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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Multilocus approaches to the detection of disease susceptibility regions : methods and applications

Ciampa, Julia Grant January 2012 (has links)
This thesis focuses on multilocus methods designed to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with disease using case-control data. I study multilocus methods that allow for interaction in the regression model because epistasis is thought to be pervasive in the etiology of common human diseases. In contrast, the single-SNP models widely used in genome wide association studies (GWAS) are thought to oversimplify the underlying biology. I consider both pairwise interactions between individual SNPs and modular interactions between sets of biologically similar SNPs. Modular epistasis may be more representative of disease processes and its incorporation into regression analyses yields more parsimonious models. My methodological work focuses on strategies to increase power to detect susceptibility SNPs in the presence of genetic interaction. I emphasize the effect of gene-gene independence constraints and explore methods to relax them. I review several existing methods for interaction analyses and present their first empirical evaluation in a GWAS setting. I introduce the innovative retrospective Tukey score test (RTS) that investigates modular epistasis. Simulation studies suggest it offers a more powerful alternative to existing methods. I present diverse applications of these methods, using data from a multi-stage GWAS on prostate cancer (PRCA). My applied work is designed to generate hypotheses about the functionality of established susceptibility regions for PRCA by identifying SNPs that affect disease risk through interactions with them. Comparison of results across methods illustrates the impact of incorporating different forms of epistasis on inference about disease association. The top findings from these analyses are well supported by molecular studies. The results unite several susceptibility regions through overlapping biological pathways known to be disrupted in PRCA, motivating replication study.
2

Evolução molecular, análise multilocus e diferenciação entre espécies do grupo fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae)

Lima, André Luís Andrade 19 December 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:21:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4084.pdf: 6015722 bytes, checksum: 35112ba46f0915602cf01b2a6f292699 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-19 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The Tephritidae includes approximately 4500 species described to date and many of these species make up the main genera of economic importance: Anastrepha, Bactrocera and Ceratitis. The genus Anastrepha is among the Tephritidae with greatest diversity in the Americas including 230 described species, among which some species with great economic importance because they represent important fruit pests. There is evidence that species in the fraterculus group have diverged recently, even having some cryptic species. Because of this, species in the fraterculus group are a great system for evolutionary studies. For evolutionary studies, it is necessary to evaluate the rates of molecular evolution and their role in identifying rates of gene flow and population differentiation, the construction of tree species and a possible separation for the species. Seeking a better understanding of the fraterculus group, we chose three species of this group, Anastrepha obliqua, A. fraterculus and A. sororcula as models for this study and five genes isolated from a cDNA library of reproductive tissues of Anastrepha. Several genes that are expressed in reproductive tissues have a higher divergence rate THAN those expressed in non-reproductive tissues, may thus give evidence of reproductive isolation. In this work, we found evidence of positive diversifying and positive selection for a couple of genes (CG11912 and CG10031), and high levels of polymorphism, although they failed to meet statistical significance for positive selection, in other genes here studied, such as ,Lcp65Ac and CG16712, whereas Df31 was more conserved. An analysis of molecular variance found that levels of genetic polymorphism are best explained by differences between species THAN between geographic regions. Haplotype networks for each gene failed to differentiate the species here studied and showed high levels of shared polymorphism among the species, with some rare exceptions. On the other hand, a joint analysis of these data to try to infer a species tree indicate a strong cohesion for populations of A. obliqua from the Brazilian Northeast and Southeast while for A. fraterculus and A. sororcula we observed a substructure that separated Southeeast populations of A. sororcula, which was well defined, from Northeast populations, which may be hybridizing with populations of A. fraterculus from the Northeast, due to great number of shared polymorphisms. Other THAN populations in the Brazilian northeast, A. fraterculus also forms a separate, though short, lineage. Considering these findings, a broader sampling is needed, especially in areas not yet collected particularly in the Northeast, seeking to untangle the phylogenetic relationships not only among these species, but also other species of the fraterculus group. / Os Tephritidae incluem aproximadamente 4500 espécies já descritas e muitas destas espécies compõem os principais gêneros de importância econômica: Anastrepha, Bactrocera e Ceratitis. O gênero Anastrepha é, entre Tephritidae, o que possui maior diversidade nas Américas incluindo 230 espécies descritas, dentre as quais algumas espécies apresentam grande importância econômica por representarem importantes pestes da fruticultura. Há evidências de espécies que constituem o grupo fraterculus terem divergido há pouco tempo apresentando ainda algumas espécies crípticas. Devido a esta característica em particular, espécies do grupo fraterculus apresentam uma grande vantagem para estudos evolutivos. Para realizar estudos evolutivos torna-se necessário avaliar as taxas de evolução molecular bem como seu papel na identificação de taxas de fluxo gênico e diferenciação populacional, a construção de árvores de espécie e uma possível separação das espécies. Buscando um melhor entendimento do grupo fraterculus, escolhemos três espécies constituintes desse grupo, Anastrepha obliqua, Anastrepha. fraterculus e Anastrepha. sororcula, como modelos para este estudo e cinco genes isolados de biblioteca de cDNA de tecidos reprodutivos de espécies de Anastrepha. Diversos genes que são expressos em tecidos reprodutivos apresentam uma taxa de divergência maior do que os expressos em tecidos não reprodutivos, podendo assim dar indícios de isolamento reprodutivo. Neste trabalho encontramos essas características em genes que indicam seleção positiva (CG11912 e CG10031), e os demais genes que embora não tenham apresentado significância estatística para serem considerados possuidores de seleção positiva, no entanto apresentam terem regiões potencialmente sob seleção positiva direcional para Df31 e Lcp65Ac e seleção positiva diversificadora para os genes Df31 e CG16712. Na análise de variância molecular encontramos que a diferenciação espacial é mais bem explicada pelas diferenças entre as espécies do que entre regiões geográficas. As redes haplotípicas e árvores de espécies indicam uma forte coesão entre as populações de A. obliqua do Nordeste e Sudeste indicando ausência de estruturação genética para esta espécie enquanto para A. fraterculus e A. sororcula foi encontrado uma sub estruturação que separa A. sororcula do Nordeste e A. sororcula do Sudeste, sendo que A. sororcula do nordeste pode estar hibridizando com A. fraterculus do Nordeste. As análises de migração encontraram migrações diferenciais para estas espécies, colocando A. obliqua mais isolada das demais e uma relação mais próxima entre A. fraterculus e A. sororcula. De frente aos resultados encontrados neste trabalho fica claro a necessidade de uma maior amostragem, principalmente em áreas ainda não coletadas entre as regiões amostradas na tentativa de buscar entender não apenas quais são as possíveis relações entre A. fraterculus e A. sororcula mas também entre outras espécies do grupo fraterculus.

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