京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18109号 / 理博第3987号 / 新制||理||1575(附属図書館) / 30967 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中務 真人, 教授 山極 壽一, 教授 疋田 努 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

A traditional species concept of diatoms is based on morphological characters of their siliceous boxes. A multidisciplinary approach to defining species of diatoms has revealed the hidden diversity within the traditionally defined species. But the newly recognized species are morphological variable and indistinguishable by the naked eye. Recent studies showed that different morphotypes show different ecological preferences. This master thesis focuses on the morphology of natural populations of the diatom species complex Frustulia rhomboides which contains both the traditional and the cryptic species, and it engages how the morphology reflects the effects of environmental conditions. Landmark methods of geometric morphometrics were used in order to analyze the morphological variability of diatom frustules of this species complex within various peat bog habitats in the Czech Republic. Selected environmental parameters were measured and the species composition of diatom communities present in the samples was investigated. These data were used to analyze the relationship between the environmental conditions and the cell shape variability within the complex. The analysis revealed the main trends of morphological variability related to different environmental conditions. Two morphotypes characteristic...

The complex Gymnadenia conopsea s.l. represents a very problematic group in terms of taxonomy, showing a wide morphological, phenological, genetical and cytogenetical variability. The aggregate G. conopsea encompasses a range of taxa, two of which, G. conopsea (L.) R. Br. s.s. and G. densiflora (Wahlenb.) A. Dietr., have been acknowledged as beeing a species level. Individual taxa cannot be safely distinguished on the basis of morphological characteristics in all cases. Recently, there has been a lot of discussion concerning the taxonomical value of taxons within the G. conopsea complex. The complex is represented by a variety of cytotypes, while the major tetraploid cytotypes represent the above mentioned G. conopsea and G. densiflora taxa, that are easily distinguishable by means of flow cytometry. The taxonomical classification of minority cytotypes is not clear. For these reasons, to be able to obtain more detailed information, an application of different approaches from the field of morphology, cytogenetics and molecular genetics is suitable when evaluating the populations. In this thesis, morphological characteristics, AFLP and an analysis of microsatellites along with a measurement of ploid level using FCM have been used for evaluation. On the basis of evaluating a multidimensional cluster analysis and a dendrogram created by the UPGMA method combining these data, a specific dissimilarity of the G. densiflora and G. conopsea taxon has been confirmed. Based on the comparative analysis of microsatellite loci and overlapping morphometric characteristics of tetraploid and octoploid G. conopsea cytotype it can be assumed that the octoploid cytotype is a separate chromosomal aberration of tetraploid plants.

<p>Ciljevi&nbsp; istraživanje&nbsp; ove&nbsp; doktorske&nbsp; disertacije&nbsp; bili&nbsp; su&nbsp; određivanje makroskopskih&nbsp; i&nbsp; mikroskopskih&nbsp; karakteristika&nbsp; plodonosnih&nbsp; tela analiziranih vrsta roda <em>Marasmius, Gymnopus </em>i <em>Mycetinis i</em> njhove varijabilnosti&nbsp; između&nbsp; populacija,&nbsp; određivanje&nbsp; uticaja&nbsp; klimatskih faktora&nbsp; na&nbsp; varijabilnost&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; karaktera,&nbsp; određivanje brojnosti&nbsp; i&nbsp; rasprostranjenja&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; na&nbsp; odabranim&nbsp; lokalitetima&nbsp; u okviru&nbsp; Nacionalnih parkova Srbije i Crne Gore&nbsp; (Kopaonik, Stara planina,&nbsp; Biogradska&nbsp; gora)&nbsp; koristeći&nbsp; ISSR&nbsp; metodu,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i određivanje osnovnih populaciono-genetičkih parametara i analiza<br />filogenetskih odnosa u okviru roda <em>Marasmius</em>. Kod vrste&nbsp;<em> M. alliaceus</em>&nbsp; utvrđeno je da se na osnovu morfolo&scaron;kih karaktera&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; sa&nbsp; Stare&nbsp; planine&nbsp; delimično&nbsp; izdvaja,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; je kod&nbsp; populacije&nbsp; Biogradska&nbsp; gora&nbsp; uočena&nbsp; najveća&nbsp; heterogenost&nbsp; u ispitivanim&nbsp; karakterima.&nbsp; Kod&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; <em>G. androsaceus</em>&nbsp; uočeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; da nema jasnog izdvajanja populacija, odnosno ispitivane populacije su pokazale heterogenost u ispitivanim morfolo&scaron;kim karakterima. Uočena&nbsp; je&nbsp; statistički&nbsp; značajna&nbsp; (p&nbsp; &lt;&nbsp; 0.05)&nbsp; korelacija&nbsp; između morfolo&scaron;kih karaktera i faktora sredine kod obe analizirane vrst<em>e M. alliaceus</em> i <em>G</em>. <em>androsaceus.</em> Određivanjem&nbsp; broja&nbsp; i&nbsp; veličine&nbsp; geneta&nbsp; ISSR&nbsp; metodom&nbsp; u populacijama&nbsp; vrsta<em>&nbsp; M.&nbsp; alliaceus,&nbsp; M.&nbsp; rotula&nbsp; i&nbsp; G.&nbsp; androsaceus</em> utvrđeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; ove&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; formiraju&nbsp; relativno&nbsp; male&nbsp; genete&nbsp; (od nekoliko desetina centimetara do 15m) koji se nalaze u relativnoj blizini jedni od drugih (nekoliko metara). Određivanjem&nbsp; parametara&nbsp; molekularnog&nbsp; diverziteta&nbsp; (AMOVA, Fst) kod populacija vrsta&nbsp;<em> M. alliaceus&nbsp; i&nbsp; G. androsaceus</em> utvrđeno je&nbsp; da&nbsp; su&nbsp; populacije&nbsp; obe&nbsp; ispitivane&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; značajno&nbsp; genetički<br />diferencirane (Fst vrednosti veće od 0.25) odnosno da postoji mali protok gena između njih.Filogenetska analiza ITS + LSU i ITS + LSU + EF-1ɑ sekvenci u ovom&nbsp; radu,&nbsp; podržava&nbsp; trenutno&nbsp; prihvaćeno&nbsp; grupisanje&nbsp; Evropskih vrsta&nbsp; roda&nbsp; <em>Marasmius</em>&nbsp; u&nbsp; sekcije&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; makro-&nbsp; i mikromorfolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; karaktera.