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The goal of the study is to examine how five preschool teachers were working with children's language development, both in their native language and in the Swedish language. The study will also examine how preschool teachers can perform their work in this area with the same quality no matter what level of knowledge they have of the different languages they encounter in their work. The study is a qualitative study and is based on the empirical of the interviews and observations of five preschool teachers in three preschools in Stockholm, Sweden. The analysis is divided into three themes; The significance of conversation, Communication with several ways of expressions and Individual way of working. In these themes we have described the different ways of work ing with language development that we encountered. The results of the study show that there are many ways, with similarities and differences, to work with children's language development. The results of the study also show that whatever knowledge the preschool teachers had in the different languages, they found ways to teach the children their language, both the Swedish language and their native language. The results also indicate that the size of the group of children could affect how the preschool teachers worked with language development.

Magister Artium - MA / South Africa’s National Language Policy Framework was formulated in 2003. The framework was designed to create an enabling environment for the development of instruments and initiatives intended to promote multilingualism in the country. Following the formulation of the National Language Policy Framework, National Parliament, in collaboration with the Western Cape and the Eastern Cape Legislatures, commissioned a project of developing a Terminology List of terminology that is used in these settings. This Terminology List was taken over and expanded in 2005. According to the Terminology List’s preface, “stakeholders embarked on the enlarged terminology project in order to ensure that multilingualism was possible in this field. The Multilingual Parliamentary/Political Terminology List will promote multilingualism in Parliament and elsewhere, and will facilitate effective communication between parliamentarians, politicians, national and provincial language offices, provincial legislatures and Hansard offices” (DAC (2005: iii-iv). With perhaps one exception (Rondganger, 2012) focusing on the English-Afrikaans language pair, there are no known studies evaluating the Multilingual Parliamentary/Political Terminology List. As a result, it is not known to what extent envisaged target users (e.g. language practitioners) in National and Provincial Legislatures are even aware of its existence. It is also not known to what extent the terminology resource is able to support target users in the typical usage situations envisaged in the preface. More generally, there has also been no determination of how the Multilingual Parliamentary/Political Terminology List has contributed to language development, specifically, making possible the use of the nine indigenous African languages for parliamentary-related discourse. As a consequence of the above dearth of knowledge around the Multilingual Parliamentary/Political Terminology List, there also is no empirical database upon which suggestions can be made for improving it; that is, responding to the call in the preface for suggestions: “the compilers acknowledge that it might be useful to expand the collection, and any suggestions in this regard will be welcomed” (DAC (2005: iv). This research draws on the sociology of dictionary use (Kühn 1989, Flinz 2010) and on a knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) approach to terminology evaluation (Antia 2000, Antia & Clas 2003; Rubin 1977, Kummer 1983) to analyse the Multilingual Parliamentary Terminology List.

Degree: MA in Psychology by Coursework and Research Report, 2016 / A comprehensive study has demonstrated that language experience provides cognitive benefits above the attainment of a second language (Bialystok, Craik, Green & Gollan, 2009) and thus it is purported that being a bi/multilingual stimulates memory and other executive functions (Jessner, 1999).The relation between language experience and verbal working memory and visual and verbal long-term memory was explored by assessing 30 healthy, young multilingual adults. The instruments that were used for this study are as follows: The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q) which rated self-reported language experience/s, the Letter-Number Sequencing subtest from the WAIS-IV which assessed verbal working memory, the Visual Reproduction (VR) subtest from the WMS-IV which evaluated visual long-term memory and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) which measured verbal memory and learning. The results of the ANOVA statistics found that there was a correlation between language experience and verbal long-term memory (which was measured by utilising the RAVLT), but no links between language experience and verbal working memory and visual long-term memory were found. The results suggest that the language experience of young, multilingual adult South Africans is not related with verbal working memory and visual long-term memory. / MT2017

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree Masters in Research Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, School of Human and Community Development, 2016 / Background: South Africa finds itself at the heart of an ever escalating global trend towards increased multilingualism. Along with this realisation has come an ever growing investigation of the impact of bi/multilingualism on our cognitive abilities; both positively and negatively. Aim: This rationale gets explored here in order to investigate whether multilingualism influences the executive functioning ability of South African youth. Method: This was facilitated through the current study aiming to investigate the relationship between the self reported language experience of 30 young adults and their performance on executive function tasks. The four executive functions that were targeted were planning, inhibition, cognitive flexibility and fluency. Results and Conclusion: Taking the unique South African milieu into consideration results indicated that for the characteristics investigated here cognitive flexibility did not show a significant relationship with language experience. In turn planning and inhibition only produced a moderate degree of significance for their relationships with language experience. Finally fluency showed to have a significant relationship to the language experience of these individuals. The South African reality and history was then engaged with in a discussion around these results. The conclusion was then drawn that the South African population in this sample did not perform to the preconceived internationally recorded influence of the multilingual advantage. / GR2017

