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With the increasing maturity and flexibility of power electronics-based voltage conversion techniques, DC grids, and distribution systems have gained significant interest. These systems offer advantages such as improved power quality, efficiency, and flexibility. Medium-voltage DC (MVDC) applications, including shipboard, railway systems, distribution networks, and microgrids, are emerging as critical areas of interest. To integrate MVDC systems with existing power grids, MV AC/DC conversion techniques are crucial. Moreover, the lack of mature protection strategies and equipment, particularly DC circuit breakers (DCCB), poses a significant challenge to the development of MVDC systems. Therefore, this thesis aims to address two primary challenges in the field: the improved topologies of MV AC/DC conversion techniques for interfacing MVDC systems with power grids and the development of high power density DCCB for MVDC systems. The traditional modular multilevel converter (MMC) is widely used for medium voltage (MV) AC/DC conversion due to its modularity, scalability, and reliability. However, the presence of numerous semiconductor devices and capacitors in MMCs results in challenges such as low power efficiency and density. To enhance the performance of MMCs, this thesis proposes several novel hybrid MMC (HMMC) topologies, including the three-level HMMC, flying capacitor HMMC, and hybrid-leg MMC. These topologies aim to leverage the advantages of both conventional multilevel converters and MMCs. By replacing the low-voltage (LV) submodule (SM) in MMCs with a simple high-voltage (HV) switch, higher efficiency, a smaller footprint, and lower cost can be achieved. The HV switch operates at line frequency, simplifying device-switching and addressing the challenges of series-connected devices. The introduction of additional HV switches enables alternative connections compared to traditional MMCs, reducing the number of required SMs. Consequently, there is a significant reduction in the number of semiconductor devices, capacitor energy storage, and power losses. Furthermore, an average model is developed for the three-level HMMC to illustrate the additional power flow path between the AC and DC sides, as well as the reduced SM capacitor energy storage requirement. As a result, the proposed HMMCs exhibit substantial potential to replace traditional MMCs, offering higher efficiency and power density. Unidirectional high-voltage (HV) and medium-voltage (MV) rectifiers are essential for applications where power flows exclusively from the AC to the DC side. Examples of such applications include HVDC transmission, front-end converters for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, and data centers. Therefore, hybrid modular multilevel rectifiers (HMMRs) are proposed for these unidirectional AC/DC applications. Instead of utilizing active devices for HV switches, the HMMR employs HV diode to achieve step-up HMMR, step-down HMMR, and flying capacitor HMMR configurations. As diodes are passive devices that do not require gate driver units, the HMMR design becomes simpler, resulting in cost and volume savings. Additionally, voltage sharing among the HV diode stack becomes more manageable as concerns regarding gate signal mismatch are eliminated. However, it is important to note that diodes lack current interruption capability. This limitation requires further investigation, particularly in non-unity power factor (PF) operations, which may impose restrictions on the operational range of the rectifiers. In terms of medium voltage (MV) DC circuit breakers (DCCB), this paper introduces the concept and design procedure of a high-power-density, modular, and scalable power electronic interrupter (PEI) for MV hybrid circuit breakers (HCB). The analysis includes trade-offs and limiting factors of various components within a single PEI module. A prototype of a 12 kV, 1 kA breaking-capable PEI is constructed, and new staged turn-off strategies are proposed to ensure the balanced distribution of metal-oxide varistor (MOV) energy. The developed PEI achieves a peak power density of 7.4 kW/cm$^3$, much higher than the solution based on the IGBT modules. After integrating the developed PEI into a full-scale HCB, the breaking capability of the developed PEI and the effectiveness of the staged turn-off strategy are validated. Furthermore, the scalability of the HCB is evaluated, which can simplify the design process from a low-voltage HCB to a higher-voltage version. For series-connected devices in SSCB or HCB configurations, the conventional gate driver structure necessitates an individual gate driver unit, fiber-optic, and isolated power supplies for each device. This design increases cost and volume, particularly for this single-pulse application. To address this issue, two new single gate driver structures are proposed to reduce component count and system complexity. The first solution, namely the MOV-coupled structure, employs a metal-oxide varistor (MOV) for the turn-off path. On the other