In the 21st century, international system has been ungoing rapid change in which every nation state intends to get better position to compete with other actors. It is no doubt that the United States reminded as a superpower during the Cold War era, even its position was secured until the end of Cold War. However, due to economic globalization and continous increase of cultural and social exchanges, states become more interdependent. Therefore, power politics and political powers had been forced to change. The most prominent case came from the European Union where the cross-nation cooperation reached not only in the area of economic and commerce, but also the interaction was heading towards higher level of political integration. The EU¡¦ s political power together with China¡¦ s influence, as well as Russia and Japan, will take the leading role in the global politics and balance off what was the U.S. long-defined international system. The strong powers as mentioned welcome and appreciate a multipolar system that helps to secure nation¡¦ s survival and interests, bringing nation¡¦ s power to the peak. This paper examines the foreign relations between China and the EU in light of transition in international system and interdependent theories. In doing so, the paper will also explore how the two strong actors interact from lower politics to higher politics such as political, strategic dialogue and cooperation.

MEMS process offers many advantages that the microsystem can be downscaled and can be combined with integrated circuit (IC). This technique has been successfully applied to micromotor, micropump, and microelectric apparatus but there has been existing problems of independent and compact power supply system. Hence this study presents an electromagnetic rotary microgenerator, mainly consisting of multilayer planar Cu microcoil and multipolar hard magnet of Nd/Fe/B by sintering. The layout of the microgenerator is 9 9 1 mm3 in volume. The paper also presents design and analysis of a multipolar rotary electromagnetic microgenerator. Theoretical mathematic model is derived to predict the power generation. Experimental results are compared with simulations. The experimental result shows good agreement with simulations. The preliminary experimental result reveals that this microgenerator with eight magnet poles and four-layer Cu planar microcoil generates an output voltage of 569 mV at 213.7 Hz frequency.

Orientadores: Fanny Béron, Kleber Roberto Pirota / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-30T20:53:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Velo_MuriloFerreira_M.pdf: 6384347 bytes, checksum: 64859a7498ff2d02184a4fff9787d436 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Resumo: Interações dipolares são amplamente estudadas em magnetismo, devido ao fato de que elas têm um papel fundamental na maioria dos sistemas magnéticos. Porém, para vários sistemas, o cálculo das interações magnetostáticas é feito de duas maneiras: considerando-se apenas o primeiro termo da expansão multipolar e/ou aproximando as entidades magnéticas por dipolos perfeitos. Neste trabalho iremos realizar este cálculo de maneira exata, através da expansão multipolar, considerando a forma geométrica da entidade magnética. Para tal montamos um sistema macroscópico bidimensional composto por agulhas magnéticas de bússola, no qual foi automatizado a aquisição de imagens e o controle de campo magnético. No objetivo de verificar a exatidão do nosso cálculo, implementamos uma simulação utilizando o método de Monte Carlo para comparar com os resultados experimentais. Focamos o estudo sobre sistemas de duas e cinco agulhas, sendo que o primeiro permite a comparação com a solução analítica exata do problema. Observamos que a introdução dos termos de ordem mais alta na expansão multipolar modifica o potencial magnético gerado por uma agulha de bússola. A expansão multipolar do potencial mostrou que devemos considerar termos de ordem l = 1, 3 e 5, sendo que os termos de ordem par são nulos e termos l ? 7 são desprezíveis. A simulação de Monte Carlo reproduziu com fidelidade o comportamento dos sistemas experimentais, mostrando uma boa concordância entre as curvas de histerese simuladas e experimentais. Explicamos os resultados a partir do fato que a expansão multipolar introduz mínimos locais nos diagramas de energia de interação de duas partículas com campo magnético aplicado nulo. Estas regiões são conhecidas como os pontos de equilíbrio metaestáveis de um sistema magnético. Para um sistema de duas agulhas, descrevemos como os saltos na curva de histerese estão relacionados com descontinuidades na trajetória no espaço de fases de energia do sistema, criadas pelos termos de ordem mais alta. Dos nossos resultados, concluímos que para descrevermos o comportamento magnético de um sistema de agulhas de bússola, devemos levar em conta termos de ordem mais alta na expansão multipolar, bem como a geometria desta entidade / Abstract: Dipolar interactions are widely studied in magnetism, since they play a key role in most magnetic systems. However, for several systems the magnetostatic interactions calculation is done through two ways: considering only the multipole expansion first term and/or approximating the magnetic entities as perfect dipoles. In this work we will perform this calculation exactly, through the multipole expansion, considering the magnetic entities geometric shape. For such, we set up a two-dimensional macroscopic system made of magnetic compass needles, where we automated the image acquisition and the magnetic field control. In the objective of verifying our calculation accuracy, we implemented a simulation using the Monte Carlo¿s method to compare with the experimental results. We focused the study on systems of two and five needles, since the first one allowing comparing with the experimental results. We observed that the introduction of higher order terms in the multipole expansion modifies the magnetic potential generated by a compass needle. The multipole expansion showed that we need to consider order terms of l = 1, 3 and 5, with nulls even terms are and terms of l ? 7 are negligible. The Monte Carlo simulation accurately reproduced the experimental systems behaviors, exhibiting a good agreement between the simulated and experimental hysteresis curves. We explained the results through the fact that the multipole expansion introduces local minima in the two magnetic particles interaction energy diagrams with null applied magnetic field. These regions are known as metastable equilibrium points in a magnetic system. For a two-needle system, we described in detail how the hysteresis curve drops are related to trajectory discontinuities in the system energy phase space, created by the higher order terms. From our results, we conclude that to describe the magnetic behavior of a compass needle system, one must take into account higher order terms in the multipole expansion, as well as the entity geometry / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 1374983/2014 / CAPES