Cette thèse se propose d’étudier la politique linguistique de la Chine, à travers le prisme du mouvement pour la défense du cantonais apparu durant l’été 2010, le contexte général étudié étant celui allant des années 1950 à aujourd'hui. Durant l’été 2010, plusieurs manifestations au nom de la défense du cantonais ont eu lieu à Guangzhou, capitale de la province du Guangdong (Chine) et à Hong Kong, donnant lieu à des retombées médiatiques et des effets différés sur le plan politique en Chine. Cette affaire a révélé un sujet longtemps mis à l’écart dans l’aménagement linguistique de la Chine: celui des dialectes. Lors de la campagne de promotion du mandarin en 1955, peu d’attention avait été accordée au statut des autres langues du groupe Han, conventionnellement regroupées sous le terme de « dialectes ». Sous l’influence de l’urbanisation, de la mondialisation et de la promotion du mandarin, les dynamiques sociolinguistiques sont devenues de plus en plus complexes et diversifiées au sein du territoire. La demande pour trouver un point d’équilibre entre unité et diversité devient de plus en plus importante dans l’aménagement linguistique du pays. Reposant sur le débat autour du cantonais, cette étude s’attache à comprendre la synergie entre les pratiques, les aménagements et les idéologies linguistiques, ainsi que l’articulation des perspectives macro et microsociales dans la politique linguistique de la Chine. Elle met enfin en lumière le fait que si la politique linguistique intérieure chinoise est désormais l’objet d’une attention académique soutenue en Chine, elle le doit en partie au mouvement pour la défense du cantonais en 2010. / This study aims to examine the language policy of China through the prism of the “Movement for the defense of Cantonese” which happened during the summer of 2010. The general context studied is from the 1950s to the present days. In the summer of 2010, several demonstrations in the name of defending Cantonese broke out in Guangzhou and Hong Kong, resulting in numerous media spillovers and a series of political effects. The debate revealed a topic which has long been neglected in China’s language planning: the question of dialects. Ever since the beginning of the Mandarin promotion campaign in 1955, little attention has been paid to the status of other languages of the Han ethnic group, conventionally called "dialects". Nowadays, as China’s language situation is becoming more and more dynamics and complex under the influence of urbanization, globalization and the promotion of Mandarin, the demand for a balance between unity and diversity has become increasingly important in the country’s domestic language planning. Based on the debate over Cantonese, this study tries to understand the synergy between practice, management and ideology as well as the articulation of macro and micro perspectives in China's language policy. It also highlights the fact that if China’s domestic linguistic policy is now in the spotlight of academic attention in China, it owes partly to the movement for the defense of Cantonese in 2010.