hand, the transformer-coupled structure combines the auxiliary power and gate signal, enabling both simultaneous and staged turn-off schemes. Moreover, the cascaded high- and lower-voltage transformer structure simplifies insulation design and demonstrates improved scalability. These proposed gate driver structures aim to streamline the system, reduce component numbers, and simplify control for series-connected devices, leading to cost savings and improved overall performance. / Doctor of Philosophy / The advent of modern power electronics has paved the way for the implementation of medium-voltage (MV) DC systems, which offer advantages such as improved power quality, efficiency, and flexibility. However, the development of advanced AC/DC power conversion techniques and MVDC distribution system equipment, particularly MV DC circuit breakers (DCCBs), poses significant challenges for future MVDC systems. While the modular multilevel converter (MMC) is considered one of the best solutions, it suffers from a large number of devices and submodules (SMs). To overcome this limitation, novel topology concepts are introduced by combining high-voltage (HV) switches with low-voltage SMs, which leverage the benefits of both MMC and conventional multilevel converters. Several Hybrid MMC (HMMC) topologies, such as the three-level HMMC, flying capacitor HMMC, and hybrid-leg MMC, have been proposed. The introduction of additional HV switches enables different configurations over one line cycle, reducing the number of SMs and achieving higher power density and efficiency compared to the traditional MMC. Moreover, for unidirectional power flow, the hybrid modular multilevel rectifiers (HMMRs) can be derived by replacing the HV switch with HV diodes. This modification further reduces cost and volume compared to bidirectional converters. However, the non-unity power factor operation is different from the HMMC version, and more investigation is carried out in this work. As for MV DCCBs, the concept and design procedure of a compact, modular, and scalable power electronic interrupter (PEI) for MV hybrid circuit breakers (HCBs) are discussed. Additionally, two single gate driver structures are proposed to simplify the gate driver design, leading to a significant reduction in component count and cost. These advancements in topology solutions, MV DCCBs, and gate driver structures hold promise for the development of efficient and cost-effective MVDC systems.

Due to the limitations of silicon (Si), there is a paradigm shift in research focusing on wide-bandgap-based (WBG) materials. SiC power semiconductors exhibit superiority in terms of switching speed, higher breakdown electric field, and high working temperature, slowly becoming a global solution in harsh medium-voltage (MV) high-power environments. However, to utilize the SiC MOSFET device to achieve those next-generation, high-density, high-efficiency power electronics converters, one must solve a plethora of challenges. For the MV SiC MOSFET device, a high-performance gate-driver (GD) is a key component required to maximize the beneficial SiC MOSFET characteristics. GD units must overcome associated challenges of electro-magnetic interference (EMI) with regards to common-mode (CM) currents and cross-talk, low driving loop inductance required for fast switching, and device short-circuit (SC) protection. Developed GDs (for 1.2 kV, and 10 kV devices) are able to sustain dv/dt higher than 100 V/ns, have less than 5 nH gate loop inductance, and SC protection, turning off the device within 1.5 us. Even with the introduction of SiC MOSFETs, power devices remain the most reliability-critical component in the converter, due to large junction temperature (Tj) fluctuations causing accelerated wear-out. Real-time (online) measurement of the Tj can help improve long-term reliability by enabling active thermal control, monitoring, and prognostics. An online Tj estimation is accomplished by generating integrated intelligence on the GD level. The developed Tj sensor exhibits a maximum error less than 5 degrees Celsius, having excellent repeatability of 1.2 degrees Celsius. Additionally, degradation monitoring and an aging compensation scheme are discussed, in order to maintain the accuracy of the sensor throughout the device's lifetime. Since ultra high-voltage SiC MOSFET devices (20 kV) are impractical, the modular multilevel converter (MMC) emerged as a prospective topology to achieve MV power conversion. If the kernal part of the power-cell (main constitutive part of the MMC converter) is an SiC MOSFET, the design is able to achieve very high-density and high-efficiency. To ensure a successful operation of the power-cell, a systematic design and assessment methodology (DAM) is explored, based on the 10 kV SiC MOSFET power-cell. It simultaneously addresses challenges of high-voltage insulation, high dv/dt and EMI, component and system protections, as well as thermal management. The developed power-cell achieved high-power density of 11.9 kW/l, with measured peak efficiency of n=99.3 %@10 kHz. It successfully