&nbsp; Međutim,&nbsp; dobijeni&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; ne podržavaju&nbsp; u&nbsp; potpunosti&nbsp; grupisanje&nbsp; nižih&nbsp; infrageneričkih kategorija (podsekcija i serija). Takođe, podsekcijska klasifikacija evropskih&nbsp; Marasmius&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; analiziranih&nbsp; u&nbsp; ovom&nbsp; radu&nbsp; ne predstavlja monofiletske linije.</p> / <p>The&nbsp; goals&nbsp; of&nbsp; this&nbsp; doctoral&nbsp; thesis&nbsp; were&nbsp; to&nbsp; determine&nbsp; the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the fruit bodies of the&nbsp; genus&nbsp; Marasmius,&nbsp; Gymnopus&nbsp; and&nbsp; Mycetinis&nbsp; and&nbsp; their variability&nbsp; among&nbsp; populations,&nbsp; determining&nbsp; the&nbsp; influence&nbsp; of climatic factors on the morphological variability&nbsp; of&nbsp; fruit bodies,determining&nbsp; the&nbsp; number&nbsp; and&nbsp; distribution&nbsp; of&nbsp; individuals&nbsp; at selected&nbsp; sites&nbsp; within&nbsp; the&nbsp; National&nbsp; Parks&nbsp; of&nbsp; Serbia&nbsp; and Montenegro&nbsp; (Kopaonik,&nbsp; Stara&nbsp; Planina,&nbsp; Biogradska&nbsp; Gora)&nbsp; using the ISSR method, as well as determining basic population -genetic parameters&nbsp; and&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; of&nbsp; phylogenetic&nbsp; relations&nbsp; within&nbsp; the genus Marasmius.For&nbsp; the&nbsp; species&nbsp; M.&nbsp; alliaceus,&nbsp; it&nbsp; has&nbsp; been&nbsp; determined&nbsp; that&nbsp; the population&nbsp; of&nbsp; Stara&nbsp; planina&nbsp; is&nbsp; partially&nbsp; isolated,&nbsp; while&nbsp; the population&nbsp; of&nbsp; Biogradska&nbsp; gora&nbsp; has&nbsp; the&nbsp; highest&nbsp; heterogeneity&nbsp; in the&nbsp; investigated&nbsp; morphological&nbsp; characters.&nbsp; For&nbsp; the&nbsp; species&nbsp; G.androsaceus&nbsp; it was noticed that there was no clear&nbsp; segregation&nbsp; of populations,&nbsp;&nbsp; thus&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp; investigated&nbsp; populations&nbsp; showed heterogeneity in the examined morphological characters. A&nbsp; statistically&nbsp; significant&nbsp; (p&lt;0.05)&nbsp; correlation&nbsp; between morphological&nbsp; and&nbsp; environmental&nbsp; factors&nbsp; in&nbsp; both&nbsp; analyzed species M. alliaceus and G. androsaceus was observed. Determination&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; number&nbsp; and&nbsp; size&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; genets&nbsp; by&nbsp; ISSR method in populations of species&nbsp; M. alliaceus,&nbsp; M. rotula and&nbsp; G.androsaceus,&nbsp; showed&nbsp; that&nbsp; these&nbsp; species&nbsp; form&nbsp; relatively&nbsp; small genes&nbsp; (from&nbsp; few&nbsp; centimeters&nbsp; to&nbsp; 15&nbsp; meters)&nbsp; located&nbsp; in&nbsp; relative proximity to each other (several meters ). By determining molecular diversity parameters (AMOVA, Fst) in populations&nbsp; of&nbsp; species&nbsp; M.&nbsp; alliaceus&nbsp; and&nbsp; G.&nbsp; androsaceus&nbsp; it&nbsp; has been found that the populations of both investigated species are significantly&nbsp; genetically&nbsp; differentiated&nbsp; (Fst&nbsp; values&nbsp; greater&nbsp; than 0.25), ie there is a small flow of gene between them. The phylogenetic analysis of ITS + LSU and ITS + LSU + EF-1ɑ sequence&nbsp; datasets&nbsp; supports&nbsp; the&nbsp; currently&nbsp; accepted, morphologicaly based&nbsp; groupings of sections of European species of genus&nbsp; Marasmius.&nbsp; However, the results obtained&nbsp; in this study do&nbsp; not&nbsp; fully&nbsp; support&nbsp; the&nbsp; grouping&nbsp; of&nbsp; lower&nbsp; infra-generic categories&nbsp; (subsections&nbsp; and&nbsp; series).&nbsp; Also,&nbsp; the&nbsp; subsection classification of the European Marasmius species analyzed in this paper does not represent monophyletic lineages.</p>

O estudo de Leguminosae Mimosoideae é parte do projeto Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil, e apresenta chaves de identifcação, ilustrações, comentários sobre distribuição geográfca e fenologia para os gêneros e espécies dessa região. o trabalho de campo e estudos de coleções de herbários indicam que Mimosoideae é representada na área por 57 espécies, pertencentes a 13 gêneros: Abarema (2 spp.), Albizia (1 sp.), Anadenanthera (1 sp.), Calliandra (6 spp.), Enterolobium (1 sp.), Inga (6 spp.), Leucochloron (1 sp.), Mimosa (25 spp.), Piptadenia (3 spp.), Plathymenia (1 sp.), Pseudopiptadenia (2 spp.), Senegalia (4 spp.) e Stryphnodendron (3 spp.). Mimosa macedoana é uma das espécies encontradas nos campos rupestres da região, cujas exsicatas permitem distinguir dois morfotipos pelo tamanho das partes vegetativas. Para averiguar se esta distinção ocorre em ambiente natural, duas populações da espécie foram submetidas a estudo morfométrico com uso de métodos de estatística multivariada (LC, PCa e DF). os resultados evidenciaram que as populações analisadas são morfologicamente distintas e que características fisiográfcas dos aforamentos rochosos onde se situam as populações podem infuenciar a variação morfológica. / The study of Leguminosae Mimosoideae is part of the project Flora of Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil, which aims to provide identifcation keys, illustrations, comments on geographic distribution and phenology to genera and species from this region. Field and herbaria studies indicate that Mimosoideae is represented in the area by 57 species belonging to 13 genera: Abarema (2 spp.), Albizia (1 sp.), Anadenanthera (1 sp.), Calliandra (6 spp.), Enterolobium (1 sp.), Inga (6 spp.), Leucochloron (1 sp.), Mimosa (25 spp.), Piptadenia (3 spp.), Plathymenia (1 sp.), Pseudopiptadenia (2 spp.), Senegalia (4 spp.) and Stryphnodendron (3 spp.). Te exsicattae of Mimosa macedoana, one of the species occurring at the rocky felds of the region, show two morphotipes distinguished by the size of their vegetative parts. aiming to investigate whether this distinction also happens in the natural environment, two populations of the species were submitted to a morphometrical analysis using multivariate statistical methods (LC, PCa & DF). results showed that the populations are morphologicaly distinct, and that physiographic caracteristics of the rocky outcrops where the populations grow may infuence the morphological variation.

