Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:39:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2631.pdf: 1610800 bytes, checksum: 9f443d37247fb5fee135a70ec93a8142 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-29 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Immobilization and stabilization of enzymes increases their potential for use in industrial scale. D-hydantoinases (dihidropirimidina amidrohidrolase EC 3.5.2.2) catalyze the hydrolysis of D-hydantoins, generating the corresponding Ncarbamoil- D-amino acid and are used in the production of D-amino acids, including Dphenylglycine and D-p-hydroxyphenylglycine.This work reports studies for immobilization and stabilization of D-hydantoinase from Vigna angularis (E.C. 3.5.2.2.). Different strategies of multipoint covalent attachment in organic supports as chitosan and agarose were used. Different protocols of immobilization were employed, being the adittion of ions during the reduction step with the NaBH4 important to protect enzyme catalytic site. The active and stabilized derivatives were used to catalyze the hydrolysis of D-phenylhydantoin. The temperature and pH enzyme profiles showed maximum enzyme activity at 60ºC and pH 10,0. The subunits of the enzyme present molecular mass aroundt 50kDa. The enzyme immobilized in glyoxyl-agarose in the presence of Zn2+ ions during the reduction step, with immobilization time of 24h, was the best derivative, being 89-fold more stable than the soluble enzyme. The analysis of amino acids showed that a 50% of lysines residue present in the enzymes was covalently linked in glyoxyl-agarose. The enzyme immobilized in epoxy-chitosan-alginate was 20-fold more stable than the soluble enzyme. All the tested immobilization protocols led to 100% of immobilization yield. Soluble enzyme and the best glyoxyl and chitosan enzyme derivatives were used to catalyze the hydrolysis of D- phenylhydantoin , and led to the production of 99% of NCarbamoil- D-Phenylglycine after 3, 9 and 15h of reaction respectively. / A imobilização e estabilização de enzimas aumentam muito o potencial de uso industrial desses catalisadores. D-hidantoinases (dihidropirimidina amidrohidrolase EC 3.5.2.2) são enzimas que catalisam a hidrólise de hidantoínas, com abertura do anel, para o correspondente N-carbamoil-D-aminoácido e são usadas na produção de Daminoácidos, incluindo D-fenilglicina e D-p-hidroxifenilglicina. Este trabalho relata os estudos desenvolvidos para a imobilização e estabilização de D-hidantoinase de Vigna angularis (3.5.2.2.). Foram abordadas diferentes estratégias de imobilização multipontual em suportes orgânicos como quitosana e agarose. Diferentes protocolos de imobilização foram empregados, sendo adição de íons durante a redução com NaBH4 importante para proteção do centro catalítico da enzima. Os derivados ativos e estabilizados foram empregados na reação de hidrólise da fenilhidantoína. O estudo de temperatura e pH de máxima atividade da enzima foi 60°C e pH 10,0. As subunidades da enzima apresentam peso molecular, com valor próximo a 50kDa. A enzima imobilizada em glioxil-agarose na presença dos íons Zn2+ durante a etapa de redução, com tempo de imobilização de 24 h foi o derivado mais estável sendo 89 vezes mais estável que a enzima solúvel. A análise de aminoácidos mostrou que aproximadamente 50% dos resíduos de lisina presentes na enzima foram covalentemente ligados no derivado de glioxil-agarose. A enzima imobilizada em quitosana-alginato-epoxilado foi 20 vezes mais estável que a enzima solúvel. Todos os procedimentos de imobilização testados levaram a 100% de rendimento de imobilização. Enzima solúvel e os melhores derivados obtidos por imobilização em glioxil e quitosana foram usados na catálise da hidrólise de fenilhidantoína, produzindo 99% de N-Carbamoil-D-fenilglicina nos tempos de 3, 9 e 15 h, respectivamente.

El constante incremento en la demanda de servicios de banda ancha y el consecuente aumento del volumen de tráfico que se genera en nuestras redes de comunicaciones, han motivado la necesidad de implementar redes de nueva generación en nuestros territorios. El presente proyecto final de carrera tiene como objetivo explicar el diseno y la planificación de una red pasiva de fibra óptica (PON). La idea principal de este proyecto es construir un entorno ficticio que nos permitirá profundizar en detalle en las redes FTTx y decidir cuál es la opción más optima para este entorno. Para hacer esto posible, en primer lugar se va a hablar sobre el elemento principal de estas redes, la fibra óptica, para conocer con detalle sus principios de funcionamiento y sus características más importantes. La parte teórica seguirá con la definición de las redes FTTx y las configuraciones punto a punto y punto a multipunto, para pasar a hablar detenidamente sobre las redes PON y concluir cual de sus tecnologías será la más optima hoy en día. Por último, entraremos en la parte práctica en la que se elegirá un software de simulación que se ajuste a los requisitos de diseno, se realizará el diseno de la red óptica pasiva y se obtendrán los resultados de simulación que justifiquen que la red es viable y puede ser implementada en un caso real.