operated at Vdc=6 kV, I=84 A, fsw>5 kHz, Tj<150 degrees Celsius and had high switching speeds over 100 V/ns. Lastly, to achieve high-power density and high-efficiency on the MV converter level, challenges of high-voltage insulation, high-bandwidth control, EMI, and thermal management must be solved. Novel switching cycle control (SCC) and integrated capacitor blocked-transistor (ICBT) control methodologies were developed, overcoming the drawbacks of conventional MMC control. These novel types of control enable extreme reduction in passive component size, increase the efficiency, and can operate in dc/dc, dc/ac, mode, potentially opening the modular converter to applications in which it was not previously used. In order to explore the aforementioned benefits, a modular, scalable, 2-cell per arm, prototype MV converter based on the developed power-cell is constructed. The converter successfully operated at Vdc=12 kV, I=28 A, fsw=10 kHz, with high switching speeds, exhibiting high transient immunity in both SCC and ICBT. / Doctor of Philosophy / In medium-voltage applications, such as an electric grid interface in highly populated areas, a ship dc system, a motor drive, renewable energy, etc., land and space can be very limited and expensive. This requires the attributes of high-density, high-efficiency, and reliable distribution by a power electronics converter, whose central piece is the semiconductor device. With the recent breakthrough of SiC devices, these characteristics are obtainable, due to SiC inherent superiority over conventional Si devices. However, to achieve them, several challenges must be overcome and are tackled by this dissertation. Firstly, as a key component required to maximize the beneficial SiC MOSFET characteristics, it is of utmost importance that the high-performance gate-driver be immune to interference issues caused by fast switching and be able to protect the device against a short-circuit, thus increasing the reliability of the system. Secondly, to prevent accelerated degradation of the semiconductor devices due to high-temperature fluctuations, real-time (online) measurement of the Tj is developed on the gate-driver to help improve long-term reliability. Thirdly, to achieve medium-voltage high-power density, high-efficiency modular power conversion, a converter block (power-cell) is developed that simultaneously addresses the challenges of high-voltage insulation, high interference, component and system protections, and thermal management. Lastly, a full-scale medium-voltage modular converter is developed, exploiting the advantages of the fast commutation speed and high switching frequency offered by SiC, meanwhile exhibiting exceptional power density and efficiency.

Nowadays high power density has become an emerging need for the medium-voltage (MV) high-power converters in applications of power distribution systems in urban areas and transportation carriers like ship, airplane, and so forth. The limited footprint or space resource cost such immensely high price that introducing expensive advanced equipment to save space becomes a cost-effective option. To this end, replacing conventional Si IGBT with the superior SiC MOSFET to elevate the power density of MV modular converters has been defined as the concentration of this research work. As the modular multilevel converter (MMC) is the most typical modular converter for high power applications, the research topic is narrowed down to study the SiC MOSFET-based MMC. Fundamentals of the MMC is firstly investigated by introducing a proposed state-space switching model, followed by unveiling all possible operation scenarios of the MMC. The lower-frequency energy fluctuation on passive components of the MMC is interpreted and prior-art approaches to overcome it are presented. By scrutinizing the converter's switching states, a new switching-cycle control (SCC) approach is proposed to balance the capacitor energy within one switching cycle is explored. An open-loop model-predictive method is leveraged to study the behavior of the SCC, and then a hybrid-current-mode (HCM) approach to realize the closed-loop SCC on hardware is proposed and verified in simulation. In order to achieve the hybrid-current-mode SCC (HCM-SCC), a high-performance Rogowski switch-current sensor (RSCS) is proposed and developed. As sensing the switching current is a critical necessity for HCM-SCC, the RSCS is designed to meet all the requirement for the control purposes. A PCB-embedded shielding design is proposed to improve the sensor accuracy under high dv/dt noises caused by the rapid switching transients of SiC MOSFET. The overall system and control validations have been conducted on a high-power MMC prototype. The basic unit of the MMC prototype is a SiC Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB) rated at 1 kV DC bus voltage. Owing to the proposed SCC, the PEBB development has achieved high power density with considerable reduction of passive component size. Finally, experimental results exhibit the excellent performance of the RSCS and the HCM-SCC. / Ph. D.