O estudo de Leguminosae Mimosoideae é parte do projeto Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil, e apresenta chaves de identifcação, ilustrações, comentários sobre distribuição geográfca e fenologia para os gêneros e espécies dessa região. o trabalho de campo e estudos de coleções de herbários indicam que Mimosoideae é representada na área por 57 espécies, pertencentes a 13 gêneros: Abarema (2 spp.), Albizia (1 sp.), Anadenanthera (1 sp.), Calliandra (6 spp.), Enterolobium (1 sp.), Inga (6 spp.), Leucochloron (1 sp.), Mimosa (25 spp.), Piptadenia (3 spp.), Plathymenia (1 sp.), Pseudopiptadenia (2 spp.), Senegalia (4 spp.) e Stryphnodendron (3 spp.). Mimosa macedoana é uma das espécies encontradas nos campos rupestres da região, cujas exsicatas permitem distinguir dois morfotipos pelo tamanho das partes vegetativas. Para averiguar se esta distinção ocorre em ambiente natural, duas populações da espécie foram submetidas a estudo morfométrico com uso de métodos de estatística multivariada (LC, PCa e DF). os resultados evidenciaram que as populações analisadas são morfologicamente distintas e que características fisiográfcas dos aforamentos rochosos onde se situam as populações podem infuenciar a variação morfológica. / The study of Leguminosae Mimosoideae is part of the project Flora of Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil, which aims to provide identifcation keys, illustrations, comments on geographic distribution and phenology to genera and species from this region. Field and herbaria studies indicate that Mimosoideae is represented in the area by 57 species belonging to 13 genera: Abarema (2 spp.), Albizia (1 sp.), Anadenanthera (1 sp.), Calliandra (6 spp.), Enterolobium (1 sp.), Inga (6 spp.), Leucochloron (1 sp.), Mimosa (25 spp.), Piptadenia (3 spp.), Plathymenia (1 sp.), Pseudopiptadenia (2 spp.), Senegalia (4 spp.) and Stryphnodendron (3 spp.). Te exsicattae of Mimosa macedoana, one of the species occurring at the rocky felds of the region, show two morphotipes distinguished by the size of their vegetative parts. aiming to investigate whether this distinction also happens in the natural environment, two populations of the species were submitted to a morphometrical analysis using multivariate statistical methods (LC, PCa & DF). results showed that the populations are morphologicaly distinct, and that physiographic caracteristics of the rocky outcrops where the populations grow may infuence the morphological variation.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-01T11:28:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 raqueldeseixasrezende.pdf: 1394382 bytes, checksum: bf1923478b50668b3b083c79a58d651d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-01T11:35:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 raqueldeseixasrezende.pdf: 1394382 bytes, checksum: bf1923478b50668b3b083c79a58d651d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T11:35:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 raqueldeseixasrezende.pdf: 1394382 bytes, checksum: bf1923478b50668b3b083c79a58d651d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Existem evidências da relação entre morfologia da concha e pressões ambientais. Entretanto, não se sabe, se os mecanismos responsáveis por essa variabilidade da forma da concha seriam decorrentes de uma plasticidade fenotípica, determinação genética ou até mesmo efeito materno. Alguns estudos, abordam apenas os aspectos da concha, desconsiderando a relação entre a morfologia da concha, proteção contra dessecação e reprodução. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve dois grandes objetivos: o primeiro, verificar se a existência de dois padrões morfológicos (conchas abauladas e conchas alongadas) observados para espécie Leptinaria unilamellata a existência de um antagonismo entre proteção contra dessecação e sucesso reprodutivo. E a segunda pergunta seria: qual o papel da plasticidade fenotípica em relação a esses dois padrões? Para investigar a resposta, foi realizado um estudo morfométrico comparativo entre duas populações em gerações sucessivas de laboratório e quantificado o número de filhotes produzidos por cada indivíduo do primeiro evento reprodutivo em cada geração. Para verificar o efeito da dessecação sobre a morfologia da concha ao longo das gerações sucessivas, os moluscos foram submetidos as duas condições de tratamentos. Os resultados do presente estudo confirmam a hipótese de que as variáveis morfométricas que influenciam a forma da volta corporal e a dimensão da abertura da concha influenciam o sucesso reprodutivo da espécie. Foi observado também que as variáveis morfométricas entre as duas populações se tornaram menos evidentes ao longo das gerações sucessivas de laboratório, evidenciando uma resposta adaptativa rápida de Leptinaria unilamellata, decorrente do efeito materno. A maior produção de filhotes foi observada para população de Chácara em todas as gerações, onde a forma abaulada, determina a presença de volta corporal e aberturas maiores, permitindo uma expansão do oviduto. Os resultados evidenciam também que moluscos com conchas mais alongadas e aberturas menores não investem em filhotes maiores. / There is evidence of the relation between shell morphology and environmental pressures. However, it is not known whether the mechanisms responsible for the shell shape variability results from phenotypic plasticity, genetic determination or even to maternal effect. Some studies address just shell aspects and disregard the relation among shell morphology, protection against desiccation and reproduction. Thus, the present study has two main aims. The first aim is to investigate whether the existence of two morphological patterns (rotund shells and elongate shells) found in Leptinaria unilamellata the antagonism between protection against desiccation and reproductive success. The second one is to find the answer to the following question: what is the role played by phenotypic plasticity in these two patterns? A morphometric study comparing two populations derived from successive laboratory generations was performed to find such answer. In addition, the number of progenies produced by each individual born in the first reproductive event in each generation was quantified. The mollusks were subjected to two treatment conditions to investigate the effect of desiccation on shell morphology over successive generations. The results of the present study confirmed the hypothesis that the morphometric variables influencing the body whorls’ shape and the shell opening size have also influenced the species’ reproductive success. The morphometric variables between the two populations became less evident throughout the successive laboratory generations, thus showing the fast-adaptive response of Leptinaria unilamellata resulting from the maternal effect. The highest progeny production was found in the population of Chácara in all generations, wherein the rotund shape determined the presence of body whorls and larger openings, which enabled oviduct expansion. The results have also shown that mollusks presenting more elongated shells and smaller openings do not invest in large progenies.

Polyploidisation plays a major role in plant evolution. It can also cause taxonomic complexities as morphological differences are often blurred in higher ploidy levels. One of the taxonomically-intrigued groups of Central Europe is C. rotundifolia agg. Three ploidy- heterogeneous species are traditionally recognized in the Czech Republic: C. gentilis (2x, 4x), C. rotundifolia (2x, 4x) and C. moravica (4x, 6x). The thesis examines karyological and phenotypic variation of C. moravica, in the centre of its distribution (the Czech Republic and Slovakia). With the aid of modern biosystematics tools (DNA flow cytometry, multivariate morphometrics), marked discrepancies were revealed between published data and actual cytotype distribution pattern and morphological variation. In contrast to literature records, cytotype distribution in C. moravica is largely parapatric, with hexaploids occurring in Pannonian basin and tetraploids in Central and Eastern Slovakia. The type population of presumed tetraploids turned out to be hexaploid. The coexistence of one majority (4x) and six minority cytotypes (2x, 3x, 5x, 6x, 8x, 9x) was found in one population in central Slovakia and represent the most salient case of ploidy coexistence ever reported. Multivariate morphometrics showed that species identification on the...

