abstract: ABSTRACT This study examines the language and literacy experiences of Kurdish minority children during their first year of mainstream schooling in a southeastern village in Turkey. I employed ethnographic research methods (participant observation, multi-modal data collection, interviewing, and focus groups) to investigate the language practices of the children in relation to language ideologies circulating in the wider context. I focused on the perspectives and practices of one 1st grade classroom (14 students) but also talked with seven parents, three teachers, and two administrators. A careful analysis of the data collected shows that there is a hierarchy among languages used in the community—Turkish, English, and Kurdish. The children, their parents, and their teachers all valued Turkish and English more than Kurdish. While explaining some of their reasons for this view, they discussed the status and functions of each language in society with an emphasis on their functions. My analysis also shows that, although participants devalue the Kurdish language, they still value Kurdish as a tie to their ethnic roots. Another key finding of this study is that policies that appear in teachers’ practices and the school environment seemed to be robust mediators of the language beliefs and practices of the Kurds who participated in my study. School is believed to provide opportunities for learning languages in ways that facilitate greater participation in society and increased access to prestigious jobs for Kurdish children who do not want to live in the village long-term. Related to that, one finding demonstrates that current circumstances make language choice like a life choice for Kurdish children. While Kurds who choose Turkish are often successful in school (and therefore have access to better jobs), the ones who maintain their Kurdish usually have only animal breeding or farming as employment options. I also found that although the Kurdish children that I observed subscribed to ideologies that valued Turkish and English over their native language, they did not entirely abandon their Kurdish language. Instead, they were involved in Turkish- Kurdish bilingual practices such as language broking, language sharing, and language crossing. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Curriculum and Instruction 2015

Orientador: Marilda do Couto Cavalcanti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Uiversidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T18:10:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_MairaZamproni_M.pdf: 411501 bytes, checksum: ea63995179f6e43207b792d9cf41c4f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O presente estudo, de cunho etnográfico (Erickson, 1984, 1989), com participação intensiva da pesquisadora em trabalho de campo, de longo prazo e com registro cuidadoso dos acontecimentos, foi norteado pela seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: Como se inter-relacionam educador surdo, educador ouvinte e aluno surdo em contexto de apoio pedagógico? Para tentar responder a essa pergunta, foram utilizados conceitos tais como estabelecidos e outsiders; identidade, cultura e identificação; estruturas de participação e ouvintismo provenientes da Sociologia (Elias e Scotson, 2000), ), da Antropologia Social e Cultural (Cuche 2002), da Sociolingüística Interacional (Philips, 2001) e de Estudos Surdos (Skliar, 1999; Skliar & Lunardi, 2000) respectivamente. A análise dos registros gerados em campo mostrou que as representações construídas pelos participantes acerca de si mesmos, dos outros e das duas línguas que circulam naquele contexto de apoio pedagógico remetem à condição do português como língua legitimada na escola pensada pelos ouvintes, enquanto a língua de sinais (LIBRAS) é colocada na condição de língua de apoio. Esse conflito reflete diferenças hierárquicas entre os três educadores envolvidos no contexto: uma ouvinte, que ocupa posição superior por ser a facilitadora do contato com o português; e dois surdos, cujos papéis transitavam ora pela aceitação, ora pela resistência à posição hierárquica inferior, por parte da educadora surda, e de algumas imposições da cultura ouvinte por parte de ambos os educadores surdos envolvidos. É nesse transitar que esse estudo se apóia para tentar apontar possibilidades de um equilíbrio maior entre as necessidades dos surdos e o que o ouvinte tem a oferecer para ajudá-los a conseguir circular confortavelmente entre dois mundos / Abstract: This study, accomplished within an ethnographic perspective (Erickson, 1984, 1989), with researcher's intensive and long term participation in camp, was guided by the following research question: How do deaf teacher, hearing teacher and deaf student relate in a pedagogic support context? In an attempt to answer this question, were used concepts like established participants and outsiders; identity, culture and identification; participation structures and audism from Sociology (Elias and Scotson, 2000), from Social and Cultural Anthropology (Cuche 2002), from Interaction Sociolinguistics (Philips, 2001) and from Deaf Studies (Skliar, 1999; Skliar & Lunardi, 2000) respectively. The