This study focuses on the design, fabrication, test and application of in-plane rotary electromagnetic micro-generator to obtain a high power output. The micro-generator comprises multilayer planar low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) Ag micro-coil and multipole hard magnet of Nd/Fe/B. Finite element simulations have been carried out to observe electromagnetic information. The study also establishes analytical solutions for the micro-generator to predict the induced voltage. Three different configurations of planar micro-coils investigated, which are sector-shaped, circle-shaped, and square-shaped micro-coils. A prototype of the micro-generator is as small as 9¡Ñ9¡Ñ1 mm3 in volume size. The experimental results show that the micro-generator with sector-shaped micro-coil has the highest power output of 1.89 mW, and the effective value of the induced voltage of 205.7 mV at 13,325 rpm is achieved. In application, this study designed and fabricated a planar rotary electromagnetic energy harvester with a low rotary speed for use in bicycle dynamos. Finite element analysis and the Taguchi method were used to design this dynamo system. LTCC technology was applied to fabricate Ag planar multilayer coils with 20 layers. A 28-pole magnet Nd/Fe/B with an outer diameter of 50 mm and a thickness of 2 mm was also sintered and magnetized. This harvester system was approximately 50¡Ñ50¡Ñ3 mm3 in volume. The experimentally induced voltages for 20-layer coils were 1.539 V at the rotary speeds of 300 rpm. The power output was 0.788 mW with an external resistance load of 740 £[, and the efficiency was 26.62%. This harvester is capable of powering a minimum of 200 light emitted diodes (LEDs) (forward voltage (VF) <2.2 V and 20 mA) using a rotary speed of 250 rpm, and can be used for bicycle dynamo lighting.

Book Summary: Computational models of neural networks have proven insufficient to accurately model brain function, mainly as a result of simplifications that ignore the physical reality of neuronal structure in favor of mathematically tractable algorithms and rules. Even the more biologically based "integrate and fire" and "compartmental" styles of modeling suffer from oversimplification in the former case and excessive discretization in the second. This book introduces an integrative approach to modeling neurons and neuronal circuits that retains the integrity of the biological units at all hierarchical levels. With contributions from more than 40 renowned experts, Modeling in the Neurosciences, Second Edition is essential for those interested in constructing more structured and integrative models with greater biological insight. Focusing on new mathematical and computer models, techniques, and methods, this book represents a cohesive and comprehensive treatment of various aspects of the neurosciences from the molecular to the network level. Many state-of-the-art examples illustrate how mathematical and computer modeling can contribute to the understanding of mechanisms and systems in the neurosciences. Each chapter also includes suggestions of possible refinements for future modeling in this rapidly changing and expanding field. This book will benefit and inspire the advanced modeler, and will give the beginner sufficient confidence to model a wide selection of neuronal systems at the molecular, cellular, and network levels.