Avec plus de 57 milliards d’€ de CA en France en 2014, le e-commerce continue à se développer, tant en volume qu’en nombre d’acteurs. Pourtant peu d’industriels se lancent dans le e-commerce, alors que les théories économiques suggèrent que ceux-ci devraient intégrer les fonctions d’intermédiation dès lors qu’il est capable de les effectuer à un coût moindre que des opérateurs extérieurs.Dans cette recherche, nous explorons les freins des industriels du secteur de l’électrodomestique vis-à-vis du e-commerce et suggérons que, conformément à la théorie de la concurrence multipoints, les industriels évitent de commercialiser leurs produits sur Internet dans un souci de stabilité de leur système de distribution. Des résultats de notre recherche, nous mettons en évidence les facteurs de création du conflit dans ce contexte, ce qui nous conduit à formuler des recommandations à l’égard des managers qui envisageraient l’ouverture d’un site marchand. / With more than 57 billion € turnover in France in 2014, the e-commerce continues to grow, both in volume and number of players. Yet few manufacturers are engaging in e-commerce, while economic theories suggest that they should integrate intermediation functions as soon as they are able to perform at a lower cost than external operators.In this research, we explore why the household appliance industry sector do not launch e-commerce site and suggest that, according to the multipoint competition theory, they do so in order to avoid coercion from the traditional distribution system. From the results of our research, we emerge factors that create conflict in this context, which leads us to make recommendations in respect of managers who would consider opening a retail website.

The purpose of this master’s thesis is to explain the issues of the FTTx network design. The main idea of this work is to describe to readers the methods of the designing the optical access networks. Especially we will speak about the building technologies and different topologies used in a practice. The different technologies of optical access networks’ building and various parameters, which are necessary to take into account in the designing of these networks, will be introduced. In the theoretical part, methods of measurement, which are like the needed part of each optical access networks’ building, will be described. Two purposes of the FTTB networks with all proprieties will be made and offered. One purpose will be solved by Point to Point topology and the second purpose will be solved by Point to Multipoint topology. Following the confrontation one of these purposes will be chosen and realized. By ITU recommendation, measurements will be performed on the built optical trace. The final protocols will be elaborated from these measurements. The built trace with all final reports will be prepared for assignment to the subscriber.

At Saab Aerostructures they are manufacturing a lot of parts for Airbus and Boeing. When these components are investigated using finite element analysis four-node Kirchhoff shell elements and a very fine mesh is often used. In order to make the pre-processing easier Saab would like to offset the shell mid surface from the nodal plane (the modeling surface) rather than to extract mid surfaces for the entire component. This would also make it easier to model a component which needs a thickness change later on, this since the original modeling surface could be used but with an offset of the elements in order to represent the new geometry. When offset is used in Nastran multi point constraints are created between the nodes and the shell mid surface points. All loads, which are applied in the nodal plane, are then transformed to the mid surface where the stiffness matrices, displacements and stresses are calculated. In order to be able to use this method more knowledge about its effects are needed, which is the reason for this thesis work. The offset is studied for two simpler cases, thickness variation and a 90°corner, as well as fora more complicated component called a C-bar. This is a hinge connecting the flaps to the wings of an airplane. The simpler cases are modeled using both mid surface and offset models subject to either a transverse load, an in-plane load or a bending moment. These are compared to a solid model in order to determine which is the most accurate. When mid surface modeling is used fort he thickness variation the surfaces are connected using rigid links. The conclusion made from these simulations is that using offset may give different results if the load is an in-plane load. This kind of load leads to the creation of a bending moment, which is linearly dependent on the amount of offset. The severity of this depends on the overall geometry and how this load is applied.

Given the current developments and advances in the scientific and technological aspects of human knowledge and introducing new approaches in various fields of telecommunication technologies and industries, there has been an increasing growth in its players¿ plans and a positive change in their outlooks in order to achieve the target of "anywhere and anytime access". Recent developments of WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access) networks, as a sign of increasing needs and demands for new telecommunication services and capabilities, have led to revolutions in global telecommunication which should be perceived properly in terms of the commercial and technical aspects in order to enjoy the new opportunities. Most experts believe that WiMAX technology is a preliminary step to develop Fourth Generation networks known as 4G technologies. It has not only succeeded in the utilization of several of the latest telecommunication techniques in the form of unique practical standards, but also paved the way for the quantitative and qualitative developments of high-speed broadband access. IEEE 802.16 Standard introduces several advantages, and one of them is the support for Quality of Services (QoS) at the Media Access Control (MAC) level. For these purposes, the standard defines several scheduling classes at MAC layer to treat service flow in a different way, depending on QoS requirements. In this thesis, we have proposed a new QoS framework for Point-to-Multi Point (PMP) 802.16 systems operating in Time Division Duplexing (TDD) mode over a WirelessMAN-OFDM physical layer. The proposed framework consists of a Call Admission Control (CAC) module and a scheduling scheme for the uplink traffic as well as a simple frame allocation scheme. The proposed CAC module interacts with the uplink scheduler status and it makes its decision based on the scheduler queue status; on the other hand, the proposed scheduling scheme for the uplink traffic aims to support realtime flows and adapts the frame-by-frame allocations to the current needs of the connections, with respect to the grants boundaries fixed by the CAC module. Extensive OPNET simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed architecture.

No description available.

<p>Our ability to control unstable objects highlights the sophistication of voluntary motor behaviour. In this thesis, we used an inverted pendulum (i.e., stick) balancing paradigm to investigate the task, learning and context-dependent attributes of unstable object control. We hypothesized that learning would mediate the functional integration of posture and upper limb dynamics and expected changes in the task demand and context to be reflected in the control of posture and the upper limb. We found that training increased the average length of balancing trials and applied this result to further investigate the circumstantial properties of unstable object control.</p> <p>We investigated the temporal structure of posture and upper limb dynamics using statistical and nonlinear time series analysis. We demonstrated that subjects used an intermittent strategy to control the inverted pendulum (Chapters 3 and 5) and found that motor learning modulated the statistical and spatiotemporal attributes of posture (Chapter 5) and upper limb displacements (Chapters 2, 3 and 5). We confirmed the balance control strategy was intermittent by showing that posture and upper limb time series are composed of two independent timescale components: a fast component linked to small stochastic displacements and a slow component related to feedback control (Chapters 3, 4 and 5). The interplay between timescale components was affected by the balancing context (Chapter 3) and task demand (Chapter 4).</p> <p>Chapter 5 investigated the acquisition of individual and coupled posture-upper limb control mechanisms. We found that motor learning involved two independent adaptation processes. The first process modified the timescale composition of posture and upper limb displacements and was followed by incremental changes in the occurrence and duration of correlated posture-upper limb trajectories. In Chapter 6, we investigated learning-mediated changes in multijoint coordination and control. Motor learning led to the flexible, error-compensating recruitment of individual joints and we showed that the preferential constraint of destabilizing joint angle variance was the putative mechanism underlying performance.</p> <p>This thesis performed a detailed examination of unstable object control mechanisms. The undertaken studies have provided knowledge about the acquisition and adaptation of control mechanisms at multiple levels of the motor system. Our data provide convergent evidence that the control mechanisms governing complex human balancing tasks are intermittent and modulated by the task and context.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

La tendance à la numérisation de nombreux secteurs industriels tels que l’automobile, l’agriculture, les transports, la gestion urbaine, etc. révèle la nécessité de nouveaux usages des services de communication point-à-multipoint, tels que la fourniture massive de mises à jour logicielles et livraison fiable de messages d’alerte à la population, etc. D’un autre côté, la mise en logiciel des réseaux de nouvelle génération, avec notamment l’adoption croissante des réseaux définis par logiciel (SDN), apporte au réseau la flexibilité et les capacités de programmation permettant de prendre en charge des services de distribution point-à-multipoint de manière rentable. Cette thèse contribue au problème général de la fourniture de services de communication point-à-multipoint avec des exigences de qualité de service (QoS) dans un réseau SDN multi-domaines. Il considère également que certains des domaines sont des réseaux multi-sauts sans-fil. Tout d’abord, une technique d’agrégation de topologie de domaine basée sur une arborescence de Steiner, combinée à un algorithme heuristique d’allocation de ressources, sont proposés pour prendre en charge des services point-à-multipoint couvrant plusieurs domaines. Ensuite, un service de découverte de topologie générique est proposé pour les réseaux multi-sauts sans-fil basés sur le SDN afin de permettre au contrôleur SDN de créer et de gérer une vue complète du réseau avec divers attributs de nœud et de liaison sans-fil. Le contrôleur peut alors exposer des vues personnalisées aux applications de contrôle du réseau, telles que, par exemple, l’application en charge de la fourniture de services point-à-multipoint sur un réseau multi-sauts sans-fil basé sur le paradigme SDN. Un algorithme basé sur la programmation linéaire en nombres entiers et un algorithme génétique sont également proposés pour l’allocation de liens virtuels point-à-multipoint sur un réseau sans-fil multi-radio, multi-canaux et multi-sauts basé sur SDN. Enfin, pour traiter le cas des services dynamiques point-à-multipoint, nous proposons un schéma de réallocation de ressources qui répond aux exigences changeantes tout en réduisant les interuptions de service. / The movement towards the digitalization of many industry sectors such as automotive, agriculture, transportation, city management, etc. is revealing the need for novel usages of point-to-multipoint network delivery services, such as massive delivery of software updates to objects, secure and reliable delivery of alert messages to population, etc. On another side, the softwarization of next generation networks, with amongst, the increasing adoption of Software Defined Networks (SDN) is bringing to the network the flexibility and programming capabilities that enable the support of point-to-multipoint delivery services in an efficient and cost-effective way. This PhD work contributes to the general problem of providing point-tomultipoint delivery services with Quality of Service (QoS) requirements in a multidomain SDN network. It also considers that some of the domains are wireless multi hop networks. First, a Steiner tree based network domain topology aggregation combined with a resource allocation heuristic algorithm is proposed to support point-to-multipoint delivery services that span multiple domains. Then, a generic topology discovery service is proposed for SDN based wireless multi-hop networks to let the SDN controller build and maintain a comprehensive view of the network with various node and wireless link attributes. From there, customized views can be exposed by the controller to network control applications, as, for instance, the application in charge of provisioning point-to-multipoint services on a SDN based wireless multi-hop network. An Integer linear programming based algorithm and a genetic algorithm are also proposed for the embedding of point-to-multipoint services on a SDN based multi-radio, multi-channel and multi-hop wireless network. Last, to address the case of dynamic point-to-multipoint services, we propose a resource reallocation scheme that meets the changing requirements while reducing service disruption.

This dissertation concerns the model reduction of linear periodic descriptor systems both in continuous and discrete-time case. In this dissertation, mainly the projection based approaches are considered for model order reduction of linear periodic time varying descriptor systems. Krylov based projection method is used for large continuous-time periodic descriptor systems and balancing based projection technique is applied to large sparse discrete-time periodic descriptor systems to generate the reduce systems. For very large dimensional state space systems, both the techniques produce large dimensional solutions. Hence, a recycling technique is used in Krylov based projection methods which helps to compute low rank solutions of the state space systems and also accelerate the computational convergence. The outline of the proposed model order reduction procedure is given with more details. The accuracy and suitability of the proposed method is demonstrated through different examples of different orders. Model reduction techniques based on balance truncation require to solve matrix equations. For periodic time-varying descriptor systems, these matrix equations are projected generalized periodic Lyapunov equations and the solutions are also time-varying. The cyclic lifted representation of the periodic time-varying descriptor systems is considered in this dissertation and the resulting lifted projected Lyapunov equations are solved to achieve the periodic reachability and observability Gramians of the original periodic systems. The main advantage of this solution technique is that the cyclic structures of projected Lyapunov equations can handle the time-varying dimensions as well as the singularity of the period matrix pairs very easily. One can also exploit the theory of time-invariant systems for the control of periodic ones, provided that the results achieved can be easily re-interpreted in the periodic framework. Since the dimension of cyclic lifted system becomes very high for large dimensional periodic systems, one needs to solve the very large scale periodic Lyapunov equations which also generate very large dimensional solutions. Hence iterative techniques, which are the generalization and modification of alternating directions implicit (ADI) method and generalized Smith method, are implemented to obtain low rank Cholesky factors of the solutions of the periodic Lyapunov equations. Also the application of the solvers in balancing-based model reduction of discrete-time periodic descriptor systems is discussed. Numerical results are given to illustrate the effciency and accuracy of the proposed methods.