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Evaluation and verification of an architecture suitable for a multi-unit control room of a pebble bed high temperature reactor nuclear power plant / Herman VisagieVisagie, Herman January 2015 (has links)
Current regulations specify the minimum number of operators required per nuclear power plant.
However, these requirements are based on the operation of large nuclear power plants, which
are not inherent safe and can result in a meltdown. For newly developed small nuclear
reactors, the current number of operators seems to be excessive causing the technology to be
less competitive. Before the number of required operators can be optimised, it should be
demonstrated that human errors will not endanger or cause risk to the plant or public.
For this study, a small pebble bed High Temperature Reactor (HTR) Nuclear Power Plant
(NPP), the Th-100, was evaluated. The inherent safety features of this type of nuclear reactor
include independent barriers for fission product capture and passive heat dissipation during a
loss of coolant. The control and instrumentation architecture include two independent
protection systems. The Control and Limitation System is the first protection system to react if
the reactor parameters exceed those of the normal operational safe zone. If the Control and
Limitation System fail to maintain the reactor within the safe zone, the Reactor Protection
System would at that time operate and force the reactor to a safe state. Both these automated
protection systems are installed in a control room local to the reactor building, protected from
adverse conditions. In addition, it is connected to a semi-remote control room, anticipated as a
multi-unit control room to include the monitoring and control of the auxiliary systems.
Probable case studies of human error associated with multi-unit control rooms were evaluated
against the logic of the Control and Limitation System. Fault Tree Analysis was used to
investigate all possible failures. The evaluation determined the reliability of the Control and
Limitation System and highlighted areas which design engineers should take into account if a
higher reliability is required. The scenario was expanded, applying the same methods, to
include the large release of fission products in order to verify the reliability calculations. The
probability of a large release of fission products compared with studies done on other nuclear
installations revealed to be much less for the evaluated HTR as was expected.
As the study has proved that human error cannot have a negative influence on the safety of the
reactor, it can be concluded that the first step has been met which is required, when applying for
a waiver to utilise a multi-unit control room for the small pebble bed HTR NPP. Also, from the
study, it is recommended that a practical approach be applied for the evaluation of operator
duties on a live plant, to optimise the number of operators required. This in turn will position the
inherent safe HTR competitively over other power stations. / MIng (Nuclear Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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A Study In Combinatorial AuctionsBilge, Betul 01 August 2004 (has links) (PDF)
By the emergence of electronic commerce and low transaction costs on the Internet, an interest in the design of new auction mechanisms has been arisen. Recently many researchers in computer science, economics, business, and game theory have presented many valuable studies on the subject of online auctions, and auctions theory.
When faced from a computational perspective, combinatorial auctions are perhaps the most challenging ones. Combinatorial auctions, that is, auctions where bidders can bid on combinations of items, tend to lead to more efficient allocations than traditional auction mechanisms in multi-item multi-unit situations where the agents&rsquo / valuations of the items are not additive. However, determining the winners to maximize the revenue is NP-complete.
In this study, we first analyze the existing approaches for combinatorial auction problem. Based on this analysis, we then choose three different approaches, which are search approach, descending simultaneous auctions approach, and IP (Integer Programming) formulation approach to build our models. The performances of the models are compared using computer simulations, where we model bandwidth allocation system. Finally a combinatorial auction tool is built which can be used for online auctions and e-procurement systems.