Um espectrômetro automático de correlação angular Ge(Li)-Ge(Li) foi desenvolvido. O espectrômetro é movido automaticamente, controlado um microcomputador. A correlação angular direcional gama-gama entre transições coincidentes dos níveis do ANTPOT100 RU, alimentados pelo decaimento ß+ e por captura de elétrons do ANTPOT 100 R foi medida. A fonte de ANTPOT 100 Ru foi produzida na reação ANTPOT 100 Ru (p, n) Rh POT. 100 utilizando o feixe de prótons do Acelerador cíclotron. Foram medidas 30 cascatas simples e 11 cascatas triplas produzindo como resultado a assinalação do spin e paridade dos estados de 1865 kev, 1881 kev, 2099 kev, 2167 kev, 2241 kev, 2517 kev, e 3070 kev e a determinação dos valores de mistura multipolar de 21 transições sendo que 12 delas pela primeira vez. Foi medido ainda o valor da razão de mistura multipolar Q POT. 2 (E0\\E2) da transição 2+ IND. 2 2+ IND. 2 / Knowledge of the spectral distribution of radiation emitted by radiodiagnostic units provides important information, which can be applied to the Quality Assurance and Radiological Protection programs. Detectors which utilize Silicon PIN Photodiodes have been increasingly used in recent years, due to their low cost and being worked with at room temperature, the liquid nitrogen containers used with Ge and Si(Li) detectors not being necessary. Although, initially, the PIN photodiodes have a poorer energy resolution, as compared with Ge detectors, it\'s good enough for most purposes. Moreover, the development of thermoelectrically cooled systems and low noise level pre-amplifiers have resulted in PIN photodiodes achieving comparable resolutions to Ge ones. This work seeks to establish the properties of detectors made with Silicon PIN photodiodes and to develop the correctional process of the raw specffa both for the efficiency of the detector and other relevant factors, with the aim of obtaining the true spectrum emitted by radiodiagnostic equipment. The radiation spectra of radiodiagnostic equipment experimentally obtained were compared with theoretical spectra calculated from a semi-empirical model. Furthermore, mammography x-ray spectra scattered by a breast simulator were obtained. As a direct application of these experimentally measured spectra, methodologies were developed to determine the peak kilovoltage (kvp) of X-Ray tubes, to be able to calibrate kVp meters, and the half-value layer (HW) of the beams of interest.

Um espectrômetro automático de correlação angular Ge(Li)-Ge(Li) foi desenvolvido. O espectrômetro é movido automaticamente, controlado um microcomputador. A correlação angular direcional gama-gama entre transições coincidentes dos níveis do ANTPOT100 RU, alimentados pelo decaimento ß+ e por captura de elétrons do ANTPOT 100 R foi medida. A fonte de ANTPOT 100 Ru foi produzida na reação ANTPOT 100 Ru (p, n) Rh POT. 100 utilizando o feixe de prótons do Acelerador cíclotron. Foram medidas 30 cascatas simples e 11 cascatas triplas produzindo como resultado a assinalação do spin e paridade dos estados de 1865 kev, 1881 kev, 2099 kev, 2167 kev, 2241 kev, 2517 kev, e 3070 kev e a determinação dos valores de mistura multipolar de 21 transições sendo que 12 delas pela primeira vez. Foi medido ainda o valor da razão de mistura multipolar Q POT. 2 (E0\\E2) da transição 2+ IND. 2 2+ IND. 2 / Knowledge of the spectral distribution of radiation emitted by radiodiagnostic units provides important information, which can be applied to the Quality Assurance and Radiological Protection programs. Detectors which utilize Silicon PIN Photodiodes have been increasingly used in recent years, due to their low cost and being worked with at room temperature, the liquid nitrogen containers used with Ge and Si(Li) detectors not being necessary. Although, initially, the PIN photodiodes have a poorer energy resolution, as compared with Ge detectors, it\'s good enough for most purposes. Moreover, the development of thermoelectrically cooled systems and low noise level pre-amplifiers have resulted in PIN photodiodes achieving comparable resolutions to Ge ones. This work seeks to establish the properties of detectors made with Silicon PIN photodiodes and to develop the correctional process of the raw specffa both for the efficiency of the detector and other relevant factors, with the aim of obtaining the true spectrum emitted by radiodiagnostic equipment. The radiation spectra of radiodiagnostic equipment experimentally obtained were compared with theoretical spectra calculated from a semi-empirical model. Furthermore, mammography x-ray spectra scattered by a breast simulator were obtained. As a direct application of these experimentally measured spectra, methodologies were developed to determine the peak kilovoltage (kvp) of X-Ray tubes, to be able to calibrate kVp meters, and the half-value layer (HW) of the beams of interest.

