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L’instrumentation multi-pupille permet de repousser les limitations actuelles des diamètres des télescopes monolithiques. L’alignement des sous-pupilles est donc une problématique incontournable pour les futurs projets de télescopes au sol comme dans l’espace. Un Analyseur de Surface d’Onde (ASO) est alors nécessaire pour mesurer les aberrations spécifiques au cas multi-pupille que sont le piston différentiel (différence de marche entre les sous-pupilles), le tip et le tilt (basculements différentiels entre les sous-pupilles). Nous nous attachons à réaliser des ASOs non supervisés et simples d’implantation, permettant l’alignement total d’un instrument multi-pupille. L’algorithme ELASTIC repose sur l’analyse de la corrélation entre deux images focales prises successivement, différant par une perturbation maîtrisée et appliquée directement sur les sous-pupilles. ELASTIC permet d’une part d’estimer les grandes erreurs de tip/tilt, pour effectuer un alignement géométrique et d’autre part de stabiliser le tip/tilt pendant la minimisation des grandes erreurs de piston, pour l’alignement interférométrique. Enfin, un second algorithme appelé LAPD permet, au moyen de deux images prises simultanément dans un plan focal et dans un plan légèrement défocalisé, d’estimer les petites erreurs de piston/tip/tilt pour le cophasage fin. Ces différents algorithmes sont caractérisés au moyen de simulations numériques, pour différents types de télescopes multi-pupilles. Nous démontrons expérimentalement les briques de la chaîne d’alignement sur un instrument à 6 sous-pupilles. Ces ASOs permettent de simplifier le dimensionnement des futurs télescopes. / The resolution of a telescope is ultimately limited by its aperture diameter, but the size of mirrors is bounded by current technology to about 10m on the ground and to a few meters in space. To overcome this limitation, interferometry consists in making an array of sub-apertures interfere; the resulting instrument is called an interferometer or a multi-aperture telescope. To reach the diffraction limit of such instruments, all sub-apertures must be phased to within a small fraction of wavelength. A critical sub-system of interferometers is the Cophasing Sensor (CS), whose goal is to measure the relative positioning errors between the sub-apertures (differential piston, tip and tilt), which are the specific low-order aberration of an interferometer and the main source of wave-front degradation. We aim to develop unsupervised and easy-to-implement CSs for the global multi-aperture telescope alignment. ELASTIC algorithm provides a solution for large amplitude tip/tilt error measurement from a modified cross-spectrum of two diversity images, allowing the geometrical alignment. ELASTIC also provides tip/tilt stability for the large amplitude piston error minimization, called the interferometric alignment. Finally a second algorithm called LAPD uses focal and slightly defocused images for the small amplitude piston/tip/tilt error measurement, allowing the fine phasing. Numerical simulations of several types of multi-aperture telescopes are performed in order to test our algorithms. We experimentally demonstrate the efficiency of the different algorithms on a 6-sub-aperture instrument. These algorithms should simplify the design of the future telescopes.

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Interferometry and coherent change detection (CCD) utilize phase differences between complex SAR images to find terrain height and to detect small changes between images, respectively. A new method for improving interferometry and CCD using multiple sub-apertures is proposed. Using backprojection processing, multiple sub-aperture images are created for a pair of flights. An interferogram and coherence map is made from each sub-aperture. For CCD, each sub-aperture coherence map offers an independent estimate of the coherence over the same area. By combining coherence maps, low coherence areas associated with residual motion errors are reduced, shadowed areas are minimized, and the overall coherence of stationary objects between images is increased. For interferometry, combining independent estimates of a scene's height offers a more accurate height estimate. For repeat-pass interferometry, multiple apertures are shown to increase the coverage of valid height estimates. The benefits of multi-aperture interferometry and CCD are shown using examples with real data.

The study, description, design and implementation of selected blocks of multiband shortwave radio station are dealt with in the thesis. Focus is placed on the concept of multiband shortwave radio stations, with an emphasis on high frequency and intermediate frequency circuits. The first chapter is devoted to description of the transceiver block diagram which is designed as superheterodyne. The design of bandpass input filters, intermediate frequency crystal filters and output filters is described. Simulation results and the measured characteristics of the implemented functional blocks are presented. Furthermore, the amplifier circuits which maintain impedance matching of individual blocks are discussed. SSB signal generation in the transmitter part of radio station and final stage power amplification are depicted.