<p>Prema novijim istraživanjima, kompleks Carassius auratusčini najmanje pet vrsta roda&nbsp; Carassius: Carassius carassius, Carassius auratus, Carassius langsdorfii, Carassius cuvieri i Carassius gibelio. Vrste ovog roda su morfolo&scaron;ki veoma slične i nemoguće ih je razlikovati na osnovu uobičajenih morfolo&scaron;kih karaktera, te su ranije&nbsp; sve determinisane kao Carassius auratus gibelio ili Carassius gibelio. Jedina vrsta koja se značajnije razlikuje je Carassius carassius.&nbsp; Smara se da su vrste ovog kompleksa unesene u Evropu iz Azije u 17. veku.</p><p>Najveći broj predstavnika kompleksa C. auratus je na teritoriji Evrope proteklih pedesetak godina determinisan je kao vrsta Carassius gibelio(C. auratus gibelio) (Bloch, 1783) (srebrni kara&scaron; ili babu&scaron;ka). S obzirom da su pripadnici ovog kompleksa registrovani u većini vodotokova Evrope, smatraju se najuspe&scaron;nijom invazivnom grupom slatkovodnih riba. Zbog svojih biolo&scaron;kih odlika (brz rast, različiti vidovi razmnožavanja, izuzetna otpornost na nepovoljne uslove) ove vrste veoma brzo postaju kompetitivne autohtonoj ihtiofauni za hranu i stani&scaron;te i neretko imaju izuzetno negativan uticaj na celokupan ekosistem koji nasele.</p><p>U ovoj disertaciji prvi put je izvr&scaron;ena identifikacija vrsta kompleksa Carassius auratus na teritoriji Vojvodine i peripanonske oblasti primenom specifičnih genetičkih markera (dela sekvence cytb gena). Primenom linearne i geometrijske morfometrije ispitivana je morfolo&scaron;ka varijabilnost različitih morfolo&scaron;kih celina (celo telo, kosti glavenog skeleta, cleithrum-a i krlju&scaron;ti) jedinki unutar kompleksa Carassius auratusizmeđu različitih lokaliteta sa različitim ekolo&scaron;kim uslovima (prisustvo predatora i protok), dok je primenom savremenih statističkih i matematičkih metoda (multi-modelne analize) analizirana dinamika rasta recentnih, kao i ranoinvazivnih populacija.</p><p>Metaanalizom dostupnih podataka utvrđena je veoma &scaron;iroka zastupljenost populacija vrsta kompleksa C. auratus na teritoriji Srbije. Beležene populacije su uglavnom pokazivale srednju do visoku zastupljenost (20-40%) u ukupnoj ihtiofauni uz uočljivo povećanje brojnosti u funkciji vremena. Na nekim lokalitetima se u nekoliko uzastopnih studija registruju veoma brojne popu-lacije vrsta ovog kompleksa (40-100% u ukupnom ulovu).</p><p>Za potrebe molekularno- taksonomskih analiza i analiza morfolo&scaron;ke varijabilnosti recentnih populacija uzorkovano je 280 jedinki u periodu 2012 &ndash; 2014.godine sa 14 različitih lokaliteta u&nbsp;Vojvodini i peripanonskoj oblasti. Sve jedinke u uzorku su prvo fotografisane za potrebe analiza linearne i geometrijske morfometrije, uzet je uzorak repnog peraja za dalje genetičke analize, a nakon toga su izvr&scaron;ena sva neophodna merenja&nbsp;&nbsp; morfometrijskih i merističkih karaktera radi ana-lize varijabilnosti među&nbsp; populacijama. Populaciono-genetičkim analizama sekvenci dela cytb gena utvrđeno je da su sve ispitivane jedinke pripadale vrsti Carassius gibelio I. Zbog biolo&scaron;kog stanja uzoraka, determinacija je bila moguća za samo 52 jedinki sa 11 lokaliteta te se ne bi smela isključiti mogućnost postojanja jo&scaron; nekih vrsta kompleksa C. auratus, kao &scaron;to su C. auratus i C. langsdorfi koje su prema navodima drugih autora beležene na teritorijama susednih zemalja.</p><p>Primenom linearne i geometrijske morfometrijske analize ustanovljena je izražena fenoti-pska varijabilnost u obliku tela i odabranih&nbsp; elemenata skeletnog sistema između riba sa različitih lokaliteta. Utvrđeno je odsustvo polnog dimorfizma. Najveću varijabilnost od svih morfolo&scaron;kih parametara pokazala je vrednost za visinu tela, i veličinu glave, dok su kod kostiju najvi&scaron;e varirale vrednosti za os pharyngii na kojoj su ždrelni zubi - dentes pharyngii.</p><p>Prisustvo predatora i protok vode na ispitivanim lokalitetima su ispoljili uticaj na morfolo&scaron;ku varijabilnost riba. Prisustvo predatora je uslovilo pojavu karakterističnog fenotipa riba sa visokim telom koje omogućava lak&scaron;e izbegavanje predatora.</p><p>Za analizu mofolo&scaron;ke varijabilnosti ranih invazivnih populacija vrsta kompleksa C. auratus kori&scaron;ćeni su podaci za 524 jedinke (prilikom izlova determinisane kao C. auratus gibelio) sa tri lokaliteta u Vojvodini iz perioda 1983 &ndash; 1985. godine. Lokaliteti su izabrani prema različitom načinu invazije vrsta kompleksa C. auratus. Analizama linearne morfometije i modela rasta ut-vrđeno je da su se lokaliteti na kojima su bile&nbsp; zastupljene namerne antropogene introdukcije nepoznatog porekla odlikovali mnogo većom morfolo&scaron;kom varijabilno&scaron;ću od lokaliteta u koje su jedinke dospele prirodnim putevima invazije izvećih vodotokova.</p><p>Analizama životne istorije i dinamike rasta na 395 jedinki vrsta kompleksa C. auratus (pri-likom uzorkovanja determinisanih kao C. gibelio) kao invazivne grupe riba i 429 jedinki bodorke kao predstavnika autohtone ihtiofaune u periodu između 1991. i 1999. godine na akumulacijama Međuvr&scaron;je i Gruža utvrđene su razlike između različitih tipova stani&scaron;ta. Nezavisno od vrste, utvrđeno je da jedinke koje žive u sporim i plitkim stani&scaron;tima su krupnije i dostižu veće asimptotske dužine od individua koje nastanjuju brže i uže vodotokove.</p><p>Ovaj rad je među prvim koji primenjuje multi-modelnu analizu u modelovanju rasta slat-kovodnih riba. Rezultati su pokazali da se ova metoda može implementirati i na&nbsp; invazivne vrste riba kako bi se bolje procenio njihov uticaj na autohtonu faunu i&nbsp; eventualno razvile uspe&scaron;nije strategije upravljanja i kontrole njihovih populacija.</p> / <p>According to recent researches,<em> Carassius auratus</em> complex includes at least five <em>Carassius</em> species: <em>Carassius carassius, Carassius auratus, Carassius</em> langsdorfii, <em>Carassius cuvieri</em> and<em> Carassius gibelio</em>. These species are morphologically very similar and it is impossible to differentiate them on the basis of common morphological&nbsp; characters, so they all used to be classified as<em> Carassius auratus gibelio</em> or <em>Carassi</em>us <em>gibelio</em>. The only species that is significantly different is Carassius carassius. It is believed that the species of this complex were brought to Europe from Asia in the 17th&nbsp;&nbsp; century.