatique et la survie spécifique au cancer. D'autres études dans de plus grandes cohortes sont nécessaires pour évaluer l'utilité clinique d'analyser l’infiltration immunitaire de l'IDC-P pour mieux prédire le pronostic des patients et améliorer l'immunothérapie chez les patients avec des cancers de la prostate mortels. Par ailleurs, nos résultats sur les critères morphologiques de l’IDC-P suggèrent que l'IDC-P peut être classé comme à faible ou à haut risque de récidive. Nous proposons de combiner deux à quatre critères, dont la présence sont des prédicteurs indépendants de récidive biochimique, pour stratifier les hommes avec des IDC-P en fonction de leur statut de risque. Les critères morphologiques délétères identifiés peuvent être facilement évalués et devront être intégrés pour une application clinique après validation dans de plus grandes cohortes. / Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is an aggressive histological variant of prostate cancer detected in approximately 20% of radical prostatectomy specimens. The incidence of IDC-P increases with disease progression, from 2% in patients with low-risk localized cancers to more than 50% in patients with metastatic or recurrent disease. Despite the association of IDC-P with biochemical recurrence, the development of metastases, cancer-related death, and poor response to standard treatments, roughly 40% of men with IDC-P remain biochemical recurrence-free after 5 years of follow-up, therefore not necessarily needing the “aggressive” label. We hypothesized that IDC-P possesses features that allow patients to be stratified into relevant categories for cancer management. Our objectives were to (1) compare the leukocyte infiltration in the IDC-P to the one found in invasive cancer and in benign tissues and (2) identify morphological features in IDC-P that are associated with recurrence. The first study included radical prostatectomy specimens from a cohort of 96 patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. Immunohistochemical staining of CD3 (T lymphocytes), CD8 (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), CD45RO (memory T lymphocytes), FoxP3 (regulatory T lymphocytes), CD68 (macrophages), CD163 (M2 macrophages), CD209 (immature dendritic cells) and CD83 (mature dendritic cells) was performed. For each slide, the number of positive cells per mm2 in the benign tissues, tumor margins, cancer and IDC-P was calculated. IDC-P was found in a total of 33 patients (34%). Overall, the immune infiltrate was similar in the IDC-P-positive and the IDC-P-negative patients. However, FoxP3+ T cells (p < 0.001), CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages (p < 0.001 for both), and CD209+ and CD83+ dendritic cells (p = 0.002 and p = 0.013, respectively) were less abundant in the IDC-P than in the adjacent invasive cancer. Moreover, the patients were classified as having immunologically “cold” or “hot” IDC-P, according to the immune-cell densities averaged in the total IDC-P or in the immune hotspots. An immune hotspot was defined as the highest immune-cell density in the largest IDC-P lesions. Interestingly, the CD68/CD163/CD209-immune hotspots predicted metastatic dissemination (p = 0.014) and PCa-related death (p = 0.009) in a Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. In the second study, IDC-P morphology was analyzed on tissues, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, from radical prostatectomy specimens of 108 men with IDC-P. In the test cohort (n = 39), we found five morphological criteria associated with early biochemical recurrence (before 18 months): larger duct size (> 573 µm in diameter), the presence of cells with irregular nuclear contours, a high mitotic score (> 1.81 mitoses/mm2), the presence of small blood vessels and the presence of comedonecrosis. In the validation cohort (n = 69), two of these criteria, the presence of cells with irregular nuclear contours and blood vessels, were independently associated with an increased risk of biochemical recurrence (hazard ratio = 2.32, 95% confidence interval = 1.09–4.96, p = 0.029). Additionally, when combining the criteria, the presence of any cells with irregular nuclear contours, blood vessels, high mitotic score, or comedonecrosis showed a stronger association with biochemical recurrence (hazard ratio = 2.74, confidence interval = 1.21–6.19, p = 0.015). Our study on the leukocyte infiltration of IDC-P is the first report describing the immune cell landscape of IDC-P. Our results suggest that the immune infiltrate of IDC-P is distinct from the one in the associated invasive prostate cancer. We showed that IDC-P can be classified as immunologically “cold” or “hot”, depending on the immune-cell densities. In our study, CD68/CD163/CD209-immune hotspots predicted progression to metastatic disease and cancer-specific survival. Further studies in larger cohorts are necessary to evaluate the clinical utility of assessing specific immune infiltrates in IDC-P with regards to patient prognosis and outcomes, and eventually, the use of immunotherapy for patients with lethal prostate cancers. Furthermore, our study on the morphology of IDC-P suggests that IDC-P can be classified as low versus high-risk of recurrence. We propose combining two to four criteria, whose presence are independent predictors of biochemical recurrence, to stratify men with IDC-P according to their risk status. The defined morphologic criteria can be easily assessed and should be integrated for clinical application following validation in larger cohorts.