analysis of data sources generated on research camp revealed that the representations the participants build of themselves, of the others and of the two languages involved in the context are related to the condition of the Portuguese as the legitimated language on school as it is thought by the hearing people, meanwhile the Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) has a supporting role for the learning of Portuguese. This conflict reflects hierarchical differences between the three teachers interacting in the context: one hearing teacher, who is in a hierarchically superior position since she facilitates the contact with Portuguese: and two deaf teachers, who sometimes accept and sometimes resist taking a lower position in the hierarchy, as in the case of the deaf female teacher, and also a resistance to some impositions of the hearing culture from both the deaf teachers. It's within this transit that this study is developed in an attempt to point out possibilities to build some balance between the deaf people's needs and what the hearing people have to offer to help them to circulate more comfortably between two worlds / Mestrado / Multiculturalismo, Plurilinguismo e Educação Bilingue / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A pesquisa é uma análise da relação linguagem e identidade a partir das narrativas de três mulheres de perfil linguístico e cultural diferente: duas brasileiras (uma indígena e uma não-indígena) e uma guianense (não indígena) que viveram, no período de abril a junho de 2009, uma experiência de contato em um espaço hospitalar público multilíngue. O objetivo foi investigar as práticas de linguagem e a constituição identitária de sujeitos que conviveram em um quarto do Hospital Materno Infantil Nossa Senhora de Nazareth, em Boa Vista, capital do Estado de Roraima. Trata-se de uma abordagem pautada na Linguística Aplicada por ser uma área do conhecimento que dialoga com outros saberes como a Antropologia, as Ciências Sociais, os Estudos Culturais, entre outros, delineando assim um caráter transdisciplinar. Nesta perspectiva, as narrativas dessas mulheres, registradas em diário de campo e em entrevistas semiestruturadas gravadas em áudio, foram roteirizadas e trianguladas com outros registros, tais como: entrevistas com direção e funcionários do hospital, documentos oficiais disponibilizados pela instituição, fotos e croqui. Para a análise, trago uma discussão inicial dos construtos linguagem e identidade, perpassando por outros, tais como: representação, cultura, memória, oralidade, narrativa, alteridade, sendo o eixo central a linguagem. A pergunta de pesquisa que orientou o estudo foi: Como se davam as práticas de linguagem e o processo identitário em um espaço hospitalar multilíngue e intercultural? As discussões desenvolvidas a partir desse questionamento evidenciam que o contato com práticas de linguagem e de cultura diferentes proporcionou às mulheres a ressignificação de si e dos outros e aponta como expectativa, que este trabalho visibilize a existência de um contexto hospitalar sociolinguisticamente complexo. Percebi, ainda, que as práticas estabelecidas nesse lugar revelaram a possibilidade de ampliar as ações institucionais que abarquem a eterogeneidade e a abertura de um diálogo intercultural. / The research is an analysis of the language and identity from the narratives of three women from different cultural and linguistic profile: two Brazilian (one indigenous and one non-indigenous) and a Guyanese (non-indigenous) who lived in the period from April to June 2009, an experience of contact in a multilingual public hospital space. The aim was to investigate the language practices and identity formation of individuals who lived in a room of Maternal and Child Hospital, in Boa Vista, Roraima state capital. It is an approach based in Applied Linguistics as an area of knowledge in dialogue with other knowledge such as Anthropology, Social Sciences, Cultural Studies, among others, thus outlining an interdisciplinary character. In this perspective, the narratives of these women, recorded in a field diary and semistructured audio taped interviews were scripted and triangulated with other records, such as interviews with management and employees of the hospital, official documents provided by the institution, photos and sketches. For the analysis, I bring an initial discussion of language and identity constructs, passing by others, such as representation, culture, memory, orality, narrative, otherness, and the central axis of the language. The research question that guided the study was: How did language practices and identity process happen in a multilingual and intercultural hospital space? The discussions developed from this question show that contact with different language and culture practices provided women the redefinition of themselves and others and shows as expectation that this work visible the existence of a complex sociolinguistic hospital context. I noticed also that the established practices in place revealed the possibility of expanding the institutional actions that encompass the heterogeneity and the opening of an intercultural dialogue.