</p><p>Over the last fifty years most of the members of C. auratus complex in Europe were classified as Carassius gibelio (<em>C. auratus gibelio</em>) (Bloch, 1783) (Silver carp or Gibel carp). Since the members of this complex have been registered in most European watercourses, they are considered to be the most successful invasive group of freshwater fish. Thanks to their biological characteristics (fast growth, different types of reproduction, remarkable resistance to unfavourable conditions) these species quickly become competitive to indigenous ichthyofauna in respect of food and habitat and they often have very negative impact on the entire ecosystem they inhabit.</p><p>This dissertation identifies the species that belong to the<em> </em>Carassius auratus complex in /Vojvodina and peri-Pannonian region using specific genetic markers (ctyb gene sequence). Using linear and geometric morphometrics, we examined morphological variability of different morphological parts (whole body, skull bones, cleithrum and scales) of the members of<em> Carassius auratus</em> complex, in different localities with different ecological conditions (presence of predators and water flow). Modern statistics&nbsp; and mathematical methods (multi-model analysis) were used in the analysis&nbsp; of growth dynamics of both recent and early invasive populations.</p><p>Meta-analyses of the available data have shown that there is a wide population of C. auratuscomplex species&nbsp; in Serbia. The examined populations showed medium to high occurrence (20- 40%) in the entire ichthyofauna, with evident growth over time. A few consecutive studies have registered very large populations of the species of this complex in several localities (40-100% of total catch).</p><p>For the purpose of molecular-taxonomic analyses and the analysis of morphological variability of recent populations, we used a sample of&nbsp; 280&nbsp; units taken in 14 different localities in Vojvodina and peri-Pannonian region in the period from 2012 to 2014. All the units in the sample were first photographed for the purpose of linear and geometric morphometrics, samples of tail fins were taken for further genetic analysis, and then all the necessary evaluations of morphometric and meristic characters were made, as well as the analysis of variability among populations.<br />Population genetic analysis with the application of a genetic marker (cytb gene) has shownthat all the examined units belong to<em> Carassius gibelio</em> species. Due to the biological state of the samples, the determination was possible for only 52 units from 11 localities, so it not impossible that some other species of C. auratus complex such as C. auratus and C. langsdorficould also be found in this region as they have been registered on the territories of the neighbouring countries, as reported by some authors.</p><p><br />Linear and geometric morphometric analysis has shown significant phenotype&nbsp; variability in body shape and selected elements of the skeletal system. It has also proved the absence of sexual dimorphism and showed that locality had a major impact on the variability.</p><p>The largest variability was recorded in terms of body height and head size, while the most variable values with the bones were those referring to os pharyngii with pharyngeal teeth.</p><p>Morphological variability of fish also depended on the presence of predators and the water flow in the examined localities. The presence of predators causes a characteristic phenotype of fish with tall body which enables them to avoid predators more easily.</p><p>In the analysis of morphological variability of early invasive populations of the species of C. auratus complex we used data for 524 units (classified as C. auratusgibelio during the catch) from three localities in Vojvodina in the period from 1983 to 1985. The localities were chosen according to different ways of invasion of the species of C. auratus complex. Linear morphometrics and growth model analyses have shown that the localities with deliberate anthropogenic introduction of unknown origin were characterized with greater variability than the localities populated by natural invasion from larger watercourses.</p><p>The analyses of life history and growth dynamics in 395 members of the species of C. auratuscomplex (classified as C. gibelio during the sampling) as an invasive group of fish, and 429 units of the roach as the representative of the indigenous ichthyofauna in the artificial lakes of Međuvr&scaron;je and Gruža in the period from 1991 to 1999, have established differences among different types of habitats. Regardless of species, the fish that live in slow and shallow habitats are larger and they reach greater asymptotic length than those living in faster and narrower watercourses.</p><p>This study is among the first ones to apply multi-model analyses in modeling freshwater fish growth. The results have shown that this method can be implemented in studying invasive fish species in order to make a better estimation of their influence on indigenous fauna and possibly develop more successful&nbsp; strategies of managing and controlling their populations.</p>

