A non-coherent PN code tracking loop with multi-user detection and simplified multi-path interference cancellation (MPIC) is proposed for direct sequence spread spectrum communications system. A decorrelator decision-feedback detector (DDFD) is first applied on the incoming signal to mitigate the multi-user interference. Then, a simplified multi-path interference cancellation (MPIC) is further used to increase signal quality. Finally, a modified code tracking loop (MCTL) is adopted for non-coherent PN code tracking. Mathematical expressions of the S-curve and tracking jitter are derived. Mean time to lose lock is also compared with traditional tracking loops. From the numerical results, we know the proposed PN code tracking loop can efficiently mitigate the interference from multi-user and multi-path and improve the performance of code tracking loop.

The main subject of the thesis is multi-layered historical towns which are formed as a result of collective creation process and continuous inhabitancy that new buildings, edifices and open areas superimpose in time forming a specific character which can be defined as multi-layeredness. Considering the specific character of multi-layered towns, the principles for the presentation of historical stratification is the foremost objective of the thesis. The thesis focuses on &amp / #8216 / presentation principles based on cultural significance of multi-layered historical towns so as to conserve, sustain and present their specific character as an integral part of the conservation process. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to determine presentation principles for multilayered historical towns in order to reveal and conserve their historical stratification by assessing the historical continuities, interruptions and transformations based on the cultural significance of multi-layeredness. Focusing on this aim, the thesis is structured in two parts as the identification of presentation principles for multi-layered historical towns, discussing the information groups effecting the determination of cultural significance followed by the implementation of these principles on a concrete example as the case study. Subsequently, a proposal for the presentation principles guiding the design stages together with the identification of information groups for the determination of cultural significance is apprehended for the case study. The case study selected in the thesis for the implementation of the proposed principles is Tarsus which is a multi-layered historical town in Turkey having presentation potential for historical stratification. To conclude, depending on the cultural significance specific to multi-layered historical towns, presentation is a way for the understanding and dissemination of these significances. The presentation principles set in this thesis can be regarded as a part of the conservation planning that has to be integrated to the existing process and it is possible to state that these principles are essential for the conservation and sustainability of multi-layered character of historical towns.

No description available.

The planetary gear train are applied in multi-speed drive hubs for bicycles. Since a multi-speed drive hub has the advantages of the small volume and stable gear shifting, it is used widely in folding bicycles and electric bicycles. The distributed-flow-type multi-speed hubs could provide more gears, the related design theory is not well development. Thus, the purpose of this research is to develop a systematical methodology for the design of the distributed-flow-type multi-speed hub for bicycles. First, an existing patent is analyzed to identify the basic characteristics and the requirements of the multi-speed hubs. Based on the basic characteristics and the requirements, a systematical procedure is proposed to synthesize the feasible concepts of the planetary gear trains. Second, another procedure is proposed to determine the feasible clutching sequence tables. Third, the difference in value of the angular velocity is assigned to calculate the gear ratio and to determine the numbers of the teeth of all gears. Finally, the shifting-gear system in the multi-speed drive hubs is designed and arranged. The evaluation of the multi-speed drive hubs is proceeded to select the better alternatives. The result of this work obtains twenty-senven types of the distributed-flow multi-speed hubs for bicycles, three of them could reach sixteen speeds.

In the thesis, we use the concept of single-negative metamaterials to reduce the antennas¡¦ coupling. Firstly, the multilayer insulator is proposed to enhance the isolation bandwidth. The isolation bandwidth is broadened by adjusting the individual layer of insulators with close but different operating frequencies. Then, the designed multilayer insulator is inserted in a planar antenna system. Isolation of the MIMO antenna system is below than -20dB. The measured and simulated isolation bandwidth is 8% and 6.9%, respectively. We then design dual-band insulators for dual-band MIMO antenna applications. The proposed dual-band insulator is implemented bystacking the insulators with different operating bands and the isolation of the dual-band MIMO antenna can be improved at both 2.6 and 3.5GHz bands. In the broadband insulator design, the T-shaped branch is proposed to broadenthe operating bandwidth. The measured isolation bandwidth is improved by 12.8% than that of the multilayer insulator. The bandwidth of the proposed broadband insulator can be used in other broadband communication standards.

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are regarded as next-generation light sources. The enhancement of external quantum efficiency of OLEDs has been investigated widely. It is an effective method of improving the external quantum efficiency, which destroys the phenomenon of total internal reflection inside the OLEDs by attaching microlens array to the surface of the glass substrate of the OLEDs. In this thesis, a multi-level aspherical gapless microlens array was designed and manufactured, and it was applied to OLEDs. In contrast with a spherical microlens array, the multi-level aspherical gapless microlens array can achieve a form of high aspect ratio and high fill factor, and they can enhance the external quantum efficiency of OLEDs. At first, aspherical microlens arrays with different parameters, including shapes of curved surface, layouts and feature dimensions, were simulated by optical simulation software, FRED. The aspherical microlens arrays which were attached to an OLED were simulated with a ray tracing method. Then, an optimal geometry and layout were found out. After simulation, a film with multi-level aspherical microlens array was fabricated by a LIGA-like process, including lithography, electroforming, PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) micro-molding and UV (Ultraviolet) -cured techniques. The characteristic in this process was to use multi-lithography to fabricate a microlens array with multi-level and high aspect ratio. The shape of multi-level was similar to the design, and the process can achieve the advantage of batch manufacture. Finally, the films with different multi-level aspherical microlens array were attached to an OLED to measure the optical-electric properties. The measured results were compared with simulation and confirmed them.

A variety of techniques are available to enable the fabrication of photonic crystal structures. Multi-beam-interference lithography (MBIL) is a relatively new technique which offers many advantages over more traditional means of fabrication. Unlike the more common fabrication methods such as optical and electron-beam lithography, MBIL is a method that can produce both two- and three-dimensional large-area photonic crystal structures for use in the infrared and visible light regimes. While multi-beam-interference lithography represents a promising methodology for the fabrication of PC structures, there has been an incomplete understanding of MBIL itself. The research in this thesis focuses on providing a more complete, systematic description of MBIL in order to demonstrate its full capabilities. Analysis of both three- and four-beam interference is investigated and described in terms of contrast and crystallography. The concept of a condition for primitive-lattice-vector-direction equal contrasts} is introduced in this thesis. These conditions are developed as nonlinear constraints when optimizing absolute contrast for producing lithographically useful interference patterns (meaning high contrast and localized intensity extrema). By understanding the richness of possibilities within MBIL, a number of useful interference patterns are found that can be created in a straightforward manner. These patterns can be both lithographically useful and structurally useful (providing interference contours that can define wide-bandgap photonic crystals). Included within this investigation are theoretical calculations of band structures for photonic crystals that are fabricatable through MBIL. The resulting calculations show that not only do most MBIL-defined structures exhibit similar performance characteristics compared to conventionally designed photonic crystal structures, but in some cases MBIL-defined structures show a significant increase in bandgap size. Using the results from this analysis, a number of hexagonal photonic crystals are fabricated using a variety of process conditions. It is shown that both rod- and hole-type photonic crystal structures can be fabricated using processes based on both positive and negative photoresist. The "light-field" and "dark-field" interference patterns used to define the hexagonal photonic crystal structures are quickly interchanged by the proper adjustment of each beam's intensity and polarization. The resulting structures, including a large area (~1 cm², 1 x 10⁹ lattice points) photonic crystal are imaged using a scanning electron microscope. Multi-beam-interference lithography provides an enabling initial step for the wafer-scale, cost-effective integration of the impressive PC-based devices into manufacturable DIPCS. While multi-beam-interference lithography represents a promising methodology for the fabrication of PC structures, it lacks in the ability to produce PC-based integrated photonic circuits. Future research will target the lack of a large-scale, cost-effective fabrication methodology for photonic crystal devices. By utilizing diffractive elements, a photo-mask will be able to combine both MBIL and conventional lithography techniques into a single fabrication technology while taking advantage of the inherent positive attributes of both.

The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is a classical method for solving nonlinear systems of equations that can come from various applications in engineering and economics. Recently, Levenberg-Marquardt methods turned out to be a valuable principle for obtaining fast convergence to a solution of the nonlinear system if the classical nonsingularity assumption is replaced by a weaker error bound condition. In this way also problems with nonisolated solutions can be treated successfully. Such problems increasingly arise in engineering applications and in mathematical programming. In this thesis we use Levenberg-Marquardt algorithms to deal with nonlinear equations, multi-objective optimization and complementarity problems. We develop new algorithms for solving these problems and investigate their convergence properties. For sufficiently smooth nonlinear equations we provide convergence results for inexact Levenberg-Marquardt type algorithms. In particular, a sharp bound on the maximal level of inexactness that is sufficient for a quadratic (or a superlinear) rate of convergence is derived. Moreover, the theory developed is used to show quadratic convergence of a robust projected Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The use of Levenberg-Marquardt type algorithms for unconstrained multi-objective optimization problems is investigated in detail. In particular, two globally and locally quadratically convergent algorithms for these problems are developed. Moreover, assumptions under which the error bound condition for a Pareto-critical system is fulfilled are derived. We also treat nonsmooth equations arising from reformulating complementarity problems by means of NCP functions. For these reformulations, we show that existing smoothness conditions are not satisfied at degenerate solutions. Moreover, we derive new results for positively homogeneous functions. The latter results are used to show that appropriate weaker smoothness conditions (enabling a local Q-quadratic rate of convergence) hold for certain reformulations. / Der Levenberg-Marquardt-Algorithmus ist ein klassisches Verfahren zur Lösung von nichtlinearen Gleichungssystemen, welches in verschiedenen Anwendungen der Ingenieur-und Wirtschaftswissenschaften vorkommen kann. Kürzlich, erwies sich das Verfahren als ein wertvolles Instrument für die Gewährleistung einer schnelleren Konvergenz für eine Lösung des nichtlinearen Systems, wenn die klassische nichtsinguläre Annahme durch eine schwächere Fehlerschranke der eingebundenen Bedingung ersetzt wird. Auf diese Weise, lassen sich ebenfalls Probleme mit nicht isolierten Lösungen erfolgreich behandeln. Solche Probleme ergeben sich zunehmend in den praktischen, ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Anwendungen und in der mathematischen Programmierung. In dieser Arbeit verwenden wir Levenberg-Marquardt- Algorithmus für nichtlinearere Gleichungen, multikriterielle Optimierung - und nichtlineare Komplementaritätsprobleme. Wir entwickeln neue Algorithmen zur Lösung dieser Probleme und untersuchen ihre Konvergenzeigenschaften. Für ausreichend differenzierbare nichtlineare Gleichungen, analysieren und bieten wir Konvergenzergebnisse für ungenaue Levenberg-Marquardt-Algorithmen Typen. Insbesondere, bieten wir eine strenge Schranke für die maximale Höhe der Ungenauigkeit, die ausreichend ist für eine quadratische (oder eine superlineare) Rate der Konvergenz. Darüber hinaus, die entwickelte Theorie wird verwendet, um quadratische Konvergenz eines robusten projizierten Levenberg-Marquardt-Algorithmus zu zeigen. Die Verwendung von Levenberg-Marquardt-Algorithmen Typen für unbeschränkte multikriterielle Optimierungsprobleme im Detail zu untersucht. Insbesondere sind zwei globale und lokale quadratische konvergente Algorithmen für multikriterielle Optimierungsprobleme entwickelt worden. Die Annahmen wurden hergeleitet, unter welche die Fehlerschranke der eingebundenen Bedingung für ein Pareto-kritisches System erfüllt ist. Wir behandeln auch nicht differenzierbare nichtlineare Gleichungen aus Umformulierung der nichtlinearen Komplementaritätsprobleme durch NCP-Funktionen. Wir zeigen für diese Umformulierungen, dass die bestehenden differenzierbaren Bedingungen nicht zufrieden mit degenerierten Lösungen sind. Außerdem, leiten wir neue Ergebnisse für positiv homogene NCP-Funktionen. Letztere Ergebnisse werden verwendet um zu zeigen, dass geeignete schwächeren differenzierbare Bedingungen (so dass eine lokale Q-quadratische Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit ermöglichen) für bestimmte Umformulierungen gelten.

Le but de la visualisation d'information est d'exploiter les caractéristiques des systèmes visuel et moteur humain pour faciliter la manipulation et l'interprétation de données informatiques variées. Nos travaux s'inscrivent dans ce contexte et ont pour objectif principal la construction automatique de vues d'ensemble interactive à partir de grandes collections de données brutes. Ils s'articulent autour de trois axes: (1) modélisation multi-échelle et algorithmes de pré-traitement, (2) visualisation et interaction, et (3) nouveaux dispositifs. <br /><br />En ce qui concerne le premier axe, il s'agit de permettre de traiter les données brutes pour qu'elles soient exploitables par les algorithmes de construction automatique de vue d'ensemble. Notre approche s'appuie sur des techniques de classification automatique, la modélisation multi-échelle de graphes et des techniques de filtrage. Les résultats de ce premier axe de travaux permettent ensuite de mettre en œuvre des techniques de visualisation et l'interaction. Dans ce domaine, nous proposons des algorithmes permettant de produire automatiquement une représentation graphique interactive structurée à partir des données pré-traitées. L'interaction repose sur l'exploitation de zoom infini et de filtrage dynamique. Enfin, en matière de nouveaux dispositifs, nous nous appuyons sur l'avènement de supports d'affichage de grande taille et d'affichages distribués pour proposer des modèles d'interaction innovants.

Avec le nombre croissant de services accessibles par l'utilisateur sur un terminal mobile, les caractéristiques multi-standards et la reconfigurabilité des chaînes radio-fréquences amènent des contraintes de conception de plus en plus importantes sur les composants RF, en particulier sur les filtres. La solution que nous proposons dans ce travail consiste à répartir la fonction de filtrage sur l'ensemble de l'émetteur RF. Ainsi, tout en gardant sa fonctionnalité première, chaque composant (filtre, duplexeur, amplificateur, antenne...) apporte une fonction de filtrage supplémentaire et/ou complémentaire qui permet, une fois intégré dans l'ensemble de la chaîne, de répondre aux gabarits imposés par les différents standards. Ce mémoire présente une première étude sur ce sujet. Il met en évidence la faisabilité du concept de filtrage réparti, avec la présentation de quelques architectures multi-fonctions : amplificateur-filtrant, diviseur de puissance filtrant, antenne filtrante...