Orientador: Marilda do Couto Cavalcanti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T10:12:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kumada_KateMamhyOliveira_M.pdf: 1615016 bytes, checksum: cde5defde82fe88614d25abe159ceff0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Durante muito tempo os surdos tiveram o direito de se comunicar pela língua de sinais negado, pois esta não era vista pela sociedade como linguisticamente legítima. Recentemente a língua brasileira de sinais (LIBRAS) obteve o reconhecimento do seu estatuto linguístico (BRASIL, 2002) e, a partir de uma visão sócio-antropológica da surdez (SKLIAR, 1998), alguns estudos têm distanciado o surdo das concepções patologizadas baseadas na deficiência auditiva e inserido o mesmo em discussões sobre educação bilíngue em contextos de minorias e invisibilização (CAVALCANTI, 1999). No entanto, nessa educação bilíngue somente o português e a LIBRAS são aceitos pela escola, enquanto as outras línguas que permeiam esse contexto tendem a ser invisibilizadas (SILVA, 2008). Assim, o surdo que não atende às expectativas linguísticas da escola é, frequentemente, apontado como "sem língua". A partir desse panorama, a presente pesquisa qualitativa (DENZIN; LINCOLN, 2006) de cunho etnográfico (ERICKSON, 1984; 1989) está inserida no campo da Linguística Aplicada, mas baseou-se em perspectivas interdisciplinares/transdisciplinares (MOITA LOPES, 2008). O objetivo consistiu em investigar as representações sobre as línguas de sinais caseiras respondendo a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: Quais as representações de familiares de crianças surdas e de profissionais e estagiários surdos e ouvintes participantes de um programa de apoio escolar bilíngue sobre as línguas de sinais caseiras? Para a geração (MASON, 1996) de registros (ERICKSON, 1989), o corpus da pesquisa proveio, de um lado, de reuniões de grupo focal (PETTENDORFER; MONTALVÃO, 2006; MOITA-LOPES, 2009) e conversas informais e, de outro lado, diário de campo e diário retrospectivo da pesquisadora. Os encontros de grupo focal (3 encontros com profissionais e 9 encontros com familiares) e as conversas informais foram realizados com participantes de um programa de apoio escolar bilíngue a surdos desenvolvido em um centro de estudos inserido dentro de uma universidade pública de uma cidade do interior localizada na região sudeste do país. Todos os encontros foram gravados em áudio e vídeo e registrados em diário de campo. A geração de registros, análise e discussão dos dados seguiu o processo de pesquisa tipicamente associado aos estudos etnográficos (cf. ERICKSON, 1984, 1989). A análise dos dados envolveu exaustivas (re)leituras do corpus que compõe a pesquisa (diário de campo e transcrições das gravações em áudio e vídeo das conversas informais e dos encontros de grupos focais) com intuito de reunir evidências confirmatórias e/ou desconfirmatórias (ERICKSON, 1989) que validassem asserções para a pergunta de pesquisa. A análise recorreu ainda aos estudos relacionados à Linguística Aplicada através da crítica ao semilinguismo de Martin-Jones e Romaine (1986) e Maher (2007a), além de buscar respaldo na remodelação do conceito de língua proposto por César e Cavalcanti (2007). Tal conceito é proposto através da adoção da metáfora do caleidoscópio onde inúmeras possibilidades podem ser tomadas como legítimas, sem sobreposições de uma língua sob a outra. Na análise, também fui guiada pelos Estudos Culturais para compreender conceitos como o de "representação" elaborado por autores como Silva (2000) e Woodward (2000), entre outros conceitos tais como o de "terceiro espaço" e "entre lugares" de Bhabha (2007). Em síntese, as asserções desenvolvidas indicaram que as representações dos profissionais e estagiários surdos e ouvintes e de familiares participantes recaem no não reconhecimento das mesmas enquanto língua, apesar da funcionalidade linguística apresentada dentro do contexto familiar a que se prestam. Além disso, o uso das línguas de sinais caseiras é visto como prejudicial ao aprendizado da LIBRAS e foi associado como um critério de exclusão das comunidades surdas. A discussão teórica sobre as asserções visou colaborar com a desconstrução de estereótipos (BHABHA, 2007) em torno do surdo perpetuado nos discursos como "sem-língua". Desse modo, espera-se que esta pesquisa traga contribuições para as discussões sobre a perspectiva do multilinguismo em contextos de minorias (CÉSAR; CAVALCANTI, 2007), neste caso, especificamente, a surdez, favorecendo