This thesis reads the twentieth-century novel in light of its engagement with multilingualism. It treats the multilingual as a recurring formal preoccupation for writers working predominantly in English, but also as an emergent historical problematic through which they confront the linguistic and political inheritances of empire. The project thus understands European modernism as emerging from empire, and reads its formal innovations as engagements with the histories and quotidian realities of language use in the empire and in the metropolis. In addition to arguing for a rooting of modernism in the language histories of empire, I also argue for the multilingual as a potential linkage between European modernist writing and the writing of decolonisation, treating the Caribbean as a particularly productive region for this kind of enquiry. Ultimately, I argue that these periodical groupings - the modernist and the postcolonial - can be understood as part of a longer chronology of the linguistic legacy of empire. The thesis thus takes its case studies from across the twentieth century, moving between Europe and the Caribbean. The first chapter considers Joseph Conrad as the paradigmatic multilingual writer of late colonialism and early modernism, and the second treats Jean Rhys as a problematic late modernist of Caribbean extraction. The second half of the thesis reads texts more explicitly preoccupied with the Caribbean: the third chapter thus considers linguistic histories of Guyana and the Americas in the works of the experimental novelist Wilson Harris, and the fourth is concerned with the inventive and polemical contemporary Dominican-American novelist, Junot Díaz.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / English is the official language in Zambia and a compulsory subject from grade 1 to the final year of secondary education. Communicative competence in English is therefore critical to mobility in education and is also central to one’s job opportunities in the country. This implies that the teaching of English in schools is of paramount importance. Eclecticism is the recommended approach to teaching of English in Zambian secondary schools. However, no study had been done in Zambia on eclecticism in general, and on teachers’ understanding and application of the eclectic approach to English grammar teaching in particular. Hence, this study was a critical reflection on Eclecticism in the teaching of English language grammar to Grade 11 learners in selected secondary schools in Zambia. The aim of the study was to establish how Eclecticism in English language teaching was understood and applied by Zambian teachers of English. The study employed a mixed research study design employing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. In this regard, questionnaires, classroom observations, interviews (one-on-one and focus groups) and document analysis were the main data sources. Purposeful sampling was used to delineate the primary population and to come up with teachers and lecturers. In total, 90 teachers and 18 lecturers participated in this study. The documentary analysis involved documents such as the senior secondary school English language syllabus and Teacher training institutions’ English teaching methods course outlines. These documents were analysed to establish to what extent they supported or inhibited Eclecticism as an approach to English language teaching. Data was analysed using qualitative data analysis techniques looking for naturally occurring units and reducing them to natural meaning units to check for regular patterns of themes. Data from quantitative questionnaires were analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to generate frequencies and percentages. The documents provided information on the efficacy of using Eclecticism as an approach to English language teaching in the multilingual contexts of Zambia. Theoretically, the study drew on Bernstein’s Code Theory and Pedagogic Discourse with its notion of Recontextualisation. The Code theory was used to examine power relations in education while recontextualisation was used to explore the transfer of knowledge from one site to another. The study also used the constructivist theory which views teachers and learners as co-participants in the process of teaching and learning and treats learners’ backgrounds as crucial to effective teaching. Considering recent developments in technology, the study also explored the extent of the use of multimodal tools in the teaching of English grammar, and the contestations around the ‘grammars’ arising from the dialogicality between the so-called ‘British English Grammar’ and home grown Zambian English grammar. The idea here was to explore how English was taught in the context of other English varieties and Zambian languages present in Zambian secondary school classrooms. The findings showed that while course outlines from teacher training institutions and the senior secondary school English language syllabus showed that teacher training was aimed at producing an eclectic teacher, teacher training was facing a lot of challenges such as inadequate peer teaching, short teaching practice and poor quality of student teachers. These were found to negatively affect the effective training of teachers into eclecticism. Further, while some teachers demonstrated understanding of the eclectic approach and held positive attitudes, others did not leading to poor application and sometimes non application of the approach. In terms of classroom application, of the five teachers whose lessons have been presented in this thesis, four of them used the eclectic approach while one did not, implying that while the policy was accepted by some, others contested it. In addition, teachers stated that grammar meant language rules and they further stated that they taught formal ‘Standard’ English while holding negative attitudes towards Zambian languages and other varieties of English. The study observed that teachers held monolingual ideologies in which they used English exclusively during classroom interaction. Finally, teachers reported that they faced a number of challenges when using the eclectic approach such as limited time, lack of teaching materials and poor low English proficiency among some learners leading to limited to non use of communicative activities in the classroom. The study concludes that while the eclectic approach is practicable in Zambia, a lot has be to done especially in teacher training in order to equip teachers with necessary knowledge and skills to use the eclectic approach. Among other recommendations, the study recommends that there is need for teacher training institutions to improve the quality of teacher training and ensure that student teachers acquire skills of resemiotisation, semiotic remediation and translanguaging as a pedagogical practice. The study also recommends refresher courses to already serving teachers to acquaint them with how the eclectic approach can be recontextualised in different teaching contexts. The study contributes to the body of knowledge in the theoretical and practical understanding of the eclectic approach and how it is used in the Zambian context. The study also adds to literature on the eclectic approach. In addition, the findings act as a diagnostic tool among government education officials, teacher educators and teachers of English in Zambia in particular as they can now see where things are done right and where improvement is needed. Other countries where English is taught as a second language can also learn from the Zambian situation as they search for better ways of training eclectic teachers of English and how to teach English in their own respective contexts.

Twentieth-century British literature bristles with words and phrases in foreign languages, fragmentary residues of conflicts between the English-language text and the national languages and cultures that surround it in this era of war and instability. This project addresses the form and function of these remnants of foreign language - what are here called "multilingual fragments" - analyzing and contextualizing them within the historical use of foreign languages in British discourses of national identity and international politics over the course of the twentieth century. Within modernist literature, phrase- and word-length fragments of translated and untranslated foreign language reveal texts' deep engagement with the political conflicts of their time on the level of the letter, enabling authors to express a variety of political ideologies, from the liberal or cosmopolitan to the reactionary or jingoistic. At the same time, these fragments' inherent contrast between foreign language and English context interlace the text with points of rupture, exposing authorial manipulations of language and disrupting any single-minded ideology to reveal ambivalence, ambiguity, and nuance. This study historicizes and expands the long-held conception of multilingualism as a central aspect of modernist commitment to formal innovation, and provides a more comprehensive context for understanding large-scale experimental works. It argues that it is specifically through the disruptive effects of small-scale multilingual fragments - traces of foreign language so slight that they are at once easily overlooked and subtly influential - that modernist texts engage in complex interventions on issues ranging from wartime xenophobia to debates over class, women's rights, immigration, and the afterlife of empire. This project's attention to word- and phrase-length fragments of multilingualism through a series of case studies reveals a more specific, historicized understanding of what Rebecca Walkowitz has influentially termed twentieth-century literature's "cosmopolitan style": first, in demonstrating the centrality of both canonical and minor, extra-canonical authors in the development of new, internationally-oriented multilingual techniques, second, in exposing the breadth of ideologies and complex political discourse that such techniques can facilitate, and finally, in demonstrating how writers use multilingual fragments to reveal the inherent hybridity of all language. This historical and wide-ranging study contributes to current critical discussions in four major fields: twentieth-century British literature, world literature, translation studies, and women's and gender studies. Contrary to past conceptions of modernist multilingualism as benignly aesthetic, exclusionarily elitist, or unilaterally liberal, it demonstrates that multilingualism can be applied in the service of a range of ideologies, and that the inherent instability of fragmentary multilingualism further complicates expressions of political allegiance or affiliation. Further, it expands our understanding of what constitutes "world literature" by making the case for fragmentary, small-scale multilingualism as a vehicle which transports the concerns of world literature - border-crossing conversation, "gaining in translation" - into texts produced in and for a national readership. Finally, it draws together the canons and concerns of world literature and women's and gender studies in order to make the case for marginalized female and homosexual figures as major innovators of multilingual usage, deliberately manipulating multilingual fragments to disrupt and protest the political status quo.