<p><em>Prospero&nbsp; autumnale&nbsp;</em> kompleks&nbsp; je&nbsp; taksonomski&nbsp; najintrigantniji&nbsp; član&nbsp; roda&nbsp; <em>Prospero,</em>&nbsp; sa&nbsp; centrom rasprostranjenja u Mediteranu. Kompleks se rasprostire i na obalama Atlantskog okeana u Francuskoj, sve do južnih&nbsp; delova Velike&nbsp; Britanije, zatim&nbsp; na Balkanskom poluostrvu, u Panonskoj&nbsp; niziji, sve&nbsp; do Krima, Kavkaza&nbsp; i&nbsp; delova&nbsp; Irana&nbsp; na&nbsp; istoku.&nbsp; Areal&nbsp; kompleksa&nbsp; se&nbsp; preklapa&nbsp; sa&nbsp; arealima&nbsp; ostale&nbsp; dve&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; roda&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; u<br />zapadnom Mediteranu sa <em>P. obtusifolium</em>, a u istočnim delovima Mediterana sa&nbsp;<em> P. hanburyi. </em>Za razliku od <em>P. obtusifolium&nbsp; i&nbsp; P. hanburyi,&nbsp; P. autumnale</em>&nbsp; kompleks se odlikuje visokom kariolo&scaron;kom varijabilno&scaron;ću.Razlikuju se četiri osnovna broja hromozoma&nbsp; x&nbsp; = 5, 6, 7 i četiri različita tipa genoma (A, B⁵, B ⁶ i B⁷ )&nbsp; i diploidna&nbsp; citotipa&nbsp; (AA,&nbsp; B ⁵B⁵,&nbsp; B ⁶B⁶i&nbsp; B ⁷B ⁷ )&nbsp; koja&nbsp; se&nbsp; razlikuju&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovni&nbsp; broj&nbsp; hromozoma, veličinu&nbsp; i&nbsp; morfologiju&nbsp; hromozoma.&nbsp; Genom&nbsp; B ⁵ ima&nbsp; x&nbsp; =&nbsp; 5,&nbsp; B⁶ x&nbsp; =&nbsp; 6,&nbsp; a&nbsp; genomi&nbsp; A&nbsp; i&nbsp; B⁷x&nbsp; =&nbsp; 7. Najrasprostranjeniji&nbsp; genom&nbsp; je&nbsp; B ⁷ ,&nbsp; koji&nbsp; je&nbsp; zabeležen&nbsp; u&nbsp; celom&nbsp; arealu&nbsp; kompleksa,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; je&nbsp; A&nbsp; zastupljen&nbsp; u zapadnom Mediteranu, B⁵ u Libiji, a B ⁶je endemičan za Krit. U okviru B ⁷ genoma se, dalje, razlikuju dve linije nastale kao posledica duplikacija 5S rDNK lokusa, pri čemu linija I ima jedan lokus, a kod linije II taj&nbsp; lokus&nbsp; je&nbsp; duplikovan.&nbsp; Osim&nbsp; diploidnih&nbsp; citotipova,&nbsp; poznato&nbsp; je&nbsp; i&nbsp; nekoliko&nbsp; ploidnih&nbsp; nivoa,&nbsp; od&nbsp; kojih&nbsp; su najučestaliji&nbsp; tetraploidi&nbsp; (2n=4x=28)&nbsp; i&nbsp; heksaploidi&nbsp; (2n=6x=42).&nbsp; Za&nbsp; <em>P.&nbsp; autumnale&nbsp;</em> kompleks&nbsp; je karakteristična varijabilnost u veličini genoma između različitih citotipova i unutar pojedinih citotipova. Genomsko restrukturiranje, koje je imalo najveću ulogu u evoluciji i diverzifikaciji kompleksa, nije imalo velikog uticaja na&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;ku varijabilnost, te je&nbsp; iz tog razloga kompleks&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;ki skoro uniforman. Ipak karakteri kao &scaron;to su: boja tunike lukovice, visina biljke, oblik i dimenzije lista, broj cvetova u cvasti i boja cvetova pokazuju izvesnu varijabilnost. Taksonomske nejasnoće nastaju zbog opisanih desetak vrsta između kojih ne postoje jasne morfolo&scaron;ke razlike i kod kojih je prisutno preklapanje vrednosti karaktera.Kako&nbsp; je&nbsp; do&nbsp; sada&nbsp; kompleks&nbsp; najvi&scaron;e&nbsp; bio&nbsp; predmet&nbsp; kariolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; istraživanja,&nbsp; pri&nbsp; čemu&nbsp; su&nbsp; izostale&nbsp; detaljne analize morfolo&scaron;ke i/ili anatomske varijabilnosti, uzorkovan je biljni materijal sa 37 lokaliteta na području Panonske nizije i Balkanskog poluostrva sa ciljem utvrđivanja morfolo&scaron;ke, anatomske, kao i kariolo&scaron;ke varijabilnosti. Određivan&nbsp; je broj hromozoma, nivoi ploidije&nbsp; i veličina genoma. Primenom univarijantne statističke&nbsp; metode,&nbsp; ispitana&nbsp; je&nbsp; varijabilnost&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; i&nbsp; anatomskih&nbsp; karaktera,&nbsp; a&nbsp; upotrebom multivarijantne&nbsp; statističke&nbsp; metode&nbsp; su&nbsp; testirane&nbsp; razlike&nbsp; između&nbsp; unapred&nbsp; definisanih&nbsp; grupa,&nbsp; koje&nbsp; su&nbsp; se odnosile na populacije i ploidne nivoe. Korespodentnom analizom su analizirani kvalitativni morfolo&scaron;ki i anatomski&nbsp; karakteri.&nbsp; Ukupno&nbsp; je&nbsp; analizirano&nbsp; 65&nbsp; karaktera&nbsp; (33&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;ka&nbsp; i&nbsp; 32&nbsp; ana tomska).&nbsp; Rezultati kariolo&scaron;ke&nbsp; analize&nbsp; se&nbsp; potvrdili&nbsp; varijabilnost&nbsp; kompleksa&nbsp; na&nbsp; istraživanom&nbsp; području.&nbsp; Detektovana&nbsp; su&nbsp; tri ploidna&nbsp; nivoa&nbsp; (diploidi,&nbsp; tetraploidi&nbsp; i&nbsp; heksaploidi),&nbsp; a&nbsp; potvrđena&nbsp; je&nbsp; i&nbsp; varijabilnost&nbsp; u&nbsp; veličini&nbsp; genoma. Poređenjem monoploidne veličine genoma između tri ploidna nivoa je detektovano smanjivanje veličine genoma&nbsp; sa&nbsp; povećanjem&nbsp; nivoa&nbsp; ploidije.&nbsp; U&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; koeficijent&nbsp; varijabilnosti,&nbsp; konstatovano&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; se većina&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; karaktera&nbsp; nalazi&nbsp; u&nbsp; zoni&nbsp; umerene&nbsp; varijabilnosti&nbsp; (22),&nbsp; a&nbsp; samo&nbsp; pet&nbsp; karaktera&nbsp; je visokovarijabilno.&nbsp; Anatomski&nbsp; karakteri&nbsp; su&nbsp; raspoređeni&nbsp; u&nbsp; četiri&nbsp; kategorije&nbsp; (niskovarijabilni, umerenovarijabilni, visokovarijabilni i veoma visokovarijabilni), pri čemu većina karaktera (20) pripada umerenovarijabilnoj&nbsp; kategoriji. Četiri&nbsp; kvalitativna&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;ka (oblik lukovice, boja tunike, boja cveta i oblik&nbsp; plodnika)&nbsp; i&nbsp; sedam&nbsp; kvalitativnih&nbsp; anatomskih&nbsp; karaktera&nbsp; (oblik&nbsp; poprečnog&nbsp; preseka&nbsp; lista,&nbsp; oblik&nbsp; ćelija epidermisa na licu i&nbsp; naličju,&nbsp; oblik ćelija palisadnog tkiva na licu&nbsp; i&nbsp; naličju, prisustvo papila&nbsp; i&nbsp; kristala u ćelijama&nbsp; parenhima)&nbsp; su&nbsp; pokazala&nbsp; varijabilnost.&nbsp; U&nbsp; korespodentnoj&nbsp; analizi,&nbsp; zasnovanoj&nbsp; na&nbsp; kvalitativnim morfolo&scaron;kim&nbsp; karakterima,&nbsp; izdvojile&nbsp; su&nbsp; se&nbsp; tri&nbsp; grupe.