uma educação inclusiva diferenciada que considere e valorize a diversidade linguística e cultural do surdo / Abstract: Deaf people have long had the right to communicate by sign language denied, because this was not seen by society as linguistically legitimate. Recently, Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) obtained official recognition (BRASIL, 2002) and, from a socio-anthropological view (SKLIAR, 1998), some studies have challenged representations of the deaf based on pathologised concepts related to hearing deficit and have placed the language of the deaf in discussions about bilingual education in minority contexts and invisibility (CAVALCANTI, 1999). However, in bilingual education for deaf people only Portuguese and LIBRAS are accepted in school while other languages that permeate this context tend to be rendered invisible (SILVA, 2008). Thus, the deaf person who does not meet the expectations regarding use of the languages of the school is often described in school as having 'no language'. Given this background, the aim of this research was to investigate the representations about household sign languages. The study focused on a programme designed to support bilingual education in Portuguese and LIBRAS. The central research question for the study was: What are the representations of household sign languages among families of deaf children and among deaf and hearing professionals and trainees? This study was broadly located within the field of Applied Linguistics but drew on interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary perspectives (MOITA LOPES, 2008). It was also qualitative and ethnographic in nature (ERICKSON, 1986; DENZIN; LINCOLN, 2006). For the generation of data (ERICKSON, 1989), the main research corpus came from focus group meetings (PETTENDORFER; MONTALVÃO, 2006; MOITA LOPES, 2009) and from informal conversations. It also came from field diary and the retrospective diary of the researcher. The focus group meetings (3 meetings with professionals and trainees and 9 meetings with family members) and the informal conversations were conducted with participants in the support programme for a bilingual school for the deaf, mentioned above, which was developed within a research centre housed in a public university in the southeast region of Brazil. All meetings were recorded on audio and video and notes were kept in a field diary. The generation, analysis and discussion of the data followed the research process typically associated with ethnographic studies (e.g. ERICKSON, 1984; 1989). The analysis of the data involved complete (re)readings of the corpus that was generated by the research (the field diary and the transcripts of audio and video recordings of informal conversations and meetings of focus groups) in order to gather evidence that confirmed or disconfirmed assertions related to the research question. The analysis resonated with studies within Applied Linguistics that have put forward a critique of notions such as 'semilingualism' (e.g. MARTIN-JONES; ROMAINE, 1986; MAHER, 2007a) and with the reshaping of the concept of language proposed by César and Cavalcanti (2007). This reshaping of the concept of language is proposed through the adoption of the metaphor of the kaleidoscope, where many possibilities are taken as legitimate without any one language being privileged over another. The analysis also drew on research in Cultural Studies, especially the concepts of 'representation' developed by authors such as Silva (2000) and Woodward (2000), among other concepts such as the 'Third Space' and the 'in-between' (BHABHA, 2007). In summary, the assertions drawn from my analysis of the corpus indicated that the representations of household sign languages among deaf and hearing professionals and trainees and among the family members participating in this study were not recognised as 'languages', despite the linguistic features that they displayed within the family context. Furthermore, the use of household sign languages is seen as detrimental to learning LIBRAS. In addition household sign language was associated as a criterion for exclusion of the deaf community. The theoretical discussion of the assertions aimed to collaborate with deconstruction of stereotypes (BHABHA, 2007) around the deaf as being 'no language'. Thus, it is expected that this research will make a contribution to discussions about the prospect of multilingualism in the context of minorities, in this case, specifically, deafness, and that it will promote inclusive education that values difference and the cultural and linguistic diversity among the deaf / Mestrado / Multiculturalismo, Plurilinguismo e Educação Bilingue / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