Dans le cadre du programme de croissance Européen 2020, la commission européenne a mis en place officiellement un chemin à long terme pour une économie à faible émission de carbone, en aspirant une réduction d’au moins 80% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, d’ici 2050. Répondre à ces exigences ambitieuses, impliquera un changement majeur de paradigme, et notamment en ce qui concerne les infrastructures du réseau électrique. Les percées dans la technologie des semi-conducteurs et les avancées avec les nouvelles topologies d’électronique de puissance et leurs contrôle-commandes, ont contribué à l’impulsion donnée au processus en cours de réaliser un tel SuperGrid. Une percée technologique majeure a eu lieu en 2003, avec le convertisseur modulaire multi-niveaux (MMC ou M2C), présenté par le professeur Marquardt, et qui est actuellement la topologie d’électronique de puissance la plus adaptée pour les stations HVDC. Cependant, cette structure de conversion introduit également un certain nombre de défis relativement complexes tels que les courants “additionnels” qui circulent au sein du convertisseur, entrainant des pertes supplémentaires et un fonctionnement potentiellement instable. Ce projet de thèse vise à concevoir des stratégies de commande “de haut niveau” pour contrôler le MMC adaptées pour les applications à courant continue-haute tension (HVDC), dans des conditions de réseau AC équilibrés et déséquilibrés. La stratégie de commande optimale identifiée est déterminée via une approche pour la conception du type “de haut en bas”, inhérente aux stratégies d’optimisation, où la performance souhaitée du convertisseur MMC donne la stratégie de commande qui lui sera appliquée. Plus précisément, la méthodologie d’optimisation des multiplicateurs de Lagrange est utilisée pour calculer le signal minimal de référence du courant de circulation du MMC dans son repère naturel. / Following Europe’s 2020 growth program, the Energy Roadmap 2050 launched by the European Commission (EC) has officially set a long term path for a low-carbon economy, assuming a reduction of at least 80% of greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2050. Meeting such ambitious requirements will imply a major change in paradigm, including the electricity grid infrastructure as we know it.The breakthroughs in semi-conductor technology and the advances in power electronics topologies and control have added momentum to the on-going process of turning the SuperGrid into a reality. Perhaps the most recent breakthrough occurred in 2003, when Prof. Marquardt introduced the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC or M2C) which is now the preferred power electronic topology that is starting to be used in VSC-HVDC stations. It does however, introduce a number of rather complex challenges such as “additional” circulating currents within the converter itself, causing extra losses and potentially unstable operation. In addition, the MMC will be required to properly balance the capacitive energy stored within its different arms, while transferring power between the AC and DC grids that it interfaces.The present Thesis project aimed to design adequate “high-level” MMC control strategies suited for HVDC applications, under balanced and unbalanced AC grid conditions. The resulting control strategy is derived with a “top-to-bottom” design approach, inherent to optimization strategies, where the desired performance of the MMC results in the control scheme that will be applied. More precisely, the Lagrange multipliers optimization methodology is used to calculate the minimal MMC circulating current reference signals in phase coordinates, capable of successfully regulating the capacitive arm energies of the converter, while reducing losses and voltage fluctuations, and effectively decoupling any power oscillations that would take place in the AC grid and preventing them from propagating into the DC grid.

Dans le cadre du programme de croissance Européen 2020, la commission européenne a mis en place officiellement un chemin à long terme pour une économie à faible émission de carbone, en aspirant une réduction d’au moins 80% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, d’ici 2050. Répondre à ces exigences ambitieuses, impliquera un changement majeur de paradigme, et notamment en ce qui concerne les infrastructures du réseau électrique. Les percées dans la technologie des semi-conducteurs et les avancées avec les nouvelles topologies d’électronique de puissance et leurs contrôle-commandes, ont contribué à l’impulsion donnée au processus en cours de réaliser un tel SuperGrid. Une percée technologique majeure a eu lieu en 2003, avec le convertisseur modulaire multi-niveaux (MMC ou M2C), présenté par le professeur Marquardt, et qui est actuellement la topologie d’électronique de puissance la plus adaptée pour les stations HVDC. Cependant, cette structure de conversion introduit également un certain nombre de défis relativement complexes tels que les courants “additionnels” qui circulent au sein du convertisseur, entrainant des pertes supplémentaires et un fonctionnement potentiellement instable. Ce projet de thèse vise à concevoir des stratégies de commande “de haut niveau” pour contrôler le MMC adaptées pour les applications à courant continue-haute tension (HVDC), dans des conditions de réseau AC équilibrés et déséquilibrés. La stratégie de commande optimale identifiée est déterminée via une approche pour la conception du type “de haut en bas”, inhérente aux stratégies d’optimisation, où la performance souhaitée du convertisseur MMC donne la stratégie de commande qui lui sera appliquée. Plus précisément, la méthodologie d’optimisation des multiplicateurs de Lagrange est utilisée pour calculer le signal minimal de référence du courant de circulation du MMC dans son repère naturel. / Following Europe’s 2020 growth program, the Energy Roadmap 2050 launched by the European Commission (EC) has officially set a long term path for a low-carbon economy, assuming a reduction of at least 80% of greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2050. Meeting such ambitious requirements will imply a major change in paradigm, including the electricity grid infrastructure as we know it.The breakthroughs in semi-conductor technology and the advances in power electronics topologies and control have added momentum to the on-going process of turning the SuperGrid into a reality. Perhaps the most recent breakthrough occurred in 2003, when Prof. Marquardt introduced the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC or M2C) which is now the preferred power electronic topology that is starting to be used in VSC-HVDC stations. It does however, introduce a number of rather complex challenges such as “additional” circulating currents within the converter itself, causing extra losses and potentially unstable operation. In addition, the MMC will be required to properly balance the capacitive energy stored within its different arms, while transferring power between the AC and DC grids that it interfaces.The present Thesis project aimed to design adequate “high-level” MMC control strategies suited for HVDC applications, under balanced and unbalanced AC grid conditions. The resulting control strategy is derived with a “top-to-bottom” design approach, inherent to optimization strategies, where the desired performance of the MMC results in the control scheme that will be applied. More precisely, the Lagrange multipliers optimization methodology is used to calculate the minimal MMC circulating current reference signals in phase coordinates, capable of successfully regulating the capacitive arm energies of the converter, while reducing losses and voltage fluctuations, and effectively decoupling any power oscillations that would take place in the AC grid and preventing them from propagating into the DC grid.

