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Ce travail porte sur la modélisation et la résolution de problèmes d’optimisation robuste et multi-objectifs du transport multimodal. Après une synthèse des travaux de la littérature et des concepts de base de l’optimisation robuste et l’optimisation multi-objectif, nous proposons un nouveau modèle d’optimisation multi-objectif du transport multimodal des produits agricoles marocains vers des clients européens. L’objectif est de déterminer la meilleure stratégie d’exportation qui minimise simultanément le coût total de transport multimodal et l’overtime maximal en prenant en considération des contraintes réalistes. Nous proposons également des nouvelles approches de résolution avec une application sur un réseau de transport multimodal réel.Nous avons étudié une autre problématique du transport multimodal avec localisation de terminaux intermodaux. Outre la version déterministe, une optimisation robuste qui tient compte des incertitudes sur les capacités, les coûts d’utilisation et les coûts de transport. Deux approches hybrides ont été proposées pour la résolution du problème.Dans ces contributions, des modèles et des méthodes sont présentés, des remarques et des interprétations sont tirées à propos de l’impact de la périssabilité des produits et de la robustesse sur les flux, le choix des ports, des trajets et des modes de transport. / Because of the importance of multimodal transport for goods importation and exportation from Morocco to international customers, our goals are modeling and solving multimodal freight transportation problems by more focusing on some issues confronted by our country. After presenting the required mathematical background on robust and multiobjective optimization and surveying the literature works on multimodal transport problems, its variants and solution approaches; and instead of testing them only on traditional benchmarks; we dealt with new variants and methods. A multi-objective mathematical model is proposed to optimize the multimodal transport of agricultural products from Morocco to Europe. To solve this model adapted to a real network, two multiobjective version algorithms are presented in order to optimize simultaneously the total transportation cost and the over-time.Given the complexity of the global logistics chain by various operations and several stakeholders, the data of the problem may sometimes be ignored or uncompleted. That’s why we have developed a mathematical model for multimodal terminal location problem by integrating uncertainties of the transportation costs, the capacities and the using costs of terminals. A population based simulated annealing and a hybrid method combining an exact and a metaheuristic approaches are proposed to effectively solving the problem. The test is then performed on a real intermodal network. These contributions are concluded by remarks and highlights about the impact of perishability and robustness on flows, location strategies of ports, the choice of paths and transportation modes.

Esta Dissertação aborda o Problema de Alocação de Aulas a Salas (PAAS), também conhecido como Problema de Alocação de Salas (PAS). As instituições de ensino superior, no começo de seus calendários letivos, resolvem um PAAS ao determinar os espaços a serem utilizados para as atividades didáticas. Porém, em muitas destas instituições o PAAS é ainda resolvido manualmente, gerando altas cargas de trabalho para os responsáveis. Neste trabalho, o Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação (ICMC) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) foi tomado como caso de estudo para o PAAS. Um modelo de programação matemática inteiro é proposto e abordado por técnicas de resolução exata, metaheurísticas mono-objetivo e uma abordagem multi-objetivo. Uma estrutura de vizinhança proposta obteve resultados comparáveis à da metodologia exata, para um tempo fixo de execução. Demonstra-se que, a abordagem multi-objetivo é uma possibilidade de contornar algumas dificuldades clássicas do problema, como incertezas sobre a escolha dos pesos das métricas. Os métodos de solução propostos para o problema fornecem, aos responsáveis, bons instrumentos de auxílio à tomada de decisão para o PAAS. / This Dissertation addresses the Classroom Assignment Problem (CAP). All Higher Education Institutes, at the schoolyear\'s begin, faces a CAP to define where the classes will be taught. However, many of those still solves this problem manually, demanding high efforts from the responsible staff. In this study, the Universidade de São Paulo\'s (USP) Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação (ICMC) was tackled as study case for the CAP. An Integer Programming Model is proposed and tackled by exact methods, meta-heuristics and a multi-objective approach. A novel neighborhood operator is proposed for the local search and obtains good results, even comparable to the exact method. The multi-objective approach is shown to overcome some of the classical adversity of the mono-objective approach, e.g., choosing weights to quality metric. Those CAP\'s proposed solution methods, gives the responsible staff a good decision making support.

Une image hyperspectrale est un cube de données 3D dont chaque pixel fournit des informations spectrales locales sur un grand nombre de bandes contiguës sur une scène d'intérêt. Les images observées peuvent subir une dégradation due à l'instrument de mesure, avec pour conséquence l'apparition d'un flou sur les images qui se modélise par une opération de convolution. La déconvolution d'image hyperspectrale (HID) consiste à enlever le flou pour améliorer au mieux la résolution spatiale des images. Un critère de HID du type Tikhonov avec contrainte de non-négativité est proposé dans la thèse de Simon Henrot. Cette méthode considère les termes de régularisations spatiale et spectrale dont la force est contrôlée par deux paramètres de régularisation. La première partie de cette thèse propose le critère de courbure maximale MCC et le critère de distance minimum MDC pour estimer automatiquement ces paramètres de régularisation en formulant le problème de déconvolution comme un problème d'optimisation multi-objectif. La seconde partie de cette thèse propose l'algorithme de LMS avec un bloc lisant régularisé (SBR-LMS) pour la déconvolution en ligne des images hyperspectrales fournies par les systèmes de whiskbroom et pushbroom. L'algorithme proposé prend en compte la non-causalité du noyau de convolution et inclut des termes de régularisation non quadratiques tout en maintenant une complexité linéaire compatible avec le traitement en temps réel dans les applications industrielles. La troisième partie de cette thèse propose des méthodes de séparation-déconvolution conjointes basés sur le critère de Tikhonov en contextes hors-ligne ou en-ligne. L'ajout d'une contrainte de non-négativité permet d’améliorer leurs performances / A hyperspectral image is a 3D data cube in which every pixel provides local spectral information about a scene of interest across a large number of contiguous bands. The observed images may suffer from degradation due to the measuring device, resulting in a convolution or blurring of the images. Hyperspectral image deconvolution (HID) consists in removing the blurring to improve the spatial resolution of images at best. A Tikhonov-like HID criterion with non-negativity constraint is considered here. This method considers separable spatial and spectral regularization terms whose strength are controlled by two regularization parameters. First part of this thesis proposes the maximum curvature criterion MCC and the minimum distance criterion MDC to automatically estimate these regularization parameters by formulating the deconvolution problem as a multi-objective optimization problem. The second part of this thesis proposes the sliding block regularized (SBR-LMS) algorithm for the online deconvolution of hypserspectral images as provided by whiskbroom and pushbroom scanning systems. The proposed algorithm accounts for the convolution kernel non-causality and including non-quadratic regularization terms while maintaining a linear complexity compatible with real-time processing in industrial applications. The third part of this thesis proposes joint unmixing-deconvolution methods based on the Tikhonov criterion in both offline and online contexts. The non-negativity constraint is added to improve their performances

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T18:51:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert_MSc_JaquelineAngelo.pdf: 926474 bytes, checksum: da4b07a3aac6c41fe497e0351128bde1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-24 / Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior / This dissertation presents the BicriterionAnt, MACS and MONACO Ant Colony algorithms, available in literature, to solve the Multi-Objective Traveling Salesman Problem (MOTSP). The characteristics of the problem and of each algorithm used are presented. Those algorithms were tested in six bi-objective instances of MOTSP. Changes in the original algorithms were implemented to try to produce better results than the original ones. To validate the results and to measure the quality of the solutions, metrics of performance were used which help to identify the best non-dominated solution sets. / Esta dissertação apresenta os algoritmos BicriterionAnt, MACS e MONACO, disponíveis na literatura, baseados em colônia de formigas, para resolução do Problema do Caixeiro Viajante Multiobjetivo (PCVMO). São apresentadas as características do problema e de cada algoritmo utilizado. Estes algoritmos foram testados em seis instâncias bi-objetivo do PCVMO. Foram implementadas algumas alterações na estrutura original dos algoritmos na tentativa de produzir resultados melhores do que os algoritmos originais. Para a avaliação dos resultados e medição da qualidade das soluções, foram utilizadas métricas de desempenho que auxiliam na identificação dos melhores conjuntos de soluções não-dominadas.

Nous présentons les enjeux du management environnemental et soulignons l’importance d’une politique d’économie d’énergie pour les entreprises. Nous proposons un modèle pour déterminer le bilan énergétique de la fabrication en intégrant les différentes phases productives et non-productives. Nous définissons un double objectif pour la minimisation de la durée de production et de la consommation d’énergie. Nous appliquons ce modèle à l’ordonnancement d’ateliers job-shop flexibles. Pour déterminer la solution optimale nous utilisons deux classes de méthodes : - La première relève des algorithmes génétiques. Nous proposons différents types d’algorithmes pour résoudre ce problème multicritère. Nous proposons par exemple de faire évoluer deux populations pour minimiser respectivement l’énergie consommée et la durée de production et de les croiser pour atteindre l’objectif global. - La seconde relève de la programmation sous contrainte. Nous proposons de rechercher la solution optimale en développant une double arborescence pour évaluer l’énergie consommée et la durée de production. Nous construisons notre algorithme en partant des tâches à réaliser sur les machines ou en partant des machines qui réaliseront les tâches. Nous discutons de la construction du front de Pareto pour l’obtention de la meilleure solution.Nous terminons en comparant les différentes approches et en discutant leur pertinence pour traiter des problèmes de différentes tailles. Nous proposons également plusieurs améliorations et quelques pistes pour de futures recherches. / We present the challenges of environmental management and underline the importance of an energy saving policy for companies. We propose a model to determine the energy balance of manufacturing by integrating the different productive and non-productive phases. We define two purposes for minimizing production time and energy consumption. We apply this model to the scheduling of flexible job-shop workshops. To determine the optimal solution we use two types of methods: - The first is genetic algorithms. We propose different types of algorithms to solve this multi-criteria problem. For example, we propose to develop two populations to minimize the energy consumed and the production time, and to cross them to achieve the overall objective. - The second is constraint programming. We propose to find the optimal solution by developing a double tree to evaluate the energy consumed and the production time. We build our algorithm starting from the tasks to be performed on the machines or from the machines that will perform the tasks. We discuss the construction of the Pareto front to get the best solution.We finish by comparing the different approaches and discussing their relevance to deal with problems of different sizes. We also offer several improvements and some leads for future research.

Le contexte sociétal et environnemental en France et en Europe durant ces dernières années est largement favorable à l’électrification des moyens de transports, principalement les véhicules, afin de réduire les émissions de CO2. Les pouvoirs publics déploient d’importants efforts afin de rendre les véhicules électrifiés plus accessibles aux citoyens, en octroyant des primes conséquentes lors de l’achat de véhicules « propres ». De leur côté, les constructeurs automobiles cherchent à diminuer le coût des véhicules électriques et hybrides en proposant des solutions techniques pouvant réduire le coût de fabrication des organes, principalement les batteries, les moteurs thermiques et électriques, tout en assurant des performances élevés. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’étudier et de réaliser une machine électrique répondant à un cahier des charges très contraignant en termes d’encombrement axial et de densité de couple pour une application comme moteur de traction d’un véhicule hybride. De plus, cette machine doit être innovante, robuste et dont le procédé de fabrication est automatisable et à faible coût. Ainsi, un état de l’art élargi sur les différentes machines électriques a été effectué. En fonction des exigences liées à notre application, une machine à flux axial à aimants permanents enterrés à bobinage concentrique a été choisie.Initialement, un modèle analytique simplifié a été établi et couplé à un outil d’optimisation. Les paramètres géométriques et électriques obtenus ont été alors réajustés en utilisant un modèle numérique basé sur les éléments finis 3D. Différentes modifications ont été apportées à cette machine initiale en raison de l’évolution du cahier des charges des performances et des contraintes géométriques. Les grandeurs électromagnétiques telles que le couple et la puissance ont été analysées pour différents points de fonctionnement. Les pertes dans les aimants permanents ont été calculées en développant un modèle numérique hybride basé sur les différences finies 3D, réduisant ainsi le temps de calcul comparativement aux éléments finis 3D. Afin de valider les différents résultats obtenus, un prototype de la machine a été réalisé. Cette machine a également été modélisée en utilisant les Circuits Equivalents Magnétiques quasi-3D. Ce modèle semi-analytique est générique par rapport aux dimensions géométriques et électriques, avec une discrétisation adaptative. De plus, les effets de denture et de saturation sont pris en compte. Les inductions magnétiques, les flux magnétiques et le couple électromagnétique ont pu être obtenus avec ce modèle, en assurant une bonne précision et un temps de calcul réduit comparativement aux éléments finis 3D. / The societal and environmental context in France and Europe during the last few years has been largely favorable to the electrification of transportation means, mainly vehicles, in order to reduce CO2 emissions. The authorities are working hard to make the electrified vehicles more affordable, by providing substantial premiums during the purchase of “clean” vehicles. For their part, the automakers are looking to reduce the cost of electric and hybrid electric vehicles by offering technical solutions that can reduce the manufacturing cost of the car components, mainly batteries, thermal and electric motors, while ensuring high performances. The main objective of this thesis is to study and realize an electric machine, which satisfies very restrictive specifications in terms of axial size and torque density in order to be used as a traction motor for a hybrid electric vehicle. In addition, this machine must be innovative, with a high reliability, low cost and automated manufacturing process. Thus, a state of art about the various electric machines has been achieved. Depending on the requirements of our application, an axial flux machine with buried permanent magnets and concentrated winding has been selected. Initially, a simplified analytical model has been developed and coupled to an optimization tool. The obtained geometrical and electrical parameters have been adjusted using a numerical model based on the 3D finite element. Various modifications have been applied to the initial machine due to the modification of the geometrical and performance specifications. Electromagnetic performances such as torque and power have been analyzed for various operating points. Losses in the permanent magnets have been calculated using a hybrid numerical 3D model based on the finite difference and finite element, which allows to reduce the computation time compared to transient 3D finite element. In order to validate the different results, a prototype of the machine has been realized. This machine has also been modeled using a quasi-3D magnetic equivalent circuits. This semi-analytical model is generic regarding the geometrical and electrical parameters, with an adaptive discretization. Furthermore, the saturation and the slotting effects have been taken into account. The magnetic flux density, the flux linkage and the electromagnetic torque have been calculated with this model, ensuring high accuracy and reduced time computation compared to 3D finite element.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-08-05T17:38:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Alexandre Barbosa de Almeida - 2016.pdf: 11943401 bytes, checksum: 94f2e941bbde05e098c40f40f0f2f69c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T11:57:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Alexandre Barbosa de Almeida - 2016.pdf: 11943401 bytes, checksum: 94f2e941bbde05e098c40f40f0f2f69c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T11:57:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Alexandre Barbosa de Almeida - 2016.pdf: 11943401 bytes, checksum: 94f2e941bbde05e098c40f40f0f2f69c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-17 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Proteins are vital for the biological functions of all living beings on Earth. However, they only have an active biological function in their native structure, which is a state of minimum energy. Therefore, protein functionality depends almost exclusively on the size and shape of its native conformation. However, less than 1% of all known proteins in the world has its structure solved. In this way, various methods for determining protein structures have been proposed, either in vitro or in silico experiments. This work proposes a new in silico method called Monte Carlo with Dominance, which addresses the problem of protein structure prediction from the point of view of ab initio and multi-objective optimization, considering both protein energetic and structural aspects. The software GROMACS was used for the ab initio treatment to perform Molecular Dynamics simulations, while the framework ProtPred-GROMACS (2PG) was used for the multi-objective optimization problem, employing genetic algorithms techniques as heuristic solutions. Monte Carlo with Dominance, in this sense, is like a variant of the traditional Monte Carlo Metropolis method. The aim is to check if protein tertiary structure prediction is improved when structural aspects are taken into account. The energy criterion of Metropolis and energy and structural criteria of Dominance were compared using RMSD calculation between the predicted and native structures. It was found that Monte Carlo with Dominance obtained better solutions for two of three proteins analyzed, reaching a difference about 53% in relation to the prediction by Metropolis. / As proteínas são vitais para as funções biológicas de todos os seres na Terra. Entretanto, somente apresentam função biológica ativa quando encontram-se em sua estrutura nativa, que é o seu estado de mínima energia. Portanto, a funcionalidade de uma proteína depende, quase que exclusivamente, do tamanho e da forma de sua conformação nativa. Porém, de todas as proteínas conhecidas no mundo, menos de 1% tem a sua estrutura resolvida. Deste modo, vários métodos de determinação de estruturas de proteínas têm sido propostos, tanto para experimentos in vitro quanto in silico. Este trabalho propõe um novo método in silico denominado Monte Carlo com Dominância, o qual aborda o problema da predição de estrutura de proteínas sob o ponto de vista ab initio e de otimização multiobjetivo, considerando, simultaneamente, os aspectos energéticos e estruturais da proteína. Para o tratamento ab initio utiliza-se o software GROMACS para executar as simulações de Dinâmica Molecular, enquanto que para o problema da otimização multiobjetivo emprega-se o framework ProtPred-GROMACS (2PG), o qual utiliza algoritmos genéticos como técnica de soluções heurísticas. O Monte Carlo com Dominância, nesse sentido, é como uma variante do tradicional método de Monte Carlo Metropolis. Assim, o objetivo é o de verificar se a predição da estrutura terciária de proteínas é aprimorada levando-se em conta também os aspectos estruturais. O critério energético de Metropolis e os critérios energéticos e estruturais da Dominância foram comparados empregando o cálculo de RMSD entre as estruturas preditas e as nativas. Foi verificado que o método de Monte Carlo com Dominância obteve melhores soluções para duas de três proteínas analisadas, chegando a cerca de 53% de diferença da predição por Metropolis.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:11:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO OSCAR SCUSSEL.pdf: 4301786 bytes, checksum: 8a64e99e73bc5e4478b9e5077d78baed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-04 / Impulse Response Functions (IRFs) are important in many engineering applications, mainly in structural dynamics and modal analysis involving experimental modal tests. These IRFs can be identified through several methods. Among these, the classical covariance method is one of the most used and it is based on the sum of convolution from the correlation functions between input and output signals known. However, this method is limited because it employs a large number of samples and has drawbacks related to over parametrization. In this sense, this work presentes and review the covariance method expanded in the ortonormal basis Kautz functions, because this alternative way allows to avoid these drawbacks. In order to ilustrate the procedure an algorithm with multiple objective functions to obtain the optimal poles of the Kautz filter is shown. The results are provided through three degree-of-freedom mechanical system simulated and experimental data in a beam to show the advantages, drawbacks, simplicity and efficiency of the proposed approach. / As funções de resposta ao impulso (IRFs) exercem papel de destaque na identificação de sistemas reais quando têm-se o conhecimento dos dados de entrada/saída do sistema. Essas IRFs são relevantes em muitas aplicações de Engenharia, especialmente em análise modal experimental de estruturas. Dentre os métodos para obtenção dessas IRFs, destaca-se o clássico método das covariâncias baseado na soma de convolução das funções de correlação entre os sinais de entrada e saída conhecidos. No entanto, esse método é limitado quando são coletadas muitas amostras e possui algumas desvantagens como efeitos de sobreparametrização. Neste sentido, este trabalho apresenta e revisa o método das covariâncias expandido na base ortonormal de Kautz para aplicações em identificação de sistemas mecânicos, pois essa forma alternativa permite evitar esses efeitos de sobreparametrização. Para obter os pólos ótimos dos filtros de Kautz, emprega-se um algoritmo multi-objetivo. Os resultados são verificados através de um sistema mecânico com três graus de liberdade e em dados experimentais a partir de uma viga na condição livre-livre no qual verificam-se as vantagens, desvantagens, simplicidade e eficiência do método proposto.

Les systèmes de cogénération (SC) sont largement définis par la production simultanée ou coïncidente de la production combinée de chaleur et d'électricité. L’idée de la cogénération revêt une importance particulière puisqu’elle est un outil de réduction des émissions à effet de serre. Comme les systèmes électriques ont été développés selon les carburants et leur utilisation énergétique, de même, les SC ont été développés afin d'utiliser l'énergie possible du carburant pour produire de l’électricité et de la chaleur. La décentralisation de la production électrique est désormais un événement existant. La favorisation maximale de l’électricité d’origine renouvelable ou des systèmes de
cogénération, a abouti à cette décentralisation formant une partie de la production électrique.
Cette thèse est appliquée au cas du système électrique libanais. Elle sert à évaluer la puissance optimale de cogénération qui doit être installée par le secteur public ou le secteur privé, ainsi que la mise en évidence des impacts économiques et environnementaux dus à l’intégration des SC et des énergies renouvelables dans le réseau. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’intégration des systèmes de cogénération dans un réseau électrique. Nous avons travaillé sur deux thèmes principaux et les avons appliqués au cas du réseau électrique libanais. Le premier thème principal est l’innovation d’une stratégie de prise de décision qui sert à trouver une puissance de cogénération respectant l’économie et l’environnement. Le second thème principal est l’optimisation et le contrôle du réseau électrique en fonction des énergies renouvelables (ER) et des SC intégrés. Les deux thèmes cités sont ensuite appliqués au cas du réseau électrique libanais pour montrer les avantages de l’intégration des SC et des ER dans ce réseau. / Cogeneration systems (CS) are largely defined by the simultaneous or coincident production of combined heat and power. The idea of cogeneration is of particular importance since it is a tool for reducing greenhouse gases emissions. As electrical systems have been developed according to the fuel and energy use, the CS have been developed to profit from the possible potential of the fuel energy to produce electricity and heat. Decentralization of power generation is considered an important fact. The maximum use of electricity from renewable sources or cogeneration systems, has leaded to the decentralization of power generation.This thesis is applied to the Lebanese electrical system. It is used to assess the optimum cogeneration power to be installed by the public sector or the private sector, as well as highlighting the economic and environmental impacts due to the integration of the CS and renewables into the grid. In this thesis, we focused on the integration of cogeneration systems into a grid. We worked on two major themes and have applied them to the case of the Lebanese electrical grid. The first main theme is the innovation of a new decision making strategy to find the cogeneration power respecting the economy and the environment. The second main theme is the optimization and the control of the electrical grid due to the integration of renewable energy (RE) and CS. The two themes cited are then applied to the case of the Lebanese electrical grid to show the benefits of the integration of RE and CS into this grid.