&nbsp; Za&nbsp; prvu&nbsp; grupu&nbsp; su&nbsp; bili&nbsp; zajedničke&nbsp; &scaron;irokojajaste&nbsp; i uzanojajaste&nbsp; lukovice&nbsp; sa&nbsp; ružičastom&nbsp; tunikom,&nbsp; jedinkama&nbsp; u&nbsp; drugoj&nbsp; grupi&nbsp; su&nbsp; bili&nbsp; svojstveni&nbsp; jajasti&nbsp; i uzanojajasti plodnici i lukovice sa braon tunikom, dok su za treću grupu bili karakteristični &scaron;irokojajasti plodnici, loptaste i pljosnate lukovice. U odnosu na kvalitativne anatomske karaktere najvi&scaron; e se izdvojila jedna&nbsp; grupa&nbsp; za&nbsp; koju&nbsp; su&nbsp; bile&nbsp; karakteristične&nbsp; gusto&nbsp; raspoređene&nbsp; papile&nbsp; i&nbsp; prisustvo&nbsp; četvorougaonih&nbsp; i okruglastih epidermalnih ćelija na abaksijalnoj strani lista. Rezultati multivarijantnih analiza, zasnovanih na&nbsp; populacijama&nbsp; kao&nbsp; unapred&nbsp; definisanim&nbsp; grupama&nbsp; i&nbsp; kvantitivnim&nbsp; karakterima,&nbsp; ukazali&nbsp; su&nbsp; na&nbsp; složenu varijabilnost&nbsp; uzorka&nbsp; i&nbsp; izostanak&nbsp; jasne&nbsp; separacije&nbsp; grupa.&nbsp; Naznake&nbsp; razdvajanja&nbsp; grupa&nbsp; su&nbsp; bile&nbsp; uočljive&nbsp; u analizi&nbsp; morfo-anatomske&nbsp; matrice.&nbsp; Izdvojili&nbsp; su&nbsp; se&nbsp; sledeći&nbsp; karakteri:&nbsp; visina&nbsp; stabla,&nbsp; dužina&nbsp; cvasti,&nbsp; broj cvetova,&nbsp; povr&scaron;ina&nbsp; poprečnog&nbsp; preseka&nbsp; lista,&nbsp; ukupna&nbsp; povr&scaron;ina&nbsp; palisadnog&nbsp; tkiva&nbsp; i&nbsp; ukupna&nbsp; povr&scaron;ina sunđerastog tkiva. Najjasnija razdvajanja su uočena u analizama gde su ploidni nivoi predstavljali&nbsp; a priori definisane&nbsp; grupe,&nbsp; naročito&nbsp; u&nbsp; kombinaciji&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; i&nbsp; anatomskih&nbsp; karaktera.&nbsp; Karakteri&nbsp; sa diskriminacionim&nbsp; potencijalom&nbsp; između&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; koje&nbsp; pripadaju&nbsp; različitim&nbsp; ploidnim&nbsp; nivoima&nbsp; jesu:&nbsp; broj<br />cvetova,&nbsp; &scaron;irina&nbsp; listića&nbsp; perigona&nbsp; unutra&scaron;njeg&nbsp; kruga&nbsp; i&nbsp; filamenta&nbsp; spolja&scaron;njeg&nbsp; kruga,&nbsp; povr&scaron;ina&nbsp; poprečnog preseka&nbsp; lista,&nbsp; ukupna&nbsp; povr&scaron;ina&nbsp; palisadnog&nbsp; tkiva,&nbsp; povr&scaron;ina&nbsp; ćelija&nbsp; palisadnog&nbsp; tkiva,&nbsp; visina&nbsp; i&nbsp; &scaron;irina&nbsp; ćelija palisadnog tkiva i udeo epidermisa. Od sva tri ploidna nivoa, najvi&scaron;e izdvojene su bile diploidne jedinke, koje&nbsp; se&nbsp; od&nbsp; tetraploida&nbsp; i&nbsp; heksaploida&nbsp; mogu&nbsp; razlikovati&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu:&nbsp; dužina&nbsp; filamenata&nbsp; spolja&scaron;njeg&nbsp; i unutra&scaron;njeg&nbsp; kruga&nbsp; cveta,&nbsp; povr&scaron;ine&nbsp; ćelija&nbsp; palisadnog&nbsp; tkiva,&nbsp; visine&nbsp; i&nbsp; &scaron;irine&nbsp; ćelija&nbsp; palisadnog&nbsp; tkiva,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i ukupne&nbsp; povr&scaron;ine&nbsp; palisadnog&nbsp; tkiva.&nbsp; Tetraploidi&nbsp; i&nbsp; heksaplodi&nbsp; se&nbsp; najvi&scaron;e&nbsp; međusobno&nbsp; razlikuju&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu karaktera u regionu cveta: prečnik otvorenog perigona, dužine listića perigona spolja&scaron;njeg kruga cveta i &scaron;irine filamenta spolja&scaron;njeg&nbsp; kruga cveta.&nbsp; Uočene razlike&nbsp; između tri analizirana ploidna&nbsp; nivoa (diploidi, tetraploidi&nbsp; i&nbsp; heksaploidi),&nbsp; u&nbsp; taksonomskom&nbsp; smislu&nbsp; se&nbsp; mogu&nbsp; tumačiti&nbsp; pre&nbsp; kao&nbsp; jedna&nbsp; od&nbsp; infraspecijskih kategorija, a ne kao kategorija koja bi odgovarala vrsti.</p> / <p>Prospero autumnale&nbsp; complex is the most taxonomically intricate member of the genus&nbsp; Prospero&nbsp; with the centre of distribution on the Mediterranean Basin, westwards to&nbsp; the Atlantic coast in France as far north&nbsp; as&nbsp; Great&nbsp; Britain,&nbsp; northwards&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; Pannonian&nbsp; Basin&nbsp; and&nbsp; Crimea,&nbsp; and&nbsp; eastwards&nbsp; to&nbsp; Iran.&nbsp; The distribution area of the complex overlaps with distribution areas of the other two species of the genus<br />Prospero-P.&nbsp; obtusifolium&nbsp; is&nbsp; present&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; western&nbsp; parts&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; Mediterranean,&nbsp; while&nbsp; P.&nbsp; hanburyi&nbsp; is distributed in the eastern Mediterranean. Unlike&nbsp; P. obtusifolium and P. hanburyi, P. autumnale complexis characterized by extraordinary karyological&nbsp; cariation. It encompasses&nbsp;&nbsp; four distinct genomes (A, B&nbsp; 5 , B 6 , B 7 ) and four distinct diploid cytotypes (AA, B 5 B 5 , B 6 B 6 , B 7 B 7 ), each with a unique combination of<br />basic chromosome&nbsp; number (x&nbsp; = 5, 6, 7).&nbsp; An additional difference is related to&nbsp; chromosome&nbsp; size and morphology. The B 5 genome&nbsp; has&nbsp; x&nbsp; = 5, B 6 x&nbsp; = 6, and A and B 7x&nbsp; = 7 basic chromosome numbers. The B 7 genome&nbsp; is&nbsp; present&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; whole&nbsp; distribution&nbsp; area&nbsp; of&nbsp; P.&nbsp; autumnale&nbsp; complex,&nbsp; while&nbsp; genome&nbsp; A&nbsp; is distributed in the western Mediterranean, B 5 is restricted to Libya, and B 6 is endemic to&nbsp; Crete. Within diploids and tetraploids&nbsp; of&nbsp; B 7 genome, two&nbsp; lineages&nbsp; occur as a consequence&nbsp; of&nbsp; duplication&nbsp; of the 5S rDNA locus. Type I (lineage) has a single locus, while in type II (lineage) 5S rDNA locus is duplicated. Besides diploid cytotypes, the polyploids cytotypes are also known. The most common polyploids are tetra- (2n=4x=28) and hexaploids (2n=6x=42). Variability in the genome size within, as well as between cytotypes, is also characterized for the complex. Genomic restructuring, which played the b iggest role in evolution&nbsp; and&nbsp; diversification&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; P.&nbsp; autumnale&nbsp; complex,&nbsp; did&nbsp; not&nbsp; have&nbsp; a&nbsp; major&nbsp; impact&nbsp; on morphological&nbsp; variability.&nbsp; Only&nbsp; slight&nbsp; variation&nbsp; has&nbsp; been&nbsp; detected&nbsp; in&nbsp; plant,&nbsp; tepal&nbsp; and&nbsp; filament&nbsp; size, flower&nbsp; and&nbsp; seed&nbsp; color,&nbsp; shape&nbsp; and&nbsp; size&nbsp; of&nbsp; leaves&nbsp; a nd&nbsp; color&nbsp; of&nbsp; bulbs.&nbsp; Taxonomic&nbsp; ambiguities&nbsp; are<br />additionally&nbsp; caused&nbsp; by&nbsp; description&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; new&nbsp; ten&nbsp; species&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; complex.&nbsp;&nbsp; morphological&nbsp; differences between those species are unclear, with overlapping values of the most morphological traits. Until now, P. autumnale&nbsp; complex was mostly karyologicaly investigated, without detail analyses of morphological and/or&nbsp;&nbsp; anatomical&nbsp; variability.&nbsp; The&nbsp; aim&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; present&nbsp; study&nbsp; was&nbsp; to&nbsp; investigate&nbsp; karyological, morphological and anatomical variability on individuals collected on 37 localities across the Pannonian Basin and&nbsp; Balkan Peninsula. Basic chromosome&nbsp; number, ploidy&nbsp; levels, as well as&nbsp; genome size&nbsp; were determined. The variability of morphological and anatomical characters was examined using univariate statistical&nbsp; methods.&nbsp; Differences&nbsp; between&nbsp; predefined&nbsp; groups&nbsp; (populations&nbsp; and&nbsp; ploidy&nbsp;&nbsp; levels)&nbsp; were investigated&nbsp; using&nbsp; multivariate&nbsp; statistics&nbsp; with&nbsp; the&nbsp; attempts&nbsp; to&nbsp; identify&nbsp; morphological&nbsp; and&nbsp; anatomical characters&nbsp; with&nbsp; discriminatory&nbsp; potential.&nbsp; For&nbsp; analysing&nbsp; qualitative&nbsp; morphological&nbsp; and&nbsp; anatomical characters, correspondence analysis was conducted. In total 65 traits were analyzed (33&nbsp; morphological and&nbsp; 32&nbsp; anatomical).&nbsp; The&nbsp; results&nbsp; of&nbsp; karyological&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; confirmed&nbsp; the&nbsp; high&nbsp; variation&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; P. autumnale&nbsp; complex&nbsp; in the study area. Three&nbsp; ploidy&nbsp; levels (diploids, tetraploids and&nbsp; hexaploids)&nbsp; were detected,&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; genome&nbsp; size&nbsp; variation&nbsp; was&nbsp; confirmed.&nbsp; Genome&nbsp; downsizing&nbsp; was&nbsp; observed&nbsp; by comparing&nbsp; monoploid&nbsp; genome&nbsp; sizes&nbsp; between&nbsp; three&nbsp; ploidy&nbsp; levels.&nbsp; According&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; oefficient&nbsp; ofc variation,&nbsp; most&nbsp; morphological characters show&nbsp; moderate&nbsp; variation (22). Only&nbsp; five traits showed&nbsp; high variation.&nbsp; Anatomical&nbsp; characters&nbsp; were&nbsp; classified&nbsp; into&nbsp; four&nbsp; categories&nbsp; according&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; coefficient&nbsp; of variation (with low, moderate, high and very high variation), but the&nbsp; most traits (20) showed moderate<br />variation. Variation in qualitative morphological (bulb shape and color, flower color and ovary shape) and seven&nbsp; qualitative anatomical characters (leaf cross-sectional area shape, shape&nbsp; of the adaxial and abaxial&nbsp; epidermal&nbsp; cells,&nbsp; shape&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; adaxial&nbsp; and&nbsp; abaxial&nbsp; palisade&nbsp; cells,&nbsp; presence&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; papillae&nbsp; and crystals&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; parenchyma&nbsp; cells)&nbsp; were&nbsp; recorded.&nbsp; Three&nbsp; groups&nbsp; of&nbsp; populations,&nbsp; as&nbsp; a&nbsp; result&nbsp; of&nbsp; the correspondence&nbsp; analysis,&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; qualitative&nbsp; morphological&nbsp; characters,&nbsp; were&nbsp; formed.&nbsp; Populations&nbsp; of the first group showed common characteristics such as broadly and narrowly ovate shaped bulbs with pink&nbsp; outer&nbsp; tunic.&nbsp; The&nbsp; second&nbsp; group&nbsp; was&nbsp; characterized&nbsp; by&nbsp; bulbs&nbsp; with&nbsp; brown&nbsp; outer&nbsp; tunic,&nbsp; ovate&nbsp; and narrowly ovate ovary, while the third group had broadly ovate ovaries, globose and flattened bulbs. In relation&nbsp; to&nbsp; qualitative&nbsp; anatomical&nbsp; characters,&nbsp; only&nbsp; one&nbsp; group&nbsp; was&nbsp; the&nbsp; most&nbsp; distinguished&nbsp; and&nbsp; was characterized by densely distributed papillae, squared and rounded shape of abaxial epidermal cells. The results&nbsp; of&nbsp; multivariate&nbsp; analyses&nbsp; of&nbsp; quantitative&nbsp; traits,&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; populations&nbsp; as&nbsp; presumptive&nbsp; groups, revealed&nbsp; similar&nbsp; patterns&nbsp; without&nbsp; structuring&nbsp; and&nbsp; with&nbsp; no&nbsp; specific&nbsp; groupings.&nbsp; The&nbsp; tendency&nbsp; toward&nbsp; a separation&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; populations&nbsp; was&nbsp; noticeable&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; combined&nbsp; morpho-anatomical characters. The highest correlation with the canonical axes showed: stem height, inflorescence length,number of flowers, leaf cross-sectional area, palisade and spongy tissue area. The clearest separationsbetween groups were observed with ploidy levels as presumptive groups. Morpho-anatomical traits with discriminatory potential among ploidy levels were: number of flowers, inner tepal width, outer filament width, leaf cross-sectional area, palisade tissue area, the cross-sectional area of palisade cells, height and width&nbsp; of palisade cells and&nbsp; epidermis percentage. The&nbsp; most&nbsp; distinct&nbsp; group among three ploidy&nbsp; levels were diploids and could be distinguished from tetra-&nbsp; and hexaploids by outer and inner&nbsp; filament width, the&nbsp; cross-sectional area&nbsp; of palisade cells, the&nbsp; width of palisade cells, the&nbsp; height&nbsp; of palisade cells and palisade tissue area. Tetra-&nbsp; and&nbsp; hexaploids&nbsp; differed&nbsp; mostly&nbsp; in floral characters: open flower diameter, outer tepal length and outer filament width. For taxonomic purposes, the level of overlap indicates that the ploidy levels could be regarded as showing intraspecific variation.</p>