D.Phil. (African Languages) / This study attempts to fill a gap in the available research on language use in Black urban speech communities. Previous studies conducted in these communities, concentrated on specific language varieties. However, no attempt at describing the entire language situation in such a community had hitherto been made. A macro-level sociolinguistic description which would serve as an orientation for various detailed studies on the language varieties occurring in these communities, was therefore needed. The aim of the present study was to provide such a description. In order to achieve this, a sound theoretical framework had to be established. Phenomena such as language 'Contact, language variation and language use had to be researched and defined in order to apply to the particular situation under investigation. In .this sense, this study has succeeded in making a contribution to the theoretical debate regarding various sociolinguistic concepts, in that it has shown how these concepts apply to the South African situation. The study also investigated qualitative research methodology. The background to and implications of this methodology were discussed and analysed. A particular type of qualitative research, namely, interactive qualitative research was explored. Within this framework, a unique approach to two basic data collection techniques, namely, individual and focus group interviewing, was proposed. These techniques were used to gather the primary data for this study, and were discussed in detail. The primary data was gathered from residents of the township known as Tembisa. The secondary data was taken from studies done on individual language varieties in other Black urban speech communities. The primary data was analysed and a comprehensive qualitative description of the entire language situation in the speech community of Tembisa was given. The findings of the Tembisa study were compared with the secondary data, resulting in the identification of a number of distinct language varieties which occur in the township situations that were studied. These are: a number of Standard languages, Fanakalo (although seldom used), a Black urban vernacular, Afrikaans-based Tsotsitaal, Zulu-based Tsotsitaal, Soweto Zulu Slang, Soweto Iscamtho, Tembisa Iscamtho, English and Afrikaans. Sociolinguistic profiles of each of these language varieties were drawn up. These profiles provided clarity on the linguistic diversity in the Black urban speech communities studied and enabled the rendering of a graphic representation of the language situation in Tembisa. The above-mentioned varieties were typologised. Based on language type and language function, the study proposed a model which may be used as a framework for describing the language situation in multilingual Black urban speech communities. The study concludes with recommendations with regard to the need for linguistic analyses of the language varieties used in Black urban speech communities. The implications of the widespread use of these varieties, particularly for education, also deserve further investigation as a matter of urgency...

The aim of this study is to identify and visualize what multilingual children in Swedish preschools are offered in terms of education in their first language/mother tongue. The analysis focuses on control documents, such as the education act and the curriculum for the preschool, and how they could be interpreted. If there are differences and equality problems as a result of the system of school governance, the visualization can lead to politicians and decision-makers making more informed decisions that take into account the consequences of the wording of the documents for the benefit of (multilingual) children - if the goal is equity. In the long run, the study may lead to new knowledge about the importance of word choice in control documents. The study's theoretical framework consists of a sociolinguistic perspective on the importance of language and mother tongue for the individual in society as well as on texts in governing documents. The method is text analysis of the education act and other control documents as well as reports published by Swedish school authorities/agencies, supplemented by official statistics regarding what is actually offered.

