Extreme precipitation events that occurred between March 24 and March 26 of 2015 in the region of the Atacama Desert (26-29 degrees S) left around 30000 victims, being one of the biggest events over the past 50 years, with total a cost of reconstruction of about 1.5 billion dollars. The mudflows which increased during the flashflood inundated much of the city of Copiapo and Tierra Amarilla. This manuscript aims to model the mudflow of March 2015 in the Rio Copiapo, specifically in the towns of Copiapo and Tierra Amarilla. The modeling process is performed using the Rapid Mass Movement Simulation Model (RAMMS) that allows modeling the dynamics of the mudflow in two dimensions, only using the topographic features of the modeling domain. Calibration of the model was carried out successfully using data from inundation heights captured around the city after the 2015 event. A detailed analysis of the hydrometeorological event is carried out using satellite images obtained from Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA), and pluviometric and hydrographic data available in the Copiapo River basin. The simulation of the flood is reproduced with maps of inundation heights associated with two modeling scenarios. The maximum flood heights are ultimately used for developing risk maps at both sites. According to our results, the RAMMS model is an appropriate tool for modeling mudflow and mapping flood risk to improve hydrological risk management in arid and semiarid basins of Chile.

L'objectif général de cette thèse est l'étude de d'écoulement instationnaire du type coulée de boue dans des canaux naturels. La pluie, source du débit liquide, entraine le ruissellement, responsable du mouillage du sol, de la réduction de sa cohésion et de l'érosion des petites particules de sédiments. A partir de là, le transport de sédiments peut augmenter avec le débit et la pente du sol jusqu'à ce que la concentration en particules atteignent des niveau très importants dans la composition du fluide. Dans une première partie, un banc expérimental a été conçu pour simuler des écoulements ruissellants sur un lit mobile. Un système de mesure a été inventé et implémenté pour mesurer le débit solide instantané et le frottement instantané. Ces systèmes sont utilisés pour étudier l'effet des ondes de surface libre sur le transport de sédiments. Ces données sont employées pour corréler les charactéristiques entr l'écoulement et le transport solide. L'analyse des résultats permet d'observer que pour un écoulement moyen donné, la présence des ondes réduit la quantité moyenne des sédiments transportés. Dans une deuxième partie, la dynamique des écoulements très concentrés est étudiée grâce à un modèle de roll waves de première ordre pour les écoulements laminaires des fluides de type Herschel-Bulkley. Les résultats présentés indiquent que des roll wave sont certainement présentes dans un événement naturel publié et pris comme cas d'étude. Les propriétés des ondes prédites sont estimées avec un écart de 8% par rapport à l'amplitude moyenne mesurée. Finalement, la solution théorique pour le profil de vitesse est modifiée pour prendre en considération l'effet de la porosité. La solution mathématique est comparée à des simulations faites avec FLUENT. Une analyse paramétrique est effectuée, et la comparaison avec le cas d'étude déjà publié est améliorée. En conclusion générale, les phénomènes instationnaires qui peuvent apparaitre lors de l'évolution d'une coulée de boue affectent la dynamique générale du système couplé (écoulement-transport sédimentaire) par rapport au cas permanent et uniforme. Vérifier que ce type de phénomènes peut apparaître lors d'un événement naturel comme les coulées de boue doit être un étape importante d'un projet d'ingénierie, afin de limiter les risques de dommages. / This thesis was motivated by the need to better understand time-dependent features related to mudflow evolution on natural sloped channels. Basically, the research is focused on events that are confined in channels formed due to the topography. The rain, source of the liquid discharge, generates the runoff flow which is responsible for wetting the soil surface, promoting reduction of soil cohesiveness and erosion of small particles such as clay and sand. From this point, the sediment transport can increase as small water flows merge and form greater streams. The scenario keeps its evolution until i reaches high concentration of particles in the fluid mixture. In the first part, to study the non-permanent feature of sediment transport, an open-channel experiment was designed for simulating runoff flow over a mobile bed. A measurement system was designed and constructed to instantaneously inspect the solid discharge of particles and the flow friction at the bed. This apparatus is further used to explore the influence of free-surface waves on the sediment transport. Hydraulic properties of flows are qualitatively and quantitatively studied and data are used to correlate characteristics of flow and sediment transport. A set of experimental runs is presented and explored. Analysis of results shows that for fixed flow conditions, waves induce an overall smaller quantity of transported sediment. In a second part, the dynamics of high concentrated flows is addressed and this thesis attempts to appl a first-order roll-wave model for Herschel-Bulkley laminar fluid flow to a registered natural event. Results presented point out that roll waves could have occurred during this already published case-study event. Simulations could predict wave heights within 8% on uncertainty with respect to the mea amplitude of measured waves. Finally a new theoretical solution for the velocity profile is proposed taking into account the porosity of the bed. Results are then compared with numerical simulation performed in FLUENT. A parametric analysis is employed and the case-study is once again evaluated. A: general conclusion, the non-permanent phenomena that can appear during the evolution of a mudflow event affect the overall dynamics of the coupled system (hydraulic-sediment transport) in comparison to the steady and uniform case. Verifying that such phenomena could appear should indeed be an important part in hydraulic engineering projects, especially when dealing with lives, which is the case of mud flows.

No / An incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is presented to simulate Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows with free surfaces. The basic equations solved are the incompressible mass conservation and Navier¿Stokes equations. The method uses prediction¿correction fractional steps with the temporal velocity field integrated forward in time without enforcing incompressibility in the prediction step. The resulting deviation of particle density is then implicitly projected onto a divergence-free space to satisfy incompressibility through a pressure Poisson equation derived from an approximate pressure projection. Various SPH formulations are employed in the discretization of the relevant gradient, divergence and Laplacian terms. Free surfaces are identified by the particles whose density is below a set point. Wall boundaries are represented by particles whose positions are fixed. The SPH formulation is also extended to non-Newtonian flows and demonstrated using the Cross rheological model. The incompressible SPH method is tested by typical 2-D dam-break problems in which both water and fluid mud are considered. The computations are in good agreement with available experimental data. The different flow features between Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows after the dam-break are discussed.

Os escorregamentos causados por precipitação intensa ocasionam grandes prejuízos a cada estação chuvosa no sudeste brasileiro. Essa dissertação estudou 2 amostras de solos da região serrana do Rio de Janeiro sob uma nova ótica de análise para escorregamentos. As amostras foram coletadas 4 meses após a ocorrência do megadesastre, onde chuvas com precipitação de 325mm em 48 horas causaram mais de 1500 mortes. Em relatos e vídeos obtidos de movimentos de massa que ocorreram nesse evento foi possível observar que o solo apresentou comportamento de um líquido denso e viscoso, escoando pelas encostas da cidade, ou seja, o solo, encharcado pelas chuvas intensas que ocorreram na região, sofreu liquefação. Esse material viscoso formado pela mistura de solo+água que foi caracterizado através da utilização da reologia. Para isso foram apresentados os conceitos da reologia e dos ensaios reométricos, e as possíveis aplicações para solos e na caracterização de corridas de lama. Foram utilizados três ensaios para caracterizar o solo no estado fluido, que foi o squeeze flow, o reômetro de torque com reometria planetária, e o reômetro de placas paralelas. O principal objetivo para utilização desses ensaios é a praticidade para realização dos ensaios, que tem como características: a rapidez na execução, a coleta de dados é realizada automaticamente, apresentam receptibilidade e a facilidade na execução. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível observar a mudança de comportamento do solo (de um material com comportamento elástico para um material como um fluxo de lama) com a elevação da umidade, para os dois ensaios. Os resultados demonstram que o valor do limite de liquidez calculado através do aparelho de Casagrande é confirmado com esses novos aparelhos, ii sendo que, para esses aparelhos é visível a mudança de comportamento que define o limite de liquidez. Através dos resultados também foi possível determinar que o solo em estado fluido tem seu comportamento regido pelo modelo de Herschel Bulkley. Para tornar os resultados obtidos aplicáveis foi apresentado um capítulo ligando os resultados obtidos da reometria com a possibilidade do solo sofrer liquefação, aliado com os resultados obtidos dos ensaios de caracterização geotécnica. Sendo realizadas análises de estabilidade com os resultados obtidos, correlacionando a inclinação do talude, o nível dágua e a ocorrência da liquefação. / Landslide caused by rainfalls cause major damage each rainy season in southeastern Brazil. This dissertation studied two soil samples from the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro in a new light analysis for landslides. Samples were collected four months after the occurrence of disaster, when rainfall with intensity of 325mm in 48 hours caused more than 1,500 deaths. In reports and video obtained from mass movements that occurred at this event was observed that the soil responded as a dense liquid, viscous draining the citys landscape. The drenched soil, by heavy rains that occurred in the region, suffered liquefaction. This viscous material formed by mixture of soil and water that was characterized by the use of rheology. In this dissertation was presented the concepts of rheology and rheometric tests for application in soils and characterization of fluid movements. Tree different rheometric tests were performed to characterize the soil in the fluid state, which was the squeeze flow, torque rheometer with planetary geometry and parallel plate rheometer. The main objective of these tests is to use the convenience for the tests, that presents the follow characteristics: the speed of execution, data collection is performed automatically and the testes present repeatability apart from ease of application. With the results we observed the change of soil behavior (of a material with elastic properties for a material that presents the behavior as a mud flow) with increasing humidity for the tests. The results show that the value of the liquidity limit calculated by the Casagrande apparatus is confirmed with these new devices, furthermore with the use of these devices is visible the behavior change that defines the liquid limit. iv Was determined that the Herschel Bulkley model is the one that best represents the behavior of the soil in the fluid state. Was presented a chapter with an application of the results obtained by adding the results of the rheometer with the results of geotechnical characterization tests to determine the possibility of soil suffer liquefaction. To this aim, were performed stability analysis considering the results obtained, correlating the slope inclination, the water level and the occurrence of liquefaction.

Os escorregamentos causados por precipitação intensa ocasionam grandes prejuízos a cada estação chuvosa no sudeste brasileiro. Essa dissertação estudou 2 amostras de solos da região serrana do Rio de Janeiro sob uma nova ótica de análise para escorregamentos. As amostras foram coletadas 4 meses após a ocorrência do megadesastre, onde chuvas com precipitação de 325mm em 48 horas causaram mais de 1500 mortes. Em relatos e vídeos obtidos de movimentos de massa que ocorreram nesse evento foi possível observar que o solo apresentou comportamento de um líquido denso e viscoso, escoando pelas encostas da cidade, ou seja, o solo, encharcado pelas chuvas intensas que ocorreram na região, sofreu liquefação. Esse material viscoso formado pela mistura de solo+água que foi caracterizado através da utilização da reologia. Para isso foram apresentados os conceitos da reologia e dos ensaios reométricos, e as possíveis aplicações para solos e na caracterização de corridas de lama. Foram utilizados três ensaios para caracterizar o solo no estado fluido, que foi o squeeze flow, o reômetro de torque com reometria planetária, e o reômetro de placas paralelas. O principal objetivo para utilização desses ensaios é a praticidade para realização dos ensaios, que tem como características: a rapidez na execução, a coleta de dados é realizada automaticamente, apresentam receptibilidade e a facilidade na execução. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível observar a mudança de comportamento do solo (de um material com comportamento elástico para um material como um fluxo de lama) com a elevação da umidade, para os dois ensaios. Os resultados demonstram que o valor do limite de liquidez calculado através do aparelho de Casagrande é confirmado com esses novos aparelhos, ii sendo que, para esses aparelhos é visível a mudança de comportamento que define o limite de liquidez. Através dos resultados também foi possível determinar que o solo em estado fluido tem seu comportamento regido pelo modelo de Herschel Bulkley. Para tornar os resultados obtidos aplicáveis foi apresentado um capítulo ligando os resultados obtidos da reometria com a possibilidade do solo sofrer liquefação, aliado com os resultados obtidos dos ensaios de caracterização geotécnica. Sendo realizadas análises de estabilidade com os resultados obtidos, correlacionando a inclinação do talude, o nível dágua e a ocorrência da liquefação. / Landslide caused by rainfalls cause major damage each rainy season in southeastern Brazil. This dissertation studied two soil samples from the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro in a new light analysis for landslides. Samples were collected four months after the occurrence of disaster, when rainfall with intensity of 325mm in 48 hours caused more than 1,500 deaths. In reports and video obtained from mass movements that occurred at this event was observed that the soil responded as a dense liquid, viscous draining the citys landscape. The drenched soil, by heavy rains that occurred in the region, suffered liquefaction. This viscous material formed by mixture of soil and water that was characterized by the use of rheology. In this dissertation was presented the concepts of rheology and rheometric tests for application in soils and characterization of fluid movements. Tree different rheometric tests were performed to characterize the soil in the fluid state, which was the squeeze flow, torque rheometer with planetary geometry and parallel plate rheometer. The main objective of these tests is to use the convenience for the tests, that presents the follow characteristics: the speed of execution, data collection is performed automatically and the testes present repeatability apart from ease of application. With the results we observed the change of soil behavior (of a material with elastic properties for a material that presents the behavior as a mud flow) with increasing humidity for the tests. The results show that the value of the liquidity limit calculated by the Casagrande apparatus is confirmed with these new devices, furthermore with the use of these devices is visible the behavior change that defines the liquid limit. iv Was determined that the Herschel Bulkley model is the one that best represents the behavior of the soil in the fluid state. Was presented a chapter with an application of the results obtained by adding the results of the rheometer with the results of geotechnical characterization tests to determine the possibility of soil suffer liquefaction. To this aim, were performed stability analysis considering the results obtained, correlating the slope inclination, the water level and the occurrence of liquefaction.

Die Sedimente des Halleschen Permokarbonkomplexes gaben schon immer Raum für Spekulationen. Aufgrund ihrer Dominanz an rhyolithischen Geröllen wurden sie über einen langen Zeitraum einheitlich als Postporphyrschutt ausgehalten. Vielfältig wechselnde Faziesbedingungen machten es jedoch notwendig, die Sedimente aufzugliedern. Neuere Erkenntnisse in der Erforschung des Halleschen Permokarbonkomplexes erfordern eine Überprüfung v. a. der nach KUNERT (1995) aufgestellten allgemeinen stratigraphischen Gliederung der Unterrotliegendsedimente in Halle,- Hornburg,- Sennewitz- und Brachwitz-Formation anhand einiger ausgewählter Beispiele. Der ursprüngliche Gedanke der Diplomarbeit bestand darin, eine Fazies- und eine Geröllanalyse der unterpermischen Abtragungsprodukte des Halle-Vulkanitkomplexes anzufertigen. Zur Verfügung standen zwei Kernbohrungen und zwei Aufschlüsse, sowie diverse Unterlagen zu angrenzenden Bohrungen in der Saale-Senke. Die beiden Oberflächenaufschlüsse Riveufer und Teichgrund sollten stratigraphisch aufgenommen werden, so dass eine Fazieszuordnung möglich ist. Die Bohrung Brachwitz 2/62 wurde mit dem Ziel aufgenommen, neuere Theorien über den Ablagerungszeitraum der Rotliegend-Sedimente in Bezug auf den permokarbonen Vulkanismus zu widerlegen oder zu bekräftigen. Die zweite Bohrung (Kb Lochau 7/65) wurde am Rande mit in die Diplomarbeit einbezogen, da sie das immense Spektrum der spätvulkanischen Aktivitäten im Halle Permokarbonkomplex erweitert. Ergebnis ist eine Neugliederung des Rotliegend im Halleschen Permokarbonkomplex, in der nur noch die Halle-Formation mit ihrem ausgeprägten Vulkanismus und die Hornburg-Formation, stellvertretend für alle jüngeren Abtragungsprodukte des Halle Vulkanitkomplexes, unterschieden werden. Mit einem großen Hiatus folgt anschließend die Eisleben-Formation.

Die Sedimente des Halleschen Permokarbonkomplexes gaben schon immer Raum für Spekulationen. Aufgrund ihrer Dominanz an rhyolithischen Geröllen wurden sie über einen langen Zeitraum einheitlich als Postporphyrschutt ausgehalten. Vielfältig wechselnde Faziesbedingungen machten es jedoch notwendig, die Sedimente aufzugliedern. Neuere Erkenntnisse in der Erforschung des Halleschen Permokarbonkomplexes erfordern eine Überprüfung v. a. der nach KUNERT (1995) aufgestellten allgemeinen stratigraphischen Gliederung der Unterrotliegendsedimente in Halle,- Hornburg,- Sennewitz- und Brachwitz-Formation anhand einiger ausgewählter Beispiele. Der ursprüngliche Gedanke der Diplomarbeit bestand darin, eine Fazies- und eine Geröllanalyse der unterpermischen Abtragungsprodukte des Halle-Vulkanitkomplexes anzufertigen. Zur Verfügung standen zwei Kernbohrungen und zwei Aufschlüsse, sowie diverse Unterlagen zu angrenzenden Bohrungen in der Saale-Senke. Die beiden Oberflächenaufschlüsse Riveufer und Teichgrund sollten stratigraphisch aufgenommen werden, so dass eine Fazieszuordnung möglich ist. Die Bohrung Brachwitz 2/62 wurde mit dem Ziel aufgenommen, neuere Theorien über den Ablagerungszeitraum der Rotliegend-Sedimente in Bezug auf den permokarbonen Vulkanismus zu widerlegen oder zu bekräftigen. Die zweite Bohrung (Kb Lochau 7/65) wurde am Rande mit in die Diplomarbeit einbezogen, da sie das immense Spektrum der spätvulkanischen Aktivitäten im Halle Permokarbonkomplex erweitert. Ergebnis ist eine Neugliederung des Rotliegend im Halleschen Permokarbonkomplex, in der nur noch die Halle-Formation mit ihrem ausgeprägten Vulkanismus und die Hornburg-Formation, stellvertretend für alle jüngeren Abtragungsprodukte des Halle Vulkanitkomplexes, unterschieden werden. Mit einem großen Hiatus folgt anschließend die Eisleben-Formation.:Inhalt Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Einleitender Teil 1 1.1 Einleitung 1 1.2 Aufgabenstellung und Problematik 1 1.3 Geographischer Überblick über die Bohrungen und Aufschlüsse 2 2. Regionalgeologischer Teil 4 2.1 Aufbau des Halle Vulkanitkomplexes 4 2.2 Beckenentwicklung des Permokarbons im Bereich des Halle- Vulkanitkomplexes 5 2.3 Historischer Rückblick über die Einstufung der Rotliegend-Formationen im Halle Vulkanitkomplex 10 2.4 Neueste Entwicklungen in der Erforschung des Saale-Beckens 15 2.4.1 Die Ablagerungen der Halle-Formation 15 2.4.2 Die Ablagerungen der Sennewitz-Formation 16 2.4.3 Die Ablagerungen der Hornburg-Formation 17 2.4.4 Die Ablagerungen der Brachwitz-Formation 19 2.4.5 Die Ablagerungen der Eisleben-Formation 20 2.4.6 Aktuelle Stratigraphische Gliederung 22 2.5 Die späte Phase des Halle Vulkanitkomplexes und ihr Bezug zur Diplomarbeit 23 3 Arbeitsmethodik 24 3.1 Aufnahme der Bohrungen Brachwitz 2/62 und Lochau 7/65 24 3.2 Aufnahme des Aufschlusses am Teichgrund bei Döblitz 26 3.3 Aufnahme des Aufschlusses am Riveufer im Stadtgebiet von Halle 26 4. Vulkanische und sedimentäre grobklastische Transport- und Ablagerungssysteme 27 4.1 Vulkanische Massentransporte 27 4.1.1 Pyroklastische Ablagerungen 27 4.1.1.1 Pyroklastische Fallablagerungen 28 (1) Aschefallablagerungen 28 (2) Bimsführende Fallablagerungen 29 (3) Scoriaführende Fallablagerungen 29 4.1.1.2 Pyroklastische Stromablagerungen 29 (1) Bimsführende pyroklastische Stromablagerungen oder Ignimbrite 29 (2) Block- und Aschestromablagerungen 31 (3) Scoriaführende pyroklastische Stromablagerungen 32 4.1.1.3 Pyroklastische Surge-Ablagerungen 32 (1) Surgeablagerungen durch Aschewolken 32 (2) Ablagerungen am Boden der pyroklastischen Surge 33 (3) Ablagerungen an der Basis der pyroklastischen Surge 33 4.1.2 Explosive vulkanische Eruptionen 33 (1) Hawaiianische Eruptionen 34 (2) Plinianische Eruptionen 34 (3) Strombolianische Eruptionen 35 (4) Vulkanianische und Surtseyanische Eruptionen 35 4.1.3 Produkte phreatomagmatischer Eruptionen 36 (1) Maare 37 (2) Tuffkegel und Tuffringe 37 4.1.4 Tephraablagerungen 38 4.2 Sedimentäre Massentransporte 39 4.2.1 Alluviale Fächer 40 4.2.2 Schichtfluten 42 4.2.3 Flußsyteme 42 4.2.4 Überflutungsebenen 43 4.2.5 Deltas und Ästuare 44 5. Lithologien und Faziestypen 45 6. Aufschlüsse und Bohrungen 45 6.1 Aufschlußkomplex am Riveufer im Stadtteil Giebichenstein in Halle 48 6.1.1 Allgemeine Aussagen 48 6.1.2 Das Faziesmodell eines verflochtenen Flußsystems 48 (1) Ausbildung von Rinnen 48 (2) Einfallen der Rinnen 50 (3) Prallhänge 50 (4) Seitenanschnitte an beiden Enden des Aufschlusses 51 6.1.3 Ein tuffgefülltes Spaltensystem als syn- bis postsedimentäres Ereignis 52 6.1.4 Interpretation 53 6.2 Aufschluß am Teichgrund bei Döblitz 55 6.2.1 Allgemeine Aussagen 55 6.2.2 Sedimentäre Lithofaziestypen und -assoziationen 56 6.2.3 Dokumentation der einzelnen Aufschlüsse 56 6.2.3.1 Aufschluß T1 56 (1) Detaildarstellung Aufschluß am Teichgrund T1-1 56 6.2.3.2 Aufschluß T2 59 6.2.3.3 Aufschluß T3 59 6.2.4 Fazielle Diskussion 59 6.3 Kernbohrung Brachwitz BrwSk 2/62 südöstlich der Ortschaft Friedrichsschwerz 61 6.3.1 Allgemeine Informationen 61 6.3.2 Erläuterungen zu den Lithofaziestypen 61 (1) SFT-B1 Konglomerat der Eislebenformation 61 (2) SFT-T1 Sedimentäre Brekzie 61 (3) SFT-T4 Mittel- bis Grobsandstein 62 (4) SFT-B2 Schluffstein 62 (5) VFT-T0 Rhyolith, brekziös/ VFT-T1 Porphyrbrekzie, monomikt 63 (6) VFT-B12 Porphyrbrekzie mit Obsidianmatrix 64 (7) VFT-B2 Porphyrbrekzien, oligomikt und polymikt 64 (8) VFT-B3 Mittelsand, vulkanogen 65 (9) VFT-B5 Schluffstein, brekziiert 66 6.3.3 Auswertung 66 6.4 Kernbohrung Lochau 7/65 südöstlich Halle 68 6.4.1 Allgemeines 68 6.4.2 Erläuterungen zu den Vulkanischen Faziestypen 68 (1) VFT-L1 Aschentuff 68 (2) VFT-L2 Surges 69 (3) VFT-L3 Surge oder Explosionsbrekzie 70 (4) VFT-L4 Explosionsbrekzie mit Tuffzwickelfüllung 71 (5) Tuff mit einzelnen Ballistischen Bomben 72 6.4.4 Beispiel Ha-Lo7/17 73 6.4.5 Diskussion 74 7. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 76 8. Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis 78 9. Anhang Anlage 1: Allgemeines Anlage 2: Teichgrund bei Döblitz Anlage 3: Riveufer im Stadtzentrum von Halle (Saale) Anlage 4: Kb Brachwitz 2/62 Anlage 5: Kb Lochau 7/65