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire ont été réalisés dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre le LAboratoire PLAsma et Conversion d’Énergie (LAPLACE), Université de Toulouse, et la Seconde Université de Naples (SUN). Ce travail a reçu le soutien de la société Rongxin Power Electronics (Chine) et traite de l’utilisation des convertisseurs multi-niveaux pour le transport d’énergie électrique en courant continu Haute Tension (HVDC). Depuis plus d’un siècle, la génération, la transmission, la distribution et l’utilisation de l’énergie électrique sont principalement basées sur des systèmes alternatifs. Les systèmes HVDC ont été envisagés pour des raisons techniques et économiques dès les années 60. Aujourd’hui il est unanimement reconnu que ces systèmes de transport d’électricité sont plus appropriés pour les lignes aériennes au-delà de 800 km de long. Cette distance limite de rentabilité diminue à 50 km pour les liaisons enterrées ou sous-marines. Les liaisons HVDC constituent un élément clé du développement de l’énergie électrique verte pour le XXIème siècle. En raison des limitations en courant des semi-conducteurs et des câbles électriques, les applications à forte puissance nécessitent l’utilisation de convertisseurs haute tension (jusqu’à 500 kV). Grâce au développement de composants semi-conducteurs haute tension et aux architectures multicellulaires, il est désormais possible de réaliser des convertisseurs AC/DC d’une puissance allant jusqu’au GW. Les convertisseurs multi-niveaux permettent de travailler en haute tension tout en délivrant une tension quasi-sinusoïdale. Les topologies multi-niveaux classiques de type NPC ou « Flying Capacitor » ont été introduites dans les années 1990 et sont aujourd’hui couramment utilisées dans les applications de moyenne puissance comme les systèmes de traction. Dans le domaine des convertisseurs AC/DC haute tension, la topologie MMC (Modular Multilevel Converter), proposée par le professeur R. Marquardt (Université de Munich, Allemagne) il y a dix ans, semble particulièrement intéressante pour les liaisons HVDC. Sur le principe d’une architecture de type MMC, le travail de cette thèse propose différentes topologies de blocs élémentaires permettant de rendre le convertisseur AC/DC haute tension plus flexible du point de vue des réversibilités en courant et en tension. Ce document est organisé de la manière suivante. Les systèmes HVDC actuellement utilisés sont tout d’abord présentés. Les configurations conventionnelles des convertisseurs de type onduleur de tension (VSCs) ou de type onduleur de courant (CSCs) sont introduites et les topologies pour les systèmes VSC sont ensuite plus particulièrement analysées. Le principe de fonctionnement de la topologie MMC est ensuite présenté et le dimensionnement des éléments réactifs est développé en considérant une commande en boucle ouverte puis une commande en boucle fermée. Plusieurs topologies de cellules élémentaires sont proposées afin d’offrir différentes possibilités de réversibilité du courant ou de la tension du côté continu. Afin de comparer ces structures, une approche analytique de l’estimation des pertes est développée. [...] / This work was performed in the frame of collaboration between the Laboratory on Plasma and Energy Conversion (LAPLACE), University of Toulouse, and the Second University of Naples (SUN). This work was supported by Rongxin Power Electronic Company (China) and concerns the use of multilevel converters in High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission. For more than one hundred years, the generation, the transmission, distribution and uses of electrical energy were principally based on AC systems. HVDC systems were considered some 50 years ago for technical and economic reasons. Nowadays, it is well known that HVDC is more convenient than AC for overhead transmission lines from 800 - 1000 km long. This break-even distance decreases up to 50 km for underground or submarine cables. Over the twenty-first century, HVDC transmissions will be a key point in green electric energy development. Due to the limitation in current capability of semiconductors and electrical cables, high power applications require high voltage converters. Thanks to the development of high voltage semiconductor devices, it is now possible to achieve high power converters for AC/DC conversion in the GW power range. For several years, multilevel voltage source converters allow working at high voltage level and draw a quasi-sinusoidal voltage waveform. Classical multilevel topologies such as NPC and Flying Capacitor VSIs were introduced twenty years ago and are nowadays widely used in Medium Power applications