Cai, Jing. / "August 2010." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-161). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; some appendixes in English and Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- What is transfer? --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- History and development of transfer research --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- The problem of definition-transfer or CLI? --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Interlanguage transfer --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- What can be transferred? --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Different types of transfer --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Transfer in comprehension- an ignored area in the transfer study --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4 --- The study of third language acquisition (TLA) and CLI in TLA --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Factors that influence transfer in the multilingual context --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The role of (psycho) typology in the cross-linguistic influence of TLA --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- The role of L2 proficiency --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5 --- Methodological considerations in the study of transfer --- p.23 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Research using think-aloud protocol in reading comprehension --- p.25 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Think-aloud protocol in the study of transfer --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Controversies and limitations in using the think-aloud method --- p.27 / Chapter 2.6 --- "A contrastive analysis of tense and aspect in Chinese, English and French" --- p.29 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Tenses in French and in English --- p.29 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Aspectual systems of French and English --- p.30 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Tense and aspect in Mandarin Chinese --- p.34 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Passe compose in French --- p.35 / Chapter 2.7 --- "Pilot studies: findings, implications and modifications" --- p.38 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- "The first pilot study (June, 2009)" --- p.38 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- "The second pilot study (July, 2009)" --- p.39 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- "The third pilot study (July, 2009)" --- p.40 / Chapter 2.8 --- Research questions --- p.43 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- METHODOLOGY --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1 --- Participants --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- Sampling procedure --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3 --- Data collection technique: The think-aloud protocol --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4 --- The warming-up (training) session of TAP --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5 --- Research design --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Task one: On-line comprehension task --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Task Two: a test on English past and perfect tenses --- p.51 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Task three: a follow-up interview --- p.52 / Chapter 3.6 --- Materials --- p.53 / Chapter 3.7 --- Data processing --- p.54 / Chapter 3.8 --- Data analysis --- p.55 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- GENERAL RESULTS --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2 --- General results on how the tasks were completed --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- Describing the coding scheme --- p.60 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The criterion for judging the case of transfer and its category --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4 --- Answers to Research Question 1 --- p.67 / Chapter 4.5 --- Answers to Research Question 3 --- p.71 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Some general descriptive analysis of transfer in tense and aspect --- p.71 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Relationship between transfer (in tense and aspect) and other variables --- p.73 / Chapter 4.6 --- Answers to Research Question 4 --- p.80 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Different causes for errors in tense and aspect- ProE and ProF --- p.82 / Chapter 4.7 --- General results of Research Question 2 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.8 --- Conclusion --- p.97 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- DISCUSSION --- p.99 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2 --- Research questions readdressed --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion of Research Question 1 --- p.100 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion of Research Question 3 --- p.104 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- General descriptive analysis --- p.104 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Discussion of the relationship between transfer in tense and aspect and other variables related to L2 proficiency --- p.104 / Chapter 5.5 --- Discussion of Research Question 4 --- p.111 / Chapter 5.6 --- Discussion of Research Question 2 --- p.114 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- System transfer from Chinese in tense and aspect --- p.115 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Patterns of transfer from English in tense and aspect- a dynamic system --- p.117 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- Cross-linguistic interaction in third language acquisition --- p.126 / Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion --- p.129 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- "IMPLICATIONS, LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH" --- p.132 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.132 / Chapter 6.2 --- Implications for L3 instructions --- p.132 / Chapter 6.3 --- Limitations of the current study --- p.136 / Chapter 6.4 --- Suggestions for future research --- p.140 / BIBLIOGRAPHY / APPENDICES