[ES] Las nanopartículas de alto índice admiten multipolos electromagnéticos que determinan su respuesta a una onda incidente. Cuando se excitan diferentes multipolos, estos pueden interferir, dando lugar a fenómenos sorprendentes. Por ejemplo, a partir de la oscilación en antifase del dipolo toroidal y eléctrico (o magnético) cartesiano o de los correspondientes multipolos de orden superior surgen los llamados estados anapolares, caracterizados por una reducción sustancial de la dispersión de campo lejano y una fuerte localización de la energía dentro del disco. Una de las estructuras de alto índice más sencillas que soportan la interferencia multipolar es el disco, que se puede construir fácilmente sobre un sustrato de sílice utilizando herramientas estándar de nanofabricación de silicio. La mayoría de los estudios de estados de anapolos en discos dieléctricos de alto índice han abordado anapolos que pueden excitarse bajo iluminación normal, pero la incidencia en el plano es necesaria para construir circuitos integrados fotónicos de silicio cuando la luz está completamente unida al plano del chip. En esta tesis investigamos mediante simulaciones numéricas anexas a medidas experimentales la aparición de interferencias multipolares en discos de silicio cuando excitamos en el plano a través de guías de ondas. Primero, investigamos los efectos en discos aislados del tamaño de una sublongitud de onda y luego ampliamos nuestra investigación a cadenas periódicas unidimensionales. Bajo la excitación en el plano de un disco de silicio del tamaño de una sublongitud de onda, observamos anapolos magnéticos y eléctricos de varios órdenes, cambiando la geometría del sistema. Curiosamente, observamos un desacoplamiento del mínimo en la dispersión de campo lejano y el máximo de localización de energía en el disco, que tienen lugar en longitudes de onda bien separadas para la excitación en el plano del anapolo en comparación con el caso de incidencia normal habitual. Por otro lado, a través de la excitación del dipolo toroidal, demostramos la transmisión eficiente por encima del cono de luz en una estructura periódica formada por discos de silicio del tamaño de una sublongitud de onda. Finalmente, predecimos el cierre de la banda prohibida de Bragg debido a la interacción entre dipolos eléctricos y magnéticos en una estructura periódica formada por nanobloques de silicio. Nuestros resultados resaltan diferencias significativas entre las interferencias multipolares cuando las partículas se iluminan desde diferentes direcciones y tienen implicaciones directas para el uso de discos del tamaño de la longitud de onda en circuitos integrados fotónicos de alto índice para aplicaciones que van desde la biodetección y la espectroscopia hasta el procesamiento de señales no lineales. / [CA] Les nanopartícules d'alt índex admeten multipols electromagnètics que determinen la seua resposta a una ona incident. Quan s'exciten diferents multipols, aquests poden interferir, donant lloc a fenòmens sorprenents. Per exemple, a partir de l'oscil·lació en antifase del dipol toroidal i elèctric (o magnètic) cartesià, o dels corresponents multipols d'ordre superior, sorgeixen els anomenats estats anapolars, caracteritzats per una reducció substancial de la dispersió de camp llunyà i una forta localització de l'energia dins del disc. Una de les estructures d'alt índex més senzilles que suporten la interferència multipolar és el disc, que es pot construir fàcilment sobre un substrat de sílice utilitzant eines estàndard de nano fabricació de silici. La majoria dels estudis d'estats d'anapols en discos dielèctrics d'alt índex han abordat anapols que poden excitar-se sota il·luminació normal, però la incidència en el pla és necessària per a construir circuits integrats fotònics de silici quan la llum està completament unida al pla del xip. En aquesta tesi investiguem mitjançant simulacions numèriques annexes a mesures experimentals l'aparició d'interferències multipolars en discos de silici quan excitem en el pla a través de guies d'ones. Primer, investiguem els efectes en discos aïllats de la grandària d'una sublongitud d'ona i després ampliem la nostra investigació a cadenes periòdiques unidimensionals. Sota l'excitació en el pla d'un disc de silici de la grandària d'una sublongitud d'ona, observem anapols magnètics i elèctrics de diversos ordres, canviant la geometria del sistema. Curiosament, observem un desacoblament del mínim en la dispersió de camp llunyà i el màxim de localització d'energia en el disc, que tenen lloc en longituds d'ona ben separades per a l'excitació en el pla del anapol en comparació amb el cas d'incidència normal habitual. D'altra banda, a través de l'excitació del dipol toroidal, vam demostrar la transmissió eficient per damunt del con de llum en una estructura periòdica formada per discos de silici de la grandària d'una sublongitud d'ona. Finalment, prediem el tancament de la banda prohibida de Bragg a causa de la interacció entre dipols elèctrics i magnètics en una estructura periòdica formada per nanobloques de silici. Els nostres resultats ressalten diferències significatives entre les interferències multipolars quan les partícules s'il·luminen des de diferents direccions i tenen implicacions directes per a l'ús de discos de la grandària de la longitud d'ona en circuits integrats fotònics d'alt índex per a aplicacions que van des de la biodetecció i l'espectroscòpia fins al processament de senyals no lineals. / [EN] High-index nanoparticles support electromagnetic multipoles that determine their response to an incident wave. When different multipoles are excited, they can interfere, giving rise to surprising phenomena. For example, from the antiphase oscillation of the Cartesian toroidal and electric (or magnetic) dipole or the corresponding higher-order multipoles arise the so-called anapole states, characterized by a substantial reduction in the far-field scattering and a strong localization of energy inside the disk. One of the simplest high-index structures supporting multipolar interference is the disk, which can be easily built on a silica substrate using standard silicon nanofabrication tools. Most studies of anapole states in high-index dielectric disks have addressed anapoles that can be excited under normal illumination, but the in-plane incidence is necessary for building silicon photonic integrated circuits (PICs) when light is completely bound to the chip plane. In this thesis, we investigate via numerical simulations annex experimental measurements the appearance of multipolar interferences in silicon disks when we excited in-plane through waveguides. First, we investigate the effects on isolated subwavelength-sized disks and then extend our investigation to one-dimensional (1D) periodic chains. Under the in-plane excitation of a silicon subwavelength-sized disk, we observe magnetic and electric anapoles of various orders, changing the geometry of the system. Interestingly, we observed a decoupling of the minimum in the far-field scattering and the maximum of energy localization in the disk, which takes place at well-separated wavelengths for in-plane excitation of the anapole as compared to the usual normal incidence case. On the other hand, through the excitation of the toroidal dipole, we demonstrate the efficient transmission above the light cone in a periodic structure formed by silicon subwavelength-sized disks. Finally, we predict the closure of the Bragg bandgap due to the interaction between electric and magnetic dipoles in a periodic structure formed by silicon nanobricks. Our results highlight significant differences between multipoles interferences when the particles are illuminated from different directions and have direct implications for the use of wavelength-size disks in high-index PICs for applications ranging from biosensing and spectroscopy to nonlinear signal processing. / Debo agradecer a la Generalitat Valenciana que con su programa de becas Santiago Grisolía GRISOLIAP/2018/164 me permitió comenzar este camino. Al Instituto de Tecnología Nanofotónica y a la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia por darme la oportu- nidad de labrar mi camino hacia el título de Doctor of Philosophy in Telecommunications Engineering en sus instalaciones. / Díaz Escobar, E. (2023). Investigation of Multipolar Interference in Silicon Disks for on-Chip Photonics [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/192830