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Licitação multiunitária: modelagem de contratações públicas a partir da Teoria dos LeilõesPellegrini, Guilherme Martins 19 June 2018 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2018-06-19 / Muitas licitações públicas podem ser processadas sob um formato multiunitário, com a divisão de um objeto de características similares em diversos lotes ou mediante a reunião de diferentes bens em um mesmo procedimento. Desse modo, o presente trabalho busca refletir acerca da racionalidade que deve guiar a decisão sobre o fracionamento da licitação sob o prisma da análise econômica do direito. Valendo-se dos resultados teóricos obtidos pela Teoria dos Leilões, busca-se entender qual o comportamento esperado dos licitantes em diferentes tipos de leilões e como a referida teoria pode ser útil para estruturar da melhor forma possível as contratações públicas no Brasil a partir das regras postas para tanto. Com um diagnóstico em relação às principais características dos leilões multiunitários, é realizada uma análise dogmática de modo a concluir quanto à viabilidade de adoção de cada tipo no âmbito do direito brasileiro e quais cuidados devem ser tomados para uma correta implementação prática de cada modelo. O objetivo é identificar as situações em que cada tipo de leilão se torna mais recomendável e como configurar adequadamente os lotes postos à disputa, tudo de modo a otimizar os objetivos pretendidos pela contratação pública. A principal conclusão é a de que o modelo adequado de leilão, bem como a determinação e caracterização dos lotes, deve seguir os objetivos pretendidos pelo administrador. Outrossim, para além de modalidades tradicionais de licitação multiunitária, é possível implementar no Brasil modelos inovadores, tais como o leilão aberto simultâneo e o leilão combinatório, os quais, sob certas circunstâncias, tendem a trazer resultados melhores. / Many public procurement can be processed in a multi-unit format, by dividing an object of similar characteristics into several lots or by assembling different goods in the same procedure. In this way, the work aims to reflect on the rationality that must guide the decision regarding the fractionation of the bidding under the view of law & economics. Taking the theoretical results of Auction Theory into account, the goal is to understand the expected bidders’ behavior in different types of auction and how the theory can be useful to design public contracting in the best possible way based on the current applicable rules. With a diagnosis on the multi-unit auctions main features, a dogmatic analysis is carried out in order to conclude on the feasibility of each type under Brazilian law and what cautions should be observed for a correct practical implementation of each model. The objective is to identify the situations in which is recommended the adoption of each auction type and how to design correctly the lots put into auction, all in order to optimize the objectives intended by public contracting. The main conclusion is that the proper auction model, as well as the determination and characterization of lots, should follow the objectives intended by the administrator. Moreover, in addition to traditional multi-unit bidding modalities, it is possible to implement innovative models in Brazil, such as the simultaneous ascending auction and the combinatorial auction, which, under certain circumstances, tend to produce better results.
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Rôle des inhibitions corticales dans la dynamique temporelle des réponses neuronales dans le cortex auditif aux signaux de communication acoustiques / A Role for Cortical Inhibition in Shaping Temporal Dynamics of Neuronal Responses to Communication Sounds in the Auditory CortexGaucher, Quentin 11 December 2013 (has links)
Depuis quelques années, l’étude du code neuronal impliqué dans la perception des signaux de communication acoustique est devenue un domaine de recherche considérable. La littérature récente de ce domaine suggère que la discrimination entre ces signaux reposerait plutôt sur une organisation des décharges neuronales en motifs temporels que sur des variations globales de taux de décharge. Ma thèse a eu pour objectif de déterminer dans quelle mesure une régulation des inhibitions corticales peut (i) changer les motifs temporels déclenchés par des vocalisations conspécifiques et hétérospécifiques et (ii) modifier l’information portée par ces motifs sur l’identité des vocalisations. Nous avons enregistré l’activité neuronale dans le cortex auditif de cobayes anesthésiés en 16 sites corticaux lors de la présentation d’un jeu de vocalisations, et avons partiellement bloqué les inhibitions corticales par des applications de Gabazine (4minutes, 10µm). Dans ces conditions, les réponses évoquées sont plus fortes et les motifs temporels plus marqués. L’information mutuelle quantifiée au niveau de chaque site cortical est augmentée mais l’information populationnelle au niveau de l’ensemble des 16 sites enregistrés n’est pas modifiée, un effet qui peut s’expliquer par le fait que la redondance entre les sites corticaux est augmentée. Nous avons ensuite évalué dans quelle mesure une modulation noradrénergique était susceptible de mimer les effets d’un blocage partiel des inhibitions. Bien que les agonistes utilisés (α1, α2 et ) aient tous induit des modifications des réponses évoquées et de la reproductibilité des motifs temporels, aucun d’entre eux n’a induit de changements importants de l’information portée par les réponses neuronales aux vocalisations. En revanche, les effets induits par la phenylephrine, un agoniste α1, sont vraisemblablement sous-tendus par une action sur les inhibitions intra-corticales, ce qui rend plausible l’hypothèse d’une modulation noradrénergique des inhibitions corticales. Il est donc envisageable que l’action coordonnée de plusieurs systèmes neuromodulateurs puisse moduler les inhibitions corticales et ainsi changer la quantité d’information portée par les neurones corticaux sur l’identité des stimuli à discriminer. / Over the last 10 years, the neural code involved in the perception of acoustic communication signals has become a large area of researches. The recent literature suggests that the discrimination between these signals relies more on the temporal organization of neuronal discharges rather than on global changes of firing rate. My PhD thesis aimed at determining to what extent the regulation of cortical inhibition may (i) change the temporal patterns triggered by conspecific and heterospecific vocalizations and (ii) modify the information carried by these patterns on the vocalization identity. Neuronal activity was recorded in the auditory cortex of anesthetized guinea pigs in 16 cortical sites during presentation of a set of vocalizations, and a partial blockage of intra-cortical inhibition was performed by Gabazine application (4 minutes, 10μm). Under these conditions, evoked responses were stronger and the temporal patterns were reinforced. Mutual information quantified at each cortical site was increased but the information computed at the populationnal level did not change, an effect that could be explained by the fact that the redundancy between cortical sites was increased. We then assessed to which extent the noradrenergic modulation can mimic the effects of a partial blockage of inhibitions. Although all the tested drugs modulated both the evoked responses and the spike-timing reliability, none of the noradrenergic agonists used here (α1, α2 and ) induced significant changes in the information carried by neuronal responses. However, the effects induced by phenylephrine, an α1 agonist, seemed to involve an action on the intra-cortical inhibition, which suggests that a noradrenergic modulation of cortical inhibition can operate in the auditory cortex. It is therefore possible to envision that the coordinated action of several neuromodulatory systems modulates cortical inhibition and thus changes the information carried by cortical neurons on the stimuli identity.