In recent years, Sweden has become more multicultural than before. This is due, among other things, to the fact that an increasing number of refugees have applied here. The increased flow of immigrants has caused a lot of prejudice in society, which has also entered the school. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how these prejudices appear in society and schools and also how they may have arisen through relevant research and literature, based on an identity perspective. Since I address problems, I also want to introduce solutions, therefore, are also methods that teachers can use in second language education suggested. In order to answer these questions, research and literature on multilingualism at school have been studied. The result shows that the prejudices are various, for example it is a common idea that pupils who are multilingual are disorderly and monolinguistic students are not. One reason why people think like that is because of the media. Media has a big role in spreading preconceptions that becomes self-fulfilling prophecy. Thus, thoughts and ideas are built upon each other in society onto the incorrect truths published in the media. It is also common that it exists a “us and them feeling”, where Swedes and immigrants separately stick together. In order to challenge these prejudices in school, working methods that include all can be used. In this essay, translanguaging and genre pedagogy, using the circular model, is recommended as favorable teaching methods.

This thesis analyses two different features of Mauritian society in relation to multilingualism. The first is how multilingualism appears in everyday Mauritian life. The second is how it influences mental health provision in this country. The sociolinguistics of Mauritius has drawn the attention of many linguists in the past (Baker 1972; Stein 1982; Rajah- Carrim 2004; Biltoo 2004; Atchia-Emmerich 2005; Thomson 2008), but linguists tend to have quite different views on Mauritian languages than many Mauritians themselves. Language shifts and diverse language games in the Wittgensteinian sense are commonplace in Mauritius, and have been in the focus of linguistic and anthropological interest (Rajah-Carrim 2004 and Eisenlohr 2007), but this is the first research so far about the situation in the clinical arena. Sociolinguistic studies tend to revolve only around a few other domains of language; in particular, there is great attention on proper language use – or the lack of it – in education, which diverts attention away from equally important domains of social life. Little has been published and is known about mental health, the state of psychology and psychiatry in Mauritius and its relationship with language use. This work demonstrates that mental health can provide a new viewpoint to understand complex social processes in Mauritius. People dealing with mental health problems come across certain, dedicated social institutions that reflect, represent and form an important part of the wider society. This encounter is to a great extent verbal; therefore, the use of language or languages here can serve as an object of observation for the researcher. The agency of the social actors in question – patients, relatives and staff members in selected settings – manifests largely in speaking, including sometimes a choice of available languages and language variations. This choice is influenced by the pragmatism of the ‘problem’ that brings the patient to those institutions but also simultaneously determined by the dynamic complexity of sociohistorical and economic circumstances. It is surprising for many policy makers and theorists that social suffering has not lessened in recent decades in spite of global technological advancements and increased democracy. This thesis demonstrates through ethnographic examples that existing provisions (particularly in biomedicine) that have been created to attend to problems of mental health may operate contrary to the principle of help. In the case of Mauritius, this distress is significantly due to postcolonial inequities and elite rivalries that are in significant measure associated with the use of postcolonial languages. Biomedical institutions and particularly the encounters among social actors in biomedical institutions, which are not isolated or independent from the prevailing social context, can contribute to the reproduction of social suffering.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Linguistics,Language and Communication) / This thesis is a study of patterns of language attitudes and use among Xhosa home language speakers at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa. Speakers of Xhosa, according to Statistics South Africa 2000, form the second largest speech community in South Africa (17.9% of the total population), second only to speakers of Zulu (22.9% of the total population). The University of the Western Cape, which is situated just outside Cape Town, was originally intended to serve only the Coloured (mixed-race) population of South Africa. Coloureds form the majority group in the population of the Western Cape, one of the nine provinces of South Africa. In 1982, the university took the bold step of defying the apartheid regime, by opening its doors to students of all races. Students from all over South Africa now attend the university, but Xhosa students, drawn mainly from the provinces of the Eastern and Western Cape, form the largest language group or speech community on the campus. The thesis presents a study of the patterns of language attitudes and use with which Xhosa students enter the university, as well as patterns of change in language attitudes and use revealed by a longitudinal study of a smaller group of Xhosa students. / South Africa

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / Multilingualism has always been a feature of South African Education. It is only in recent years that a particular form of linguistic diversity has become unmanageable for schools implementing the official English Afrikaans bilingual model associated with the previous regime. The subject of this study is a remedial language enrichment or support programme instituted as a response to multilingualism in the junior primary section in a parallel medium primary school in the Western Cape. / South Africa