This thesis deals with control of stock in an inventory, focusing on inventory placement. The purpose of this thesis is to reduce the transport distance within the main stock house while gathering inventory. This will be achieved by reconstructing the inventory placement in consideration with how frequently the inventories get picked and mass of the inventory. In particular, the literature and the data that is collected from the company´s business system have laid the foundation for the thesis. In general, interviews and observations also contributed to the data collection. To fulfill the aim and to produce arbitrary results, two issues have been developed regarding which attributes that should determine the position of the inventory in the stock house and how to obtain a more effective inventory structure? The authors have jointly produced a result of suggestions for future inventory placement in terms of picking frequency and weight. Initially a situation analysis was conducted to identify known problems with the inventory´s placement and storage systems. The problems that were identified were that the inventory placement has no consideration regarding picking frequency. To determine the most frequent picked inventory an ABC analysis was conducted. All of the inventories were spread out throughout the whole stock house. To take in account, the additional criterion, which was weight, a multi-criteria analysis was performed in combination with the ABC analysis. The results of the combined analysis provided that the basis for drawing up concepts for future inventory placement. The proposal includes optimized inventory placements in different zones of the most frequently picked inventory with weight as an additional criterion. / Arbetet behandlar området lagerstyrning med inriktning på optimering av artikelplacering. Syftet med arbetet är att minska transportsträckor inom centrallagret, detta genom en omstrukturerad artikelplacering med hänsyn till plockfrekvens och tyngd. I synnerhet har litteratur samt insamlad data från företagets affärssystem lagt grunden för arbetet. I allmänhet har intervjuer och observationer också bidragit till datainsamling. För att uppfylla arbetets syfte och ta fram ett godtyckligt resultat har två frågeställningar tagits fram angående vilka attribut som bör avgöra en artikels position i lagret samt hur en effektivare lagerstruktur kan erhållas. Författarna har gemensamt arbetat fram ett resultat i form av ett förslag för framtida artikelplacering sett till plockfrekvens och tyngd. Inledningsvis genomfördes en nulägesanalys för att identifiera kända problem med artikelplacering och lagersystem. De problem som identifierades var att artikelplaceringen sker utan underlag för plockfrekvens. För att utröna de mest frekventa artiklarna genomfördes en ABC-analys. Samtliga artiklar lokaliserades utspridda över hela lagret. För att ta hänsyn till ytterligare ett kriterium, vilket var tyngd, genomfördes multikriterieanalys i kombination med ABC-analys. Resultatet av den kombinerade analysen gav underlag för att ta fram förslag för framtida artikelplacering. Förslaget innehåller optimerade artikelplaceringar inom olika zoner för de mest plockfrekventa artiklarna med tyngd som ytterligare kriterium.

<p>In the recent decades, therehave been frequent conflicts between groundwater waterresources and environmentally hazardous activities. Newmethodologies for aiding decision-making in groundwater impactassessment and protection areneeded and in which issues ofincreased awareness, better understanding of the groundwaterresources processes, and validation of predictive mathematicalmodels are addressed.</p><p>A framework fordecision–aid, based on predictive simulations that a)predicts the environmental impacts b) provides the totaleconomical value c) visualises the impacts and the groundwaterproperties and d) describes the uncertainties in the results isproposed herein. The framework can be applied in environmentalimpact assessments, strategic environmental assessments andprotection and management of water resources. The results ofthe model are used as feedback for determining new scenarios,depending on the required uncertainties, and if the plannedactivity is sustainable, and/or fulfils the legislative andpolicy measures. This framework is applied to a particular casestudy, Nybroåsen, in the south-eastern part of Sweden,where the highway E22 is constructed through the importantglaciofluvial esker aquifer, passing the protection zone of thewater supply for the Kalmar municipality.</p><p>The impacts from the new highwayand the existing road have been predicted by two-dimensionalphysically based time-variant flow and solute groundwatermodelling. The results, breakthrough curves of contaminantconcentration in wells and maps of concentration distributions,as well as travel times, flow paths, and capture zones forwells determined by particle tracking have been presented.</p><p>The constructed model of theNybroåsen study area was calibrated by comparing observedand simulated groundwater levels for 15 observation wells forten years of measurements. The model has been evaluated bothgraphically and numerically and the calibration target wasfulfilled for 13 of the 15 observation wells. The model workincludes investigations of the catchment information, a waterbalance study, simulation of the groundwater recharge,consideration of the unsaturated zone by a numerical columnsimulation, and sensitivity analysis.</p><p>From the sensitivity analysis ofthe flow and transport parameters, it has been shown that theuncertainties are mainly due to the hydraulic conductivity.Comparison of the derived conductivity from the steady-stateautomatic calibration and the time-variant calibration showedthat there are major differences in the derived parameters,which illustrates the importance of a time dependentcalibration over both wet and dry periods and in more than onepoint in the area of interest of the model predictions.</p><p>In addition, a multi-criteriadecision analysis has been carried out for four roadalternatives (including the new highway E22) and the existingroad in the case study concerned. The multi-criteria decisionaid is applied as an illustration of how it can be used in thestudy area to identify a) interest groups of actors and theirconcerns b) ranking of alternative road scenarios according toactors’preferences and c) coalition groups of actors<i>i.e.</i>groups that have similar views with regard to theroad alternatives.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Physically-based groundwater modelling,contamination, flow and solute transport, glaciofluvialdeposits, Nybroåsen, Sweden, and multi-criteriadecision-aid.</p>

<p>Razvojem i testiranjem autentičnog modela dokazano je da se primenom multikriterijumske analize uz primenu PROMETHEE metode može kreirati funkcionalan, operativan i primenljiv alat za dizajniranje energetskih politika orijentisanih ka podršci razvoja obnovljivih izvora energije. Model je testiran na energetskom profilu Grada Novog Sada. Pretpostavljeno je da lokalne vlasti Grada Novog Sada imaju nameru da dizajniraju razvojnu politiku/meru sa ciljem da podstaknu korišćenje obnovljivih izvora energije za grejanje stambenih objekata (porodičnih kuća) i pripremu tople sanitarne vode.</p> / <p>Development and testing of an authentic model has proven that the application of multi-criteria analysis by applying the PROMETHEE method can create a functional, operational and applicable tool for designing energy policy oriented towards supporting the development of renewable energy sources. It is assumed that local authorities in Novi Sad have the intetion to design development policies / actions in order to promote the use of renewable source for heating residental buldings (family houses) and hot water.</p>

Energy access remains a significant challenge in nations lacking access to resources and strong infrastructure systems, creating barriers to economic development and to increased standards of living. Small scale biomass gasification energy (BGE) systems have been developed to meet energy needs in rural areas, creating synergies between agricultural and agro-forestry systems through utilization of biomass feedstock for energy generation. The sustainability of such systems requires sophisticated planning and coordination of the biomass supply chain. The goal of this thesis is to investigate and improve structural and process related characteristics of sustainability assessments for small scale bio-energy systems, specifically focusing on establishment and management of biomass supply chains through the development and dissemination of a generic sustainability assessment framework for biomass supply chains of small-scale BGE systems in rural East Africa. Building on a preliminary sustainability assessment framework (Christensen, 2013; Joerg, 2013) this research develops an assessment tool designed to capture sustainability requirements of the biomass supply chain in the ecological, social, and economic spheres through testing on three case studies in rural Uganda. Application and analysis of a preliminary framework on pilot projects in a rural east African context using Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methodologies contributes to development of strategies for energy system analysis and building stakeholder capacity to incorporate social, economic, and environmental considerations. The assessment process is outlined, including scoring, data collection, contextual considerations. Model application is discussed, including the impact of weighting on decision outcomes, uncertainty management, sensitivity analysis, and identification of tradeoffs among criteria. Finally, discussion of tool usefulness verses usability contributes to bridging academic research with practitioner priorities.

Gävle municipality strives to treat all stormwater that may prevent river and lakes from achieving a good water status under the EU water framework directive. There are three stormwater outflows at Västra vägen in Gävle that discharge untreated stormwater to Gavleån. Gävle municipality has an ambition to clean stormwater as close to the source as possible. The purpose of this study is to conduct a multi-criteria analysis to identify stormwater treatment solutions that are suitable from a technical, ecological, economic and sociocultural perspective. According to EU water framework directive Gavleån does not achieve a good chemical and ecological status because of the presence of contaminates in the river. The alternatives that will be evaluated in the multi-criteria analysis consists of a screen pool, percolation storage and four different types of filters. Except these six solutions a null alternative will be included to evaluate if the situation does not change and the stormwater is not treated as it is today. These seven alternatives will be evaluated by a panel that consists of people who work with stormwater or with matters related to the categories in the multi-criteria analysis. The panel's main priority of categories and criteria is produced by the average value of all participants’ weightings and ratings. The most important category was considered to be the sociocultural perspective and the least important was the technical perspective. The criteria that were considered important for the respective categories were operating and maintenance cost (economic perspective), reduction of pollution (technical perspective), environmental impact, land use (ecological perspective, shared position), and outdoor recreation (sociocultural perspective). The option that received the highest score in the analysis was null alternative followed by the screen pool. That is because the null alternative is considered to have the most positive impact on the socio-cultural perspective, ecological perspective and financial perspective while screen pool scored highest in the technical perspective. The results of the MCA should also be interpreted by different stakeholders' priorities and can be seen in Section 6 in which the scoring of all treatment alternatives are reported. / Gävle kommun strävar efter att rena allt dagvatten som kan försvåra möjligheten att sjöar och vattendrag uppnår en god status enligt EU:s vattendirektiv. Det finns tre dagvattenutlopp vid Västra vägen i Gävle som släpper ut orenat dagvatten till Gavleån. Detta dagvatten har Gävle kommun en ambition av att rena genom ett lokalt omhändertagande så nära källan som möjligt. Syftet med denna studie är att genomföra en multikriterieanalys för att identifiera lösningsåtgärder som kan anses som lämpliga utifrån ett tekniskt, ekologiskt, ekonomiskt och sociokulturellt perspektiv. Enligt EU:s vattendirektiv så uppnår inte Gavleån en god kemisk och ekologiskt status på grund av föroreningar som påträffats under mätningar i ån. Alternativen som kommer att utvärderas i multikriterieanalysen består av en skärmbassäng, perkolationsmagasin samt fyra olika gatubrunnsfilter. Förutom dessa alternativ så inkluderas även ett nollalternativ som avser att ingen förändring sker där dagvattnet inte renas. Dessa sju alternativ kommer att viktas av en viktningsgrupp som består av personer som på olika sätt arbetar med dagvatten eller med frågor som är relaterade till kriterierna i multikriterieanalysen. Viktningsgruppens prioriteringar av kategorier och kriterier framställs genom medelvärdet av alla deltagares betygsättning. Den viktigaste kategorin ansågs vara det sociokulturella perspektivet och den minst viktiga var det tekniska perspektivet. Kriterierna som ansågs viktiga för respektive kategori var drift och underhållskostnad (ekonomiskt perspektiv), reducering av föroreningar (tekniskt perspektiv), miljöpåverkan, markanvändning (ekologiskt perspektiv, delad plats), och rekreation och friluftsliv (sociokulturellt perspektiv). Alternativet som fick högst poäng i viktningen var nollalternativet som blev följt av skärmbassäng. Nollalternativet ansågs ha mest positiv inverkan på det sociokulturella perspektivet, ekologiska perspektivet och ekonomiska perspektivet medans skärmbassäng fick högst poäng under det tekniska perspektivet. Resultatet av multikriterieanalysen ska tolkas efter olika intressenters prioriteringar och kan göras i avsnitt 7 där poängsättningen av alla reningstekniker redovisas.

Data Envelopment Analysis is a multi-criteria decision making tool employing set of minimizing criteria (inputs) and set of maximizing criteria (outputs) for evaluating decision making unit efficiency. This method is accompanied by problems in field of input and output weight assignment, whereas benevolent basic model formulation enables decision making unit evaluation to be based on far unevenly distributed weight vector. Furthermore, data envelopment analysis basic model produces dichotomized dividing in form of efficient and inefficient decision making unit sets. Extensive set of efficient units occurs frequently and this causes difficulties in choosing one or less number efficient units. These phenomena appear often simultaneously. An implementation of multi-criteria decision making models into data envelopment analysis is exercised in order to reduce these undesired effects in applications.

This thesis develops and applies an integrated method of environmental assessment that couples a geographic Information system (GIS) to Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), using bioenergy combustion and CHP sites as a case study. A literature review to identify the gaps in knowledge with respect to spatial MCA and GIS-based approaches to support decision-making and sustainability assessments shows the need for an approach to identify suitable locations for Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants using bioenergy combustion and to analyse spatial aspects. CHP plants can improve the efficiency and sustainability of bioenergy generation because they are capable of producing and utilising both electrical and thermal energy. Identifying suitable locations for these, typically decentralised, plants is crucial but challenging because proximity to both feedstock supply and heat demand has to be considered. The thesis develops and applies a novel GIS-based approach to identify suitable locations for CHP bioenergy plants and to analyse spatial aspects. This work stands out as the principal novel contribution of the research presented in this thesis. The science-based technical assessment can be integrated in a formal and structured decision support framework (DSF) which could aid environmental decision-making. There is no single right way to conduct a decision-making process because every process is limited by resources and timelines. The environmental assessment case study described in this thesis uses a modified version of the MCA framework proposed by the Department for Communities and Local Government (2009). The GIS-based approach is integrated in this DSF to couple GIS to MCA. Additionally, specific attention is given to reviewing and selecting sustainability aspects (covering Criteria and Indicators) and MCA methods. These processes are also integrated in the DSF and can be seen as being part of the problem structuring phase of the DSF used in the research presented in this thesis. It is shown how the DSF is applied to assess alternatives for centralised and decentralised generation in a research case study region. By applying the different stages of the DSF, including the GIS-based approach, the selection processes and a selected MCA method (Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)), it can be concluded that the decentralised alternatives should be preferred in the research case study scenarios if regional sustainable bioenergy generation wants to be archived. In the first scenario, the second alternative (A2) clearly dominates with an overall score of 71.82% (A1: 28.18%). However, the results are relatively close in the second scenario (A3: 56.62%, A4: 43.38%), which is mainly due to the similarity of the alternatives in the scenario. The sensitivity analyses show that the rankings of alternatives do not change in both scenarios unless major criteria weight variations or performance adjustments are made.

Motivated by IT evaluation problems identified in a large public sector organization, we propose how evaluation requirements can be supported by a framework combining different models and methods from IS evaluation theory. The article extends the content, context, process (CCP) perspectives of organizational change with operations research techniques and demonstrates the approach in practice for an Enterprise Resource Planning evaluation.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier des propriétés des points d'équilibre dans des réseaux de transport multi-critères et de développer des méthodes numériques permettant de trouver l'ensemble des points d'équilibre ou une partie représentative de cet ensemble. Le travail est structure comme suit. Dans le premier chapitre nous donnons une introduction de la thèse. Le chapitre 2 est un rappel de certaines notions que nous utilisons dans les autres. Nous y rappelons le concept de point optimal de Pareto, les fonctions multivoques et les problèmes d'inégalité variationnelle. Nous introduisons certaines fonctions de scalarisation et puis établissons quelques propriétés importantes. Dans le chapitre 3, nous décrivons les réseaux de transport qui sont étudiés dans cette thèse. Dans chaque modèle, nous rappelons les définitions des points d'équilibre et donnons une relation entre ces définitions. Dans le chapitre 4 nous traitons les réseaux de transport multi-critères mono-produit sans contraintes de capacité. Tout d'abord, nous construisons deux problèmes d'optimisation dont les solutions sont exactement l'ensemble des points d'équilibre du modèle initiale et établissons certaines propriétés importantes de continuité et de dérivabilité génériques des fonctions objectifs. Puis nous donnons une formule permettant de calculer le gradient des fonctions objectifs. Nous proposons également un algorithme et prouvons sa convergence pour générer une représentation de l'ensemble des points d'équilibre. Puisque les fonctions objectifs de nos problèmes d'optimisation ne sont pas continues, une méthode de lissage est également considérée afin d'utiliser quelques techniques d'optimisation globale. En fin, nous introduisons le concept de point d'équilibre robuste, puis nous établissons des critères de robustesse et une formule permettant de calculer le rayon de robustesse. Dans le chapitre 5 nous étudions des points d'équilibre vectoriel dans le réseau de transport multi-critères mono-produit sous contraintes de capacité.Tout d'abord, nous proposons un problème d'optimisation équivalent. En utilisant des techniques analogues à celles du chapitre 4 nous obtenons également un sous-ensemble des points d'équilibre du modèle proposé. Dans le dernier chapitre nous considérons des points d'équilibre fort dans le réseau de transport multi-critères multi-produit sous contraintes de capacité. Nous établissons des conditions d'existence des points d'équilibre fort, des relations entre des points d'équilibre fort et des points d'équilibre par rapport à une famille de fonctions ainsi qu'une relation entre des points d'équilibre fort et les points efficaces de l'ensemble des valeurs de la fonction de coût. En plus nous construisons des problèmes d'inéqualité variationnellle, dont les solutions sont les points d'équilibre fort. La dernière partie de ce chapitre est consacrée à un algorithme permettant de trouver des points d'équilibre d'un réseau multi-critères sous contraintes de capacité. Certains exemples numériques sont donnés pour illustrer notre méthode. Nous fermons la thèse avec une liste de références et appendice contenant le code matlab de nos algorithmes. / The purpose of this thesis is to study equilibria in multi-criteria trafficnetworks and develop numerical methods to find the set of all equilibria oronly one representative part of this set. The thesis is structured as follows.In the first chapter we present an introduction of the thesis. Chapter 2is of preliminary character. We recall the concept of Pareto minimal pointsand some notions related to set-valued maps and variational inequality pro-blem. We introduce some scalarizing functions, in particular the so-calledaugmented biggest/smallest monotone functions and augmented signed distance functions, and establish some properties we shall use later.Chapter 3 describes the traffic network models to be studied in this thesis.We define equilibrium for each model and determine a relationship betweenthem. We also give some counter examples for some existing results in therecent literature on this topic.In Chapter 4 we develop a new solution method for multi-criteria net-work equilibrium problems without capacity constraints. To this end we shallconstruct two optimization problems the solutions of which are exactly theset of equilibria of the model, and establish some important generic conti-nuity and differentiability properties of the objective functions. Then we givethe formula to calculate the gradient of the objective functions which enablesus to modify Frank-Wolfe's reduced gradient method to get descent directiontoward an optimal solution. We prove the convergence of the method whichgenerates a nice representative set of equilibria. Since the objective functionsof our optimization problems are not continuous, a method of smoothingthem is also considered in order to see how global optimization algorithmsmay help.We shall also introduce the concept of robust equilibrium, establishcriteria for robustness and a formula to compute the radius of robustness.In Chapter 5 we consider vector equilibrium in the multi-criteria single-product traffic network with capacity constraints.We propose an equivalent optimization problem and establish some im-portant generic continuity and differentiability properties of the objectivefunction. Then we give a formula which allows us to calculate the gradientof the objective function. After that we apply the approach of Chapter 4 toobtain an algorithm for generating equilibria of this network. We also givesome numerical examples to illustrate our approach.In the last chapter we consider strong vector equilibrium in the multi-criteria multi-product traffic network with capacity constraints.We establish conditions for existence of strong vector equilibrium.We alsoestablish relations between equilibrium and efficient points of the value set ofthe cost function and with equilibrium with respect to a family of functions.Moreover we exploit particular increasing functions discussed in Chapter 2 toconstruct variational inequality problems, solutions of which are equilibriumflows. The final part of this chapter is devoted to an algorithm for findingequilibrium flows of a multi-criteria network with capacity constraints. Somenumerical examples are given to illustrate our method and its applicability.A list of references and appendices containing the code Matlab of ouralgorithms follow.

This thesis deals with applications of multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives for creating a benefit system for employees. My work consists of a theoretical part, which describes methods suitable for these purposes. It is a method based on utility function and a method based on the minimum distance from the ideal alternative. The second part describes a complete evaluation process used to evaluate employees who work in accounting and tax consultancy and calculation of their deserved benefits base on the evaluations. In the application the criteria for evaluation of employees, weights of individual criteria were specified and I also counted the amount of utilities for each employee and distances from the ideal employee. The calculation of utilities and distances from the ideal employee were aggregated on the basis of summarizing values for individual companies according to the employees. Profit share of each employee was calculated as the sum of utilities and distances from ideal variant, which was related to work performance for the previous year.