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Interaction dynamics of strategic planning within m-form based firmsThnarudee, Chatchai January 2012 (has links)
A crucial limitation of research on strategic planning is that it has always viewed
strategic planning as a single process in a corporation. In practice, strategic
planning in complex multi-business corporations has evolved into a network of
multi-level and multi-unit strategic planning processes. This makes it challenging
for managers and strategists to undertake the activities needed to run those strategic
planning systems effectively. The interactions between strategy practitioners as
they enact those planning processes play a crucial role in determining effectiveness
of the planning process as a whole.
Therefore, this thesis is based on a conceptual framework that represents strategic
planning as a network of collaboration amongst quasi-independent processes taking
place across multiple levels and units. This thesis adopts an embedded design
within two in-depth case studies and one pilot case study to examine the
strategising activities, practices and interaction dynamics of strategic planning
within the M-form based firms. The result articulates the dynamics of strategy
practitioners’ interactions in a series of four generic interaction patterns: (1) the
Bilateral Scheme, (2) the Cohesive Facilitation Scheme, (3) the Ambassadorial
Coordination Scheme, and (4) the Supervisory Driven Scheme. The result also sheds
light on the extended roles of strategic planning within a multi-level and multi-unit
environment, and on how different actors contribute to the vertical and horizontal
aspects of strategic planning.
The findings of this research have implications for both theory and practice. This
thesis mainly contributes to strategy as practice perspective, strategic planning
literature, organisational theory, situated learning literature, sensemaking
perspective on practice, power theory, and agency theory. Theoretically, this study
introduces a new method for examining the practice of strategic planning based on
studying strategic planning links between practitioners representing horizontally as
well as vertically differentiated units. In doing so, I have represented strategic
planning as a multi-unit as well as a multi-level process, and hence have been able
to show how it operates as a network of collaborative relationships and activities.
This extends the view of strategic planning prevailing in the literature, which
portrays a largely hierarchical, vertically-based structure.
Practically, the results provide managers and practitioners with an illustration of
how different practitioner roles and managerial levels contribute in distinctive ways
to strategic planning from both horizontal and vertical perspectives. It is apparent
from my investigation of the case study firms that their planning and decentralised
decision-making mechanisms are linked together heterarchically as well as
hierarchically.
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Novel Mechanisms For Allocation Of Heterogeneous Items In Strategic SettingsPrakash, Gujar Sujit 10 1900 (has links) (PDF)
Allocation of objects or resources to competing agents is a ubiquitous problem in the real world. For example, a federal government may wish to allocate different types of spectrum licenses to telecom service providers; a search engine has to assign different sponsored slots to the ads of advertisers; etc. The agents involved in such situations have private preferences over the allocations. The agents, being strategic, may manipulate the allocation procedure to get a favourable allocation. If the objects to be allocated are heterogeneous (rather than homogeneous), the problem becomes quite complex. The allocation problem becomes even more formidable in the presence of a dynamic supply and/or demand. This doctoral work is motivated by such problems involving strategic agents, heterogeneous objects, and dynamic supply and/or demand. In this thesis, we model such problems in a standard game theoretic setting and use mechanism design to propose novel solutions to the problems. We extend the current state-of-the-art in a non-trivial way by solving the following problems:
Optimal combinatorial auctions with single minded bidders, generalizing the existing methods to take into account multiple units of heterogeneous objects
Multi-armed bandit mechanisms for sponsored search auctions with multiple slots, generalizing the current methods that only consider a single slot.
Strategyproof redistribution mechanisms for heterogeneous objects, expanding the scope of the current state of practice beyond homogeneous objects
Online allocation mechanisms without money for one-sided and two-sided matching markets, extending the existing methods for static settings.
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