such as traction drives. In the scope of High Voltage AC/DC converters, the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC), proposed ten years ago by Professor R. Marquardt from the University of Munich (Germany), appeared particularly interesting for HVDC transmissions. On the base of the MMC principle, this thesis considers different topologies of elementary cells which make the High Voltage AC/DC converter more flexible and easy suitable respect to different voltage and current levels. The document is organized as follow. Firstly, HVDC power systems are introduced. Conventional configurations of Current Source Converters (CSCs) and Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) are shown. The most attractive topologies for VSC-HVDC systems are analyzed. The operating principle of the MMC is presented and the sizing of reactive devices is developed by considering an open loop and a closed loop control. Different topologies of elementary cells offer various properties in current or voltage reversibility on the DC side. To compare the different topologies, an analytical approach on the power losses evaluation is achieved which made the calculation very fast and direct. A HVDC link to connect an off-shore wind farm platform is considered as a case study. The nominal power level is 100 MW with a DC voltage of 160 kV. The MMC is rated considering press-packed IGBT and IGCT devices. Simulations validate the calculations and also allow analyzing fault conditions. The study is carried out by considering a classical PWM control with an interleaving of the cells. In order to validate calculation and the simulation results, a 10kW three-phase prototype was built. It includes 18 commutation cells and its control system is based on a DSP-FGPA platform.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-19T19:42:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 danielsalomaosilva.pdf: 1815639 bytes, checksum: 1ac9991f1cfff85fc90c22c80f5ccaf4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-20T13:12:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 danielsalomaosilva.pdf: 1815639 bytes, checksum: 1ac9991f1cfff85fc90c22c80f5ccaf4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T13:12:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 danielsalomaosilva.pdf: 1815639 bytes, checksum: 1ac9991f1cfff85fc90c22c80f5ccaf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-01 / O Compensador Série Síncrono Estático (SSSC – Static Synchronous Series Compensator) é um controlador FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) proposto na literatura para controlar o fluxo de potência pelas linhas de transmissão a corrente alternada. O SSSC é um compensador de potência reativa baseado em conversores eletrônicos de potência de alta capacidade ligados em série com as linhas de transmissão. Neste trabalho são utilizados conversores fonte de tensão (do inglês, VSC – Voltage Source Converters) multiníveis em cascata assimétrica, ligados ao sistema elétrico sem transformadores. O uso do SSSC aumenta as margens de estabilidade, a controlabilidade e a capacidade de transferência de potência de um sistema elétrico. Como a tensão sintetizada pelo SSSC está em quadratura com a corrente pela linha, pode-se utilizá-lo para emular uma reatância série, impor uma tensão ou injetar/absorver potência reativa em série com a linha de transmissão compensada. Neste trabalho são estudados cinco diferentes algoritmos para controlar as tensões geradas pelo SSSC. Resultados de simulações digitais são utilizados para verificar o desempenho de cada algoritmo implementado. / The Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is a FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) controller proposed in the literature to control the power flow through the transmission power lines. The SSSC is a series connected compensator based on static power electronics converters. In this work, three single-phase asymmetrical cascaded multilevel voltage source converters (VSC) are used, connected to the electric power system without transformers. The use of SSSC increases the stability limit, the controllability and the transfer power capacity of electric power systems. Since the voltage synthesized by SSSC is in quadrature with line current, it can be used to emulate a series reactance, to synthesize a voltage or to inject/absorb reactive power in series with the compensated transmission line. Five different control algorithms are investigated to control the output voltages of the SSSC. Digital simulation results are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of each control strategy.

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