As três famílias de ligas de maior importância comercial para a indústria de fundição apresentam a formação de eutéticos do tipo facetado/não-facetado durante a solidificação: os ferros fundidos com grafita (eutético austenita/grafita), os ferros fundidos brancos (eutético austenita/carboneto) e as ligas Al-Si (eutético alfa/silício). No caso dos ferros fundidos brancos, a morfologia dos carbonetos eutéticos exerce influência decisiva sobre o comportamento mecânico e a resistência à degradação (em função de solicitações como abrasão ou ciclos térmicos e/ou mecânicos) das ligas resistentes a desgaste pertencentes ao sistema Fe-C-X (em que X representa um ou mais dos elementos Cr, V, Mo, W e, mais raramente, Nb). Investigou-se o efeito do potencial nucleante do banho metálico sobre o eutético de ligas do sistema Fe-C-V, e conseqüentemente sobre a morfologia do carboneto. As alterações de morfologia do eutético austentita/carboneto VC em função da adição de alumínio ou titânio foram avaliadas por meio de microscopias óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Observou-se que a adição de alumínio ou titânio, em ligas com teores residuais de oxigênio ou nitrogênio, promoveu alteração do eutético VC de irregular para fibroso (no caso da adição de alumínio) e para divorciado (no caso da adição de titânio). Conclui-se que a presença de partículas nucleantes induziu a nucleação seletiva da fase facetada (carboneto VC) a temperaturas mais elevadas, diminuindo o grau de cooperação durante o crescimento do eutético. / The three most commercially important families of alloys for the foundry industry show the formation of faceted/non-faceted eutectics type during solidification: cast irons with graphite (austenite/graphite eutectic), white cast irons (austenite/carbide eutectic) and Al-Si alloys (alfa/silicon eutectic). In the case of white cast irons, the eutectic carbide morphology has decisive influence on mechanical behavior and on degradation resistance (due to solicitation such as abrasion or thermal and/or mechanical cycling) of wearing resistant alloys of the Fe-C-X system (where X stands for one or more of the following elements: Cr, V, Mo, W and, seldom, Nb). The metallic bath nucleant potential on the eutectic of the Fe-C-V system and, thus, on the carbide morphology, were investigated. It was evaluated the nucleant potential for aluminum and titanium addition to the bath. The morphologies changes for the austenite/carbide eutectic were evaluated by optical and scanning electronic microscopy. It was observed that aluminum or titanium addition in alloys with residual content of oxygen or nitrogen promoted VC eutectic morphology change from irregular to fibrous (when aluminum is added) and to divorced (when titanium is added). It is concluded that the presence of nucleant agents in the metallic bath induced the preferred nucleation of the faceted phase at higher temperatures, decreasing the cooperation during the eutectic growth.

The first part of the thesis concerns phylogenetic relationships of eimerian coccidia from arvicoline rodents based on nuclear 18S rRNA, and mitochondrial COI and COIII genes, as well as morphological and morphometrical analyses of the eimerian oocysts. Population-genetic structure of eimerian coccidia was also analyzed and haplotype networks were constructed. The second part of the thesis is based on elucidation of the origin of infections of arvicoline rodents with Isospora spp. using three different approaches - phylogenetic analyses (18S rRNA, COI, and COIII genes), morphological and morphometrical data, and experimental infections. Techniques of field parasitology, laboratory methods of parasitological examination, molecular-genetic diagnostics, phylogeny, and taxonomy were used in the course of both parts of the study.

Orientador: Eduardo Custódio Gasparino / Coorientador: Alain Chautems / Banca: Cynthia Fernandes Pinto da Luz / Banca: Claudia Barbieri Ferreira Mendonça / Resumo: Palinotaxonomia em Espécies Brasileiras do complexo Codonanthe- Codonanthopsis (Gesneriaceae) e gêneros relacionados - Será estudada a morfologia dos grãos de pólen de 25 espécies brasileiras dos gêneros Codonanthe (Mart.) Hanst., Codonanthopsis Mansf., Nematanthus Schrad. e Paradrymonia Hanst., distribuídas em sua maioria em dois biomas, Amazônia e Mata Atlântica. O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir com a caracterização palinológica, em busca de dados morfológicos que possam melhor definir as espécies estudadas, auxiliando dessa forma, o melhor entendimento das relações de parentesco entre os gêneros e na compreensão da distinção florística entre os respectivos biomas. Os grãos de pólen foram acetolisados, medidos e fotografados sob microscopia de luz, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão. Os dados quantitativos receberam tratamento estatístico e descritivos, adequado ao tamanho das amostras e foram submetidos a uma análise multivariada identificando caracteres polínicos importantes na distinção das espécies. Os resultados obtidos com este estudo confirma a diversidade polínica para a Gesneriaceae, como já relatado na literatura. Os caracteres que mais contribuíram para distinção entre os gêneros, que auxiliarão trabalhos evolutivos futuros, foram a ornamentação dos grãos de pólen e as características de abertura. As espécies de Codonanthe e Codonanthopsis apresentam ornamentação predominantemente microrreticulada, diferente de Paradrymonia e Nematanthus com ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Palynotaxonomy in Brazilian species of Codonanthe-Codonanthopsis complex (Gesneriaceae) and related genera - The morphology of the pollen grains of 25 Brazilian species Codonanthe (Mart.) Hanst., Codonanthopsis Mansf., Nematanthus Schrad. and Paradrymonia Hanst., distributed mostly in two biomes, the Amazon rainforest and Atlantic Forest. The objective of this study is to contribute with the palynological characterization, in search of morphological data that can better define the studied species, a, thus helping, the better understanding of kinship relations between the genera and in the understanding of the floristic distinction between the respective biomes. The pollen grains were acetolysed, measured and photographed under light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission. The quantitative data were submitted to a multivariate analysis, identifying pollen characters that were important for the species classification. The results obtained with this study confirm the pollen diversity for the Gesneriaceae, as already reported in the literature. The characters that contributed the most to distinguish between the genera, which will help future evolutionary works, were the ornamentation of the pollen grains and the aperture characteristics. The species of Codonanthe and Codonanthopsis present predominantly microreticulate ornamentation, different from Paradrymonia and Nematanthus with pollen grains mostly reticulate. For Paradrymonia, there were no variations in the ornamentation of the apocolpium and mesocolpium of its pollen grains; in Nematanthus we can see a variation in the pattern of ornamentation between the apocolpium and mesocolpium regions (from microreticulate, reticulate to foveolate). Pollen grains with colpate aperture were described for Codonanthopsis, and for Paradrymonia pollen grains colp... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

No description available.

Resumo: O gênero Erythrolamprus atualmente agrupa 50 espécies que têm sido incluídas tradicionalmente nos gêneros Erythrolamprus, Liophis e Umbrivaga. Embora a recente sinonimização tem sido suportada em todas as análises moleculares, ainda existe debate, devido ao baixo número de espécies incluídas e a falta de sinapomorfías morfológicas. Dentro de Erythrolamprus, podem se reconhecer 13 grupos com base nos arranjos taxonômicos tradicionais, mas a monofilia desses grupos nunca tem sido testada. Utilizando 78 caracteres de osteologia craniana e hemipênis, e seis genes: três mitocondriais (coi, 12s, cytb) e três nucleares (bdnf, cmos, nt3); para 27 espécies, testamos a monofilia do gênero, dos grupos taxonômicos e das espécies, além do relações internas. Realizamos analises de parcimônia, bayesianos e de máxima verossimilhança para os dados moleculares; enquanto que para as matrizes morfológica e combinada (morfologia e molecular) só foi utilizada analise de parcimônia. Os nossos resultados recuperaram monofilético Erythrolamprus como atualmente aceito, nove clados principais dentro do gênero, sendo que para a maioria deles propomos sinapomorfias morfologicas. Só quatro dos grupos taxonômicos tradicionais foram recuperados monofileticos. Erythrolamprus sagittifer foi encontrada aninhada dentro de Lygophis e é realocada neste gênero. Adicionalmente, para o clado conformado por E. almadensis, E. atraventer, E. carajasensis, E. jaegeri, E.maryellenae, E. viridis ressuscitamos o gênero Leimadophis, dado que foi recuperado como irmão de todas as outras espécies do clado Erythrolamprus. / Abstract: The genus Erythrolamprus currently groups 50 species that have traditionally been allocated in the genera Erythrolamprus, Liophis and Umbrivaga. Although synonymization of these three genera with Erythrolamprus finds support in all molecular studies, the systematic value of such nomenclatural act is still under debate, mainly because of the lack of morphological synapomorphies and dense taxonomic sampling for the group. Within Erythrolamprus, 13 taxonomic groups may be recognized based in a traditional taxonomic arrangement, but its monophyly has never been tested. The present study analyzed 78 morphological characters, from cranial osteology and hemipenis, and six genes, three mitochondrial (coi, 12s, cytb) and three nuclear (bdnf, cmos, nt3), in 27 species representing all previously recognized taxonomic groups, in order to test the monophyly of the genus and of its constituent parts. We performed parsimony, bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses for the molecular data, and parsimony analyses for morphological and combined matrices (morphology and molecules). Our results retrieved a monophyletic genus Erythrolamprus as currently accepted, composed by nine main clades that are, for most of them, supported by morphological synapomorphies. On the other hand, only four of the traditional taxonomic groups were retrieved as monophyletic. Erythrolamprus sagittifer was found to be nested within Lygophis and is reallocated in that genus. Additionally, we resurrected the genus Leimadophis for the clade formed by E. almadensis, E. atraventer, E. carajasensis, E. jaegeri, E.maryellenae, and E. viridis, since it was recovered as the sister group of a clade composed by all the other species of the genus Erythtorlamprus.

Os sistemas de estereofotogrametria digital representam um método não radioativo, seguro, preciso e objetivo para quantificar as dimensões dos tecidos moles faciais. Novos equipamentos têm despontado como alternativa viável nas especialidades que tratam do complexo craniofacial. A estereofotogrametria se destaca pela completa ausência de radiação ionizante, alta velocidade de aquisição, grandes ângulos de visualização, navegação virtual da imagem e possibilidade de integração com outros sistemas de imagens. Quando um novo método é proposto, torna-se necessário avaliar a sua confiabilidade na obtenção de resultados. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a repetibilidade intraexaminador em medidas faciais lineares e angulares, em um sistema de estereofotogrametria digital utilizado para avaliação da morfologia facial. A amostra final consistiu em 30 indivíduos adultos brasileiros com idade entre 18 e 45 anos, média de 26,71± 6,53 anos. Vinte e cinco mulheres e cinco homens, saudáveis, sem histórico de traumas ou cirurgias faciais e sem anormalidades congênitas, tiveram pontos de referência marcados em suas faces por um mesmo examinador e foram fotografados em dois momentos, com intervalo de uma semana (T1 e T2), pelo sistema de estereofotogrametria digital Vectra M3® (Canfield Scientific, Fairfield, EUA). Trinta e oito pontos foram demarcados em cada captura. Identificou-se um total de 2280 pontos; 11 medidas foram feitas em cada imagem capturada e 330 medições foram realizadas. As imagens obtidas foram medidas em software próprio do sistema. A análise foi realizada a partir de um conjunto de nove medidas angulares (ângulos nasolabial, mentolabial, convexidade facial, convexidade facial total, nasal, maxilar, mandibular, nasofrontal, maxilofacial, e duas medidas lineares (altura facial média AFAM e altura facial inferior - AFAI), propostas para caracterizar a morfologia facial dos indivíduos da amostra. A repetibilidade intraexaminador na aquisição das medidas foi analisada pela Média Absoluta das diferenças (MAD), Magnitude Relativa do Erro (MRE), Erro Técnico de Medição (ETM), Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC) e análise de Bland-Altman. O teste t para amostras pareadas foi utilizado na identificação de erro sistemático entre T1-T2. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi empregado para verificar a associação entre idade/IMC e o erro nas medições realizadas. Resultados: No cálculo do ETM e da MAD, apenas os ângulos nasolabial (2,17°) e mentolabial (2,88°) apresentaram valores maiores que 2 graus (limite clínico estabelecido para o presente estudo). Para a MRE, 9,1% das medidas foram consideradas moderadas (ângulo maxilofacial), 27,3% foram consideradas boas (ângulo nasal, ângulo maxilar, ângulo mandibular), 45,5% muito boas (ângulo nasolabial, ângulo mentolabial, ângulo nasofrontal, AFAM, AFAI) e 18,2% excelentes (ângulo da convexidade facial, ângulo da convexidade facial total.). Os ângulos nasolabial, mentolabial, convexidade facial, convexidade facial total, maxilofacial e nasofrontal apresentaram valores de ICC (R) classificados como excelentes. O ângulo nasal, e as medidas lineares de AFAI e AFAM tiveram um resultado satisfatório. Não ficou comprovada a relação entre idade/IMC e o erro encontrado entre as medições (diferença absoluta entre T1 e T2). As medidas para AFAM apresentaram um erro sistemático. As medições realizadas foram consideradas precisas dentro dos limites e referências estabelecidas para o presente estudo. Os ângulos nasolabial e mentolabial devem ser interpretados com critério pela variabilidade apresentada. O examinador apresentou boa repetibilidade nas medições realizadas. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo acrescentam confiabilidade ao uso da estereofotogrametria digital na antropometria facial. Os parâmetros de precisão adequados a cada situação, em clínica ou em pesquisa, devem ser previamente estabelecidos. / Digital stereophotogrammetry systems represent a non-radioactive, safe, and accurate method to quantify the facial soft tissues dimensions. New equipment has emerged as viable alternative in the specialties that deal with the craniofacial complex. Stereophotogrammetry system has been highlighted by the complete absence of ionizing radiation, high-speed acquisition, large viewing angles, virtual image navigation and possibility of integration with others imaging systems. When a new method is proposed, it is necessary to assess its reliability in achieving results. The aim of this study was to analyze the intra-examiner repeatability on linear and angular facial measurements into a digital stereophotogrammetry system used to assess facial morphology. The final sample consisted of 30 Brazilian adults aged between 18 and 45 years, average of 26.71±6,53 years. Five men and twenty-five women, healthy, with no history of trauma or previous facial surgeries and without congenital abnormalities, had landmarks labeled on their faces by the same rater and were photographed in two stages (T1-T2), with an interval of one week, at stereophotogrammetry system digital Vectra M3® (Canfield Scientific, Fairfield, NJ). Thirty-eight points were labeled in each capture. 2280 points were identified; 11 distances were measured in each image, giving a total of 330 measurements. The images were measured by a dedicated software system. The analysis was performed from a set of nine angular measurements (nasolabial, mentolabial, facial convexity, full facial convexity, nasal, maxillary, mandibular, nasofrontal, maxillofacial angles, and two linear measurements (middle facial height - AFAM and lower facial height AFAI). Precision and intra-rater repeatability in the measurements acquisition were evaluated by the Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) Relative Error Magnitude (REM), Technical Error of Measurements (TEM), intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis. Test t for paired samples was used in the systematic error identification between T1-T2. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to verify the association between age / BMI and measurement errors. Results: to the estimated TEM and MAD only nasolabial angles (2.17°), mentolabial (2.88°) had higher values than 2.0 degrees (clinical limit for this study). For MRE, 9.1% of the measures were considered moderate (maxillofacial angle), 27.3% were considered good (nasal angle, maxillary angle, mandibular angle), 45.5% very good (nasolabial angle, mentolabial angle, nasofrontal angle, AFAM, AFAI) and 18.2% excellent (facial convexity, full facial convexity.). The nasolabial, mentolabial, facial convexity, total facial convexity, maxillofacial and nasofrontal angles showed R values rated as excellent. The nasal angle, and the linear measurements of AFAI and AFAM had a satisfactory outcome. It was not proven the relation between age / body mass index and the error (absolute difference between T1 and T2). Measures to AFAM showed a systematic error. Conclusion: The measurements were considered accurate within the limits and references established for this study. The examiner showed good repeatability in identifying landmarks. The results presented on this study add reliability to the Digital stereophotogrammetry in clinical and research activities, provided there are previously established adequate precision parameters.

Doctorat en Sciences / Le 2ème volumes est la thèse annexe, son titre est :L'étude des propriétés physiques et mécaniques des bois tropicaux déjà connus ou nouvellement introduits sur le marché permet leur utilisation rationnelle / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Interactions between fluvial processes and vegetation along the natural channel margins have been shown to be fundamental in determining meandering rivers development. By colonizing exposed sediments, riparian trees increase erosion resistance and stabilize fluvial sediment transport through their root systems, while during a flood event the above-ground biomass interacts with the water flow inducing sediment deposition and altering scour patterns. In turn river dynamics and hydrology influence vegetative biomass growth, affecting the spatial distribution of vegetation. These bio-morphological dynamics have been observed to direct control accretion and degradation rates of the meander bend. In particular, vegetation encroachments within the point bar (i.e. colonizing species and strand wood), initiate pioneeristic landforms that, when evolving, determine the lateral shifting of the margin that separates active channel from river floodplain and thus inner bank aggradation (bar push). This diminishes the portion of the morphologically active channel cross-section, influencing the erosion of the cutting bank and promoting channel widening (bank pull ). As a result of the cyclical occurrence of these erosional and depositional processes, meandering rivers floodplain show a typical ridge and swale pattern characterized by the presence of complex morphological structures, namely, benches, scrolls and chutes within the new-created floodplain. Moreover, difference in migration rate between the two banks have been observed to induce local temporal variations in channel width that affect river channel morphodynamics and its overall planform through their influence on the local flow field and channel bed morphology. Despite enormous advances in field and laboratory techniques and modelling development of the last decades, little is known about the relation between floodplain patterns and their controlling bio-morphological interactions that determine the bank accretion process. This knowledge gap has so far limited the development of physically-based models for the evolution of meandering rivers able to describe the lateral migration of banklines separately. Most existing meander migration models are indeed based on the hypothesis of constant channel width. Starting from this knowledge gap, the present doctoral research has aimed to provide more insight in the mutual interactions among flow, sediment transport and riparian vegetation dynamics in advancing banks of meandering rivers. In order to achieve its aims, the research has been designed as an integration of remote sensing and in-situ field observations with a mathematical modelling approach to i) provide a quantitative description of vegetation and floodplain channel topography patterns in advancing meanders bend and to ii) explore the key control factors and their role in generating the observed patterns. The structure of the present PhD work is based on four main elements. First, two types of airborne historical data (air photographs and Lidar survey) have been investigated, in order to quantify the effects of spatial-temporal evolution of vegetation pattern on meander morphology and to provide evidence for the influence of vegetation within the topography of the present floodplain. Such remote sensing analysis has highlighted a strong correspondence between riparian canopy structure and geomorphological patterns within the floodplain area: this has clearly shown the need to interpret the final river morphology as the result of a two-way interaction between riparian vegetation dynamics and river processes. Second, field measurements have been conducted on a dynamic meander bend of the lower reach of the Tagliamento River, Italy, with the initial aim of checking the outcomes of the remote sensing analysis through ground data. The outcomes of the field measurements have further supported the results, providing ground evidence on the relations between vegetation and topographic patterns within the transition zone that is intermediate between the active channel bed and the vegetated portion of the accreting floodplain. The influence of vegetation on inner bank morphology has also been interpreted in the light of the expected time scales of inundation and geomorphic dynamics that characterize the advancing process of the inner bank. The combined analysis of both remotely sensed data and field measurements associated with the historical hydrological dataset have allowed to quantitatively characterize the biophysical characteristics of the buffer zone, close to the river edge, where the accretion processes take place. The third research element has foreseen the development of a biophysically- based, simplified bio-morphodynamic model for the lateral migration of a meander bend that took advantage of the empirical knowledge gained in the analysis of field data. The model links a minimalist approach that includes biophysically-based relationships to describe the interaction between riparian vegetation and river hydro-morphodynamic processes, and employs a non linear mathematical model to describe the morphodynamics of meander channel bed. Model application has allowed to reproduce the spatial oscillations of vegetation biomass density and ground morphology observed in the previous analyses. Overall, the model allows to understand the role of the main controlling factors for the ground and vegetation patterns that characterize the advancing river bank and to investigate the temporal dynamics of the morphologically active channel width, providing insights into the bank pull and bar push phenomena. The fourth and concluding element of the present PhD research is an analytical investigation of the fundamental role of unsteadiness on the morphodynamic response of the river channel. Results obtained in the previous elements have clearly showed the tendency of a meander bend to develop temporal oscillations of the active channel width during its evolution, but no predictive analytical tool was previously available to investigate the channel bed response to such non-stationary planform dynamics. A non linear model has therefore been proposed to investigate the effect of active channel width unsteadiness on channel bed morphology. The basic case of free bar instability in a straight channel has been used in this first investigation, which has shown the tendency of channel widening to increase river bed instability compared to the steady case, in qualitative agreement with experimental observations. Overall, the research conducted within the present Doctoral Thesis represents a step forward in understanding the bio-morphodynamics of meandering rivers that can help the development of a complete bio-morphodynamic model for meandering rivers evolution, able to provide support for sustainable river management.

Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE) contamination of groundwater and surface waters has become a relevant environmental and public safety concern in recent years. This anthropogenic compound is now persistent at low concentrations in several valuable ground and surface water locations within the United States due largely to the widespread production of MTBE for use as a fuel oxygenate in conjunction with negligent underground storage practices during the 1980's and 1990's. Though there are several treatment strategies for the remediation of MTBE spill sites, the most efficient strategy may be adsorption of MTBE by a packed column of silicalite-1 adsorbent. Effective adaption of this technology requires cheap production of silicalite-1 sorbent packing particles on the order of 3 millimeters diameter. This work entails the development of a new synthesis process which results in sufficient in-situ crystallization of silicalite-1 aggregates within a 3 millimeter spherical amorphous silica gel source. The crystal aggregates sizes can be tuned from 5 to 70 µm, depending on synthesis parameters, and the finished silicalite-1 aggregate particle takes the shape of the amorphous gel source. These aggregate particles, when containing a small amorphous core, should be suitable for packed adsorption column applications. Multiple hydrothermal synthesis experiments were performed by batch methods featuring silica gel spheres as the sole silica source for the batch. Zeolite nucleation and crystal growth were demonstrated throughout the amorphous bead. Synthesis parameters were optimized both for short synthesis times, optimal mechanical properties, and cost effectiveness. The influence of product crystal size on particle hardness was also investigated. The packing production process is sufficiently ready for supporting pilot scale adsorption studies.

The dissertation presented in this manuscript contributes to river science by providing a detailed overview on the state of the art on the interaction between riparian vegetation and hydrogeomorphological processes, by devising a novel model encompassing most of such processes and by proposing a field methodology aimed at providing means for improving the modelling of such interactions. The state of the art is summarized in an extensive review describing riparian vegetation and hydrogeomorphological processes mutual feedbacks. Such review did not simply seek to describe these feedbacks but, compiling from a large array of results from field, laboratory and modelling studies, provides a set of physical thresholds that trigger system changes. Therefore, processes are not only described terms but also explained with a quantitative approach. Processes description provided the conceptual foundation for the development of the novel simulation model while model parameterization was based on the quantitative information collected in the review. Such novel model, encompasses the main relationships entwining riparian woody vegetation and hydrogeomorphological processes and is able of replicating long term riparian landscape dynamics considering disturbance events, environmental stressor and riparian woody vegetation establishment from seeds and large wood. The manuscript presents the model structure and its conceptual validation by means of hydrological scenarios aimed at testing the coherence of the simulation results with expected system behaviour. Examples of such coherences are vegetation growth rate in response to hydrological regime, entrainment and establishment of large wood in an unconfined river system and vegetation effect on erosion and deposition patterns. Analysis of sedimentation patterns from the modelled results suggested that vegetation flow resistance should be modelled with greater detail. These conclusions pointed the dissertation research towards the testing of a novel class of vegetation flow resistance equations, proposed by different authors, able of describing woody vegetation flow resistance on a physical basis. These equations have the advantage of considering flow stage, plants foliation level and species-specific flexibility. However, the use of such equations is limited by the difficulty of measuring the vegetation properties required as equation-inputs. In order to test if these equations could effectively improve sediment dynamics predictions, a field method was formulated and tested. The field method allows to sample vegetation properties that can be used with these novel class of flow resistance equations. In the manuscript, such method is applied and the resulting vegetation properties used in several modelling scenarios. Such scenario proved that hydraulic variables modelled with these novel flow resistance approaches are more realistic and thus that the model developed during the dissertation could benefit from inclusion of such flow resistance equations in its source code.