A pair of nonidentical two-level atoms, separated by a fixed distance R, interact through photon exchange. The system is described by a state vector which is assumed to be a superposition of four "essential states": (1) the first atom is excited, the second one is in the ground state, and no photon is present, (2) the first atom is in its ground state, the second one is excited, and no photon is present, (3) both atoms are in their ground states and a photon is present, and (4) both atoms are excited and a photon is also present. The system is initially in state (1). The probabilities of each atom being excited are calculated for both the minimally-coupled interaction and the multipolar interaction in the electric dipole approximation. For the minimally-coupled interaction Hamiltonian, the second atom has a probability of being instantaneously excited, so the interaction is not retarded. For the multipolar interaction Hamiltonian, the second atom is not excited before the retardation time, which agrees with special relativity. For the minimally-coupled interaction the nonphysical result occurs because the unperturbed Hamiltonian is not the energy operator in the Coulomb gauge. For the multipolar Hamiltonian in the electric dipole approximation the unperturbed Hamiltonian is the energy operator. An active view of unitary transformations in nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics is used to derive transformation laws for the potentials of the electromagnetic field and the static Coulomb potential. For a specific choice of unitary transformation the transformation laws for the potentials are used in the minimally-coupled second-quantized Hamiltonian to obtain the multipolar Hamiltonian, which is expressed in terms of the quantized electric and magnetic fields.

<p>Endopolyploid cells (hereafter - polyploid cells), which contain whole genome duplications in an otherwise diploid organism, