Orientador: Jeane Mari Sant'Ana Spera / Banca: Rony Farto Pereira / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Mendes de Moraes / Banca: Martha Augusta Corrêa e Castro Gonçalves / Banca: Marlene Durigan / Resumo: Esta pesquisa apresenta análises de contos do livro Primeiras Estórias, de João Guimarães Rosa, do ponto de vista morfossintático. Buscando desvendar sua linguagem, as análises baseiam-se em elementos evidentemente escolhidos pelo autor para nortear a leitura de cada conto. São recursos morfossintáticos, revelados a cada passagem, que denotam a preocupação metalingüística do autor e marcam o caráter de invenção de seu texto. Para proceder às análises, partimos de conceitos oriundos da gramática gerativa, que apresenta o quadro teórico condizente com a idéia de gramática internalizada, importante no cotejo linguagem do autor/linguagem do leitor. Também foram descritas as categorias morfossintáticas que mais foram necessárias às análises, as quais fornecem um quadro do manejo lingüístico operado pelo autor em suas obras, especialmente neste livro de 1962. / Abstract: This research presents analysis of the Primeiras Estórias short stories, written by João Guimarães Rosa, through the morphological and syntactical point of view. Trying to reveal his language, the analysis are based on the elements evidently chosen by the author to guide the reading of each story. There are morphological and syntactical resources every passage, which indicates the author’s metalinguistic worries and mark the invention’s characteristic of his text. In order to proceed to the analysis, we took the concepts coming from the Gerative Grammar, which provides the theoretical support of the internal grammar, important to compare the author’s and the reader’s language. Also we describe the morphological and syntactical categories, which present a picture of the author’s linguistic handling, specially to this 1962’s book. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pacca_mb_dr_assis.pdf: 395068 bytes, checksum: f398b7abfed2afa3f7e4d517ca41c362 (MD5) / Esta pesquisa apresenta análises de contos do livro Primeiras Estórias, de João Guimarães Rosa, do ponto de vista morfossintático. Buscando desvendar sua linguagem, as análises baseiam-se em elementos evidentemente escolhidos pelo autor para nortear a leitura de cada conto. São recursos morfossintáticos, revelados a cada passagem, que denotam a preocupação metalingüística do autor e marcam o caráter de invenção de seu texto. Para proceder às análises, partimos de conceitos oriundos da gramática gerativa, que apresenta o quadro teórico condizente com a idéia de gramática internalizada, importante no cotejo linguagem do autor/linguagem do leitor. Também foram descritas as categorias morfossintáticas que mais foram necessárias às análises, as quais fornecem um quadro do manejo lingüístico operado pelo autor em suas obras, especialmente neste livro de 1962. / This research presents analysis of the Primeiras Estórias short stories, written by João Guimarães Rosa, through the morphological and syntactical point of view. Trying to reveal his language, the analysis are based on the elements evidently chosen by the author to guide the reading of each story. There are morphological and syntactical resources every passage, which indicates the author s metalinguistic worries and mark the invention s characteristic of his text. In order to proceed to the analysis, we took the concepts coming from the Gerative Grammar, which provides the theoretical support of the internal grammar, important to compare the author s and the reader s language. Also we describe the morphological and syntactical categories, which present a picture of the author s linguistic handling, specially to this 1962 s book.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:56:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoBCJ_TESE.pdf: 6737627 bytes, checksum: 54ccdbaf20043e5b352ae0dd8029e04b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The aim of this work is to understand the morphological expression of ground occupation by the higher income population, by focusing on population distribution in accordance with income layers and demographical density, as well as topological accessibility (HILLIER and HANSON, 1984) resulting from the urban grid structure. It endeavors to identify a functional organizing principle regarding the intra-urban space of Natal capital city of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, the research focus. In order to achieve this, census data as well as syntactic data were utilized for mapping and spatial analysis of income patterns, topological accessibility and demographical density using Geographical Information System GIS. The organizing principle was named as the Form of Privilege, a pattern that concentrates or tends to concentrate wealth, topological accessibility and low demographical density. Attempting to assess its extent, beyond Natal, this principle was applied to other Brazilian northeastern capitals such as: Fortaleza, CE; Teresina, PI; Aracaju, SE; Recife, PE; and Jo?o Pessoa, PB. Findings point out that although the urban structures of these cities are not immune to the Form of Privilege, Natal is emblematic of this phenomenon, a fact that demonstrates the perverse character of its spatial process, which historically creates privileged areas within the city, by means of the appropriation of accessibility as well as of the many urban benesses that are related to it by higher income groups at the expense of the major part of the population, which though being the people mostly in need of the benefits originating from the urban form are excluded from them / Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender a express?o morfol?gica da ocupa??o do solo pelas camadas de alta renda a partir dos padr?es de distribui??o da popula??o segundo faixas de renda, densidade demogr?fica e acessibilidade topol?gica (HILLIER e HANSON, 1984) resultante da estrutura da malha urbana de Natal capital do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte e universo de estudo da presente pesquisa , buscando na rela??o entre esses padr?es, identificar um princ?pio organizador do funcionamento do espa?o intra-urbano. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados censit?rios e sint?ticos no mapeamento e an?lises espaciais dos padr?es da renda, acessibilidade topol?gica e densidade demogr?fica em Sistemas de Informa??o Geogr?fica SIG. Ao princ?pio organizador deu-se o nome de A Forma do Privil?gio: uma determinada forma que concentra ou tende a concentrar riqueza, acessibilidade topol?gica e baixa densidade demogr?fica. Com o objetivo de testar seu alcance, al?m de Natal-RN, observou-se esse princ?pio em outras capitais nordestinas: Fortaleza-CE, Teresina-PI, Aracaju-SE, Recife-PE e Jo?o Pessoa-PB. Os resultados apontam que suas estruturas urbanas n?o s?o indiferentes ao princ?pio da Forma do Privil?gio, no entanto, Natal ? exemplo emblem?tico da Forma do Privil?gio, fato que demonstra o car?ter perverso de seus processos espaciais, que ao criarem historicamente uma ?rea privilegiada na cidade, marcada pela apropria??o da acessibilidade topol?gica pelas camadas de alta renda, ao mesmo tempo e pelo mesmo processo, excluem a maior parte da popula??o, exatamente aquela que mais necessita dos frutos e benef?cios oriundos da forma urbana

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-18T18:28:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO - CRESCIMENTO URBANO VERSUS URBANIDADE - ANDRÉ GUSTAVO OLIVEIRA - CD.pdf: 8223644 bytes, checksum: c3dd9e497b80d9bd4b919343abef5f0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T18:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO - CRESCIMENTO URBANO VERSUS URBANIDADE - ANDRÉ GUSTAVO OLIVEIRA - CD.pdf: 8223644 bytes, checksum: c3dd9e497b80d9bd4b919343abef5f0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-13 / A cidade contemporânea cresce de modo cada vez mais dinâmico e multifacetado. O confronto de interesses na produção do espaço promove problemas sociais e espaciais diversos. Para o desenvolvimento urbano e social adequado, torna-se necessário avançar em estudos sobre os agentes, ações e suas consequências. Enquanto as metrópoles apresentam situações espaciais precárias e de baixa urbanidade, o ônus destas estruturas à funcionalidade e qualidade de vida induz, em parte, ao crescimento acelerado de cidades médias, as quais, sem devido controle, reproduzem a problemática das metrópoles. Neste contexto, aborda-se aqui a cidade de Caruaru, localizada na região Agreste do Estado de Pernambuco, que, com uma população urbana superior a 300.000 habitantes, figura como a maior cidade do interior do Estado fora da Região Metropolitana do Recife, e se destaca por seus elevados índices de crescimento. Tendo como foco a análise espacial da cidade e seus desdobramentos a apropriação social, se utiliza aqui principalmente da Teoria da Sintaxe Espacial, desenvolvida por Hillier e Hanson (1984). Após contextualização quanto à constituição espacial da cidade de Caruaru, propõe-se a análise de seu processo de crescimento, tomando como referência do ano de 2004, em que foi aprovado seu atual Plano Diretor, a 2015, situação atual. A análise da expansão, desde 2004, sugere problemas dos instrumentos de planejamento urbano então vigentes, que, caso não sejam revistos, podem se agravar com o tempo. Para evidenciar tal hipótese, foram simuladas situações de crescimento urbano, seguindo padrões correntes de crescimento. / The contemporary city grows increasingly dynamic and multifaceted way. The clash of interests in the production of space promotes various social and spatial problems. For an urban development and adequate social, it is necessary to advance in studies about the agents, actions and their consequences. While the major cities presents precarious spatial situations and low urbanity, the burden of these structures to the functionality and quality of life induces in part to the rapid growth of medium-sized cities, which, without proper control, reproduce the problems of cities. In this context, we discuss here the city of Caruaru, located in the Agreste region of Pernambuco, which, with a higher urban population of 300,000 inhabitants, stands as the largest city in the state outside the metropolitan area of Recife, and It stands out for its high growth rates. Focusing on the spatial analysis of the city and its development, the social appropriation is used here mainly of the Theory of Space Syntax, developed by Hillier and Hanson (1984). After contextualization about the spatial constitution of the city of Caruaru, it proposes the analysis of its growth process, taking as reference the year 2004, which was adopted its current Master Plan, to the 2015 current situation. The analysis of expansion since 2004 suggests problems of urban planning instruments then in force, which, if not revised, may worsen with time. To demonstrate this hypothesis, urban growth situations were simulated, following current growth patterns.

<p>This dissertation sheds light on the semantic domain of causation in Arabic. The aim is to examine two Arabic causative verb forms, Form I and Form II, and their associations with (in)directness of causation. The central working hypothesis throughout this work is the verb-semantics hypothesis by Shibatani and Pardeshi (2002), which posits that autonomy of the causee, degree of directed causation, requirement for an external causer, and merger of two subevents into one conceptual event are factors that predict the morpho-syntactic complexity of a causative construction. Following the lead of Ambridge et al. (2020) on their operationalization of the verb-semantics hypothesis by Shibatani and Pardeshi (2002), two experiments were conducted. In both experiments, 60 animations for 60 verbs were used to depict various causative scenarios. The first experiment explored how Arabic speakers mentally perceived 60 events that depicted various degrees of causativity. This was achieved through collecting ratings from 20 Arabic speakers on four semantic variables: autonomy of the causee, degree of directed causation, degree of event-merge, and the requirement for an external causer. The second experiment obtained judgments of the relative acceptability of the less- and more-transparent causative forms of the same 60 verbs from 24 native-speaking Arabic adults. </p> <p>Three analyses were conducted on the results to better understand how causatives manifest in language use cross-linguistically, with a dedicated focus on the Arabic language.The first analysis addressed whether the four semantic variables of the verb-semantics hypothesis of Shibatani and Pardeshi (2002) account for the restrictions on the use of Arabic verb Form I and Form II. It was found that the variables autonomy of the causee, degree of directed causation, and the requirement for an external causer each showed strong positive correlations with Form I. The variable degree of event-merge showed a weak positive correlation with Form I. No correlations were noticed between any of the four variables and Form II. The second analysis addressed whether Arabic speakers perceive events in a similar way to speakers of other languages. Because this study followed the methodology Ambridge et al. (2020) used to examine causatives in English, Hebrew, Hindi, Japanese and Kʼicheʼs, the results could be directly compared. It was discovered that yes, Arabic speakers conceptualize the events tested similarly to speakers of the five other comparison languages. Twenty-three verbs (>38.3%) were rated the same by all speakers (120 speakers, 20 from each language) on all four semantic variables. From the remaining thirty-seven verbs, twenty-three verbs received the same ratings in three of the semantic variables, but not in event-merge. The remaining fourteen verbs were associated with numerous disagreements among the participants. The third and final analysis addressed the claim that all human languages use morphosyntax to mark the difference between direct versus indirect causative events by testing whether this holds true for Arabic. Across-linguistic computational model developed by Aryawibawa et al. (2021) was used to answer this question on the reasoning that if the principle is truly cross-linguistic, then the universal model should be able to utilize speaker semantic judgements to make accurate predictions about the grammatical acceptability of the different morphosyntactic forms. The model accurately predicted Arabic speaker judgments by a moderate correlation of 0.05, suggesting that Arabic conceptualizes directness of causation in a similar way to other languages, which supports the view that the underlying semantic distinction of more versus less direct causation maps onto and manifests as a morphosyntactic distinction. </p>

<p>Motion events have been argued to be decomposable into a subeventive structure. The aim of this dissertation is to provide a formal syntactic analysis of motion predicates in Limonese Creole, an endangered Creole language spoken in Costa Rica. Motion predicates denote a motion event in which a figure traverses a given space, with or without an endpoint (TELIC/ATELIC). On the structure of these events, Ramchand (2008, p. 39) among others, suggests that even if the event is analyzed as a single one, its syntax can contain three important subeventive components: a causing subevent, a process denoting subevent and a subevent corresponding to result state (yielding the TELIC interpretation). Contrastive analyses (especially Osei-Tutu, 2019; and Taherkhani, 2019), however, have found that a division between a TELIC and a RESULTATIVE subevent is possible as well. For encoding those different subcomponents of complex motion predicates, serial verb constructions (SVCs) have been attested in different languages, including other Pidgins and Creoles e.g., Ghanaian Student Pidgin, Jamaican Creole. However, those findings contrast with the presence of certain linking elements in Limonese Creole, conceptually related to elements like the “linker” (in terms of den Dikken, 2006). It is precisely this difference what motivates this study, since the presence of the linker an in Limonese Creole does not affect the monoeventivity of the macro-eventive structure of the motion predicate as defined by Bohnemeyer et al. (2007, p. 502). This dissertation proposes that subevents are assembled within the motion event in a layered complement structure (Larson 1991; Benedicto et al., 2020), and that the linker an does not involve coordination, rather it marks the structural border between subeventive components. </p> <p><br></p> <p>CHAPTER 1 introduces the main objective of this project: to provide a formal syntactic analysis of motion predicates in Limonese Creole. Then it refers to relevant issues on motion predicates, namely, a contrast between the approaches that have been used to study motion predicates. Additionally, the gap that the study fills and its contribution to the field are discussed. The study also serves the purpose of visibilizing Limonese Creole as a language and empowering its speakers. Finally, the main sociohistorical features of Limonese Creole are analyzed. </p> <p><br></p> <p>CHAPTER 2 outlines the hypothesized structure for motion predicates in Limonese Creole with all its subcomponents. I provide supporting evidence for the hypothesis by proving the monoeventivity of the complex predicate, the complement relation among subcomponents, and the structural connection between subevents with the LINKER that serves as boundary between subcomponents of motion predicates.</p> <p><br></p> <p>CHAPTER 3 describes the methodological procedures that were implemented for this study. Participants, data collection, and data analysis are described for each of the two stages from which the findings of this dissertation stem. The first stage consisted of a controlled data collection with an instrument of 175 clips with figures in motion with the participation of four speakers. This stage elicited contrasts between parameters of motion predicates. Complementarily, a second stage of  qualitative data collection was conducted to look for clarification, evaluation, and validation of items previously elicited or designed during the first stage. </p> <p><br></p> <p>CHAPTER 4 deals with the vectorization of the trajectory, which corresponds to the PROCESS subevent. I discuss how the vectorization is represented, what elements are present within the vectorization and what elements are prioritized or discarded. Based on this information, I identified the structural conditions behind the combinations in which the subcomponents of MANNER (verbs) and PATH (verbs, particles, and prepositional phrases) are expressed within this PROCESS subcomponent, namely the operations triggered by the [_u +V] feature in v. </p> <p><br></p> <p>CHAPTER 5 discusses the structure of the TELIC and RESULTATIVE subcomponents within the motion predicate in Limonese Creole. Even though this dissertation claims that TELIC and RESULTATIVE are two separate subcomponents, this chapter comprises the two of them as they are intricately related. First, I define TELICITY as a compositionally determined subcomponent which brings an event to its endpoint, then I introduce the hypothesis for the TELIC subcomponent, a semi-grammaticalized VP which I name EndP. The chapter discusses the conditions for TELICITY, more specifically, an interpretation that is returned by the functional projection AspQ after being assigned range by EndP. Additionally, I analyze the role of the outer aspect in the TELIC interpretation of motion predicates. Lastly, I examine the structure of the RESULTATIVE subcomponent by defining it and contrasting it with the TELIC subcomponent. There, I present the hypothesized structure for the subcomponent and examine the positions of the RESULTATIVE projection. </p> <p><br></p> <p>CHAPTER 6 discusses the conclusions, contributions, and areas for future research of this project.</p> <p><br></p>

<p>Modal notions have been an intriguing topic in terms of capturing their crosslinguistic behaviors which have been analyzed as quantifiers (Hacquard, 2006; Kratzer, 1977), free choice items (Rullmann et al., 2008), or degrees (Lassiter, 2017). These typological patterns become more interesting when the simultaneous nature of sign languages has been added to the typology. By adding another dimension to the crosslinguistic patterns, sign languages have been reported to have different realizations for modals. Some of them have nonmanual markers alone for epistemic modals (Bross, 2018; Herrmann, 2013) while some have both manual signs and nonmanual markers (Karabüklü et al., 2018; Shaffer, 2004).</p> <p><br></p> <p>Bringing new data for the modal typology in spoken and sign languages, this dissertation analyzes the functions of modal signs and cooccurring nonmanual markers in Turkish Sign Language (TID). Even though manual signs and nonmanual markers appear together in modal sentences, nonmanual markers are shown to be neither lexical nor structural parts of modal signs. Manual signs are analyzed for their modal force and flavor with experimental studies. Results have shown that TID shows two typological patterns in its modal system: modals with specified modal force and flavor, and modals with specified force and unspecified flavor.  </p> <p><br></p> <p>One of manual signs, lazim ‘necessary’, along with epistemic signs were further investigated for their evidential requirement in epistemic contexts. Results showed that lazim requires a strong inference to be felicitous in epistemic contexts. Different than other languages, LAZIM in TID requires not only the right kind of context, but also the right morphological combination. It is interpreted as a deontic sign when it appears after verb by itself. In order to be interpreted as epistemic, it needs to appear after another sign ol which encodes the change of state.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Effects of nonmanual markers are investigated on perception of the signer’s certainty with an experimental study. Signer certainty is rated lower when the squint accompanies the sentence. In contrast, it is rated higher when head nod accompanies the sentence. The effect of increased perception of certainty with head nod is argued to result from the focus on the verb or the modal, yielding verum focus. Squint is analyzed as the uncertainty marker which can be anchored to the signer, the subject, or the addressee based on the structure in which it appears. Systematic analysis of nonmanual markers brings a new piece of evidence to the long-lasting discussion on where nonmanual markers function in sign languages’ grammars.</p>

<p dir="ltr">Bilingualism and language acquisition research continually struggle with discerning the disparities and resemblances between heritage speakers and second language learners. Both groups draw considerable attention due to their unique language acquisition trajectories. This study investigates potential differences or similarities between heritage speakers and L2 learners of Spanish in their acquisition of syntax-semantics interface areas, focusing on the present perfect.</p><p dir="ltr">The present perfect denotes a past event relevant to the present, primarily establishing a connection between a current state and a preceding situation. However, it is imperative to note that the present perfect, often confused with the perfect aspect, encompasses more than this singular function. It represents merely one aspect within the perfect aspect, encompassing various other uses and functions beyond merely expressing present relevance to past events.</p><p dir="ltr">Despite extensive scholarly interest in studying heritage speakers (HS), including examinations of their distinctive morpho-syntax and aspectual challenges, limited literature exists regarding their utilization of the present perfect, frequently assumed to mirror its English counterpart. The intricate nuances in grammatical aspect when employing the present perfect remain largely unexplored.</p><p dir="ltr">This study aims to investigate the production and intuition of the aspectual values of the present perfect tense by Spanish heritage speakers and Spanish L2 learners, assessing potential divergences between the two groups given their differing levels of language exposure. To achieve this, an elicited production task and an acceptability judgment task will be employed to triangulate the participants' usage and comprehension of the target structure in various contexts.</p><p><br></p>

<p>The present study aims to examine the grammar of Spanish heritage children in relation to the syntax-discourse interface by analyzing the distribution of subject pronouns in focus and topic contexts. Focus and topic are related to the information structure of a clause, the former refers to new information of the sentence and the latter indicates old or known information (Lozano-Pozo, 2003). Studies exploring this phenomenon in various combinations of languages and L2 populations have found a clear overextension and overuse of overt subject pronouns in topic contexts in pro-drop languages, where the preferred option is the null pronoun, due to cross-linguistic influence from the L1 (Pérez-Leroux & Glass, 1999; Tsimpli & Sorace, 2006; Belletti et al., 2007; Sorace et al., 2009). Considering the results of previous research, this study examines the extent to which Spanish heritage speakers exhibit knowledge of subject pronoun distribution in focus and topic contexts by comparing them to their monolingual counterparts.</p> <p>Thirteen child heritage speakers of Spanish and twenty-seven monolingual children completed a structured elicitation task which consisted of a story followed by a question asking about an embedded subject (Focus condition) or an embedded direct object (Topic condition). Results revealed no overextension of overt subject pronouns in topic contexts due to cross-linguistic influence from English. However, differences were found in the focus condition. Heritage children diverged from the monolingual group since they produced considerably fewer instances of overt subject pronouns. It is hypothesized that heritage children are opting for the null pronoun option as the default option, which suggests they are prolonging the Null Subject Stage (Hyams, 1986). This finding points to protracted development due to a lack of activation of the language. Further findings are discussed taking into consideration current approaches that examine the effects of language dominance, exposure, and use.</p>

<p><strong>Background: </strong>Many persons with aphasia (PWA) show deficits in sentence production and comprehension which are, in part, attributed to an inefficient mapping between messages and syntactic structures. Structural priming—the tendency to repeat a previously encountered sentence structure—has been shown to support implicit syntactic learning within and across production and comprehension modalities in healthy adults. Structural priming is effective in facilitating the production or comprehension of sentences in PWA. However, less is known about whether priming in one modality changes PWA’s performance in the other modality, which is crucial evidence needed for developing structural priming as a cost-effective intervention strategy in aphasia.</p> <p><strong>Aims</strong>: This study examined (a) whether production to comprehension cross-modality priming is effective in PWA, (b) whether priming-induced changes in syntactic comprehension lasted even in the absence of an immediate prime, and (c) whether there is a significant correlation between individuals’ priming effects and the change in their comprehension following priming.</p> <p><strong>Methods & Procedures: </strong>Thirteen PWA and 13 age-matched control participants completed a training study comprised of three phases: a pre-test, a production-to-comprehension priming block, and a post-test. In the pre- and post-tests, participants completed a sentence-picture matching task with sentences involving interpretations of an ambiguous prepositional phrase (e.g., The teacher is poking the monk <u>with a bat</u>). Participants were free to choose a picture corresponding to a high attachment (HA; e.g., the teacher is using the bat to poke the monk) or a low attachment (LA; e.g., the monk is the one holding the bat) interpretation. In the priming block, participants produced LA sentences as prime and then completed a sentence-picture matching task for comprehension targets, similar to the pre-test. </p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Age-matched controls and PWA showed a significant priming effect when comparing the priming block to the pre-test. In both groups, the priming effect persisted when comparing picture selections in the pre- and post-tests. At the individual level, age-matched controls who showed larger priming effects also selected more LA pictures in the post-test compared to the pre-test, indicating that the priming effect accounted for the magnitude of change from the pre- to post-test. This correlation was also found in PWA.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The findings of this study suggest that production-to-comprehension cross-modality priming is effective and persistent in PWA and controls, in line with the view that structural priming is a form of implicit learning. Further, the findings support sentence processing models that suggest syntactic representations are shared between production and comprehension, and therefore, production influences future comprehension. Cross-modality priming from production to comprehension has clinical potential to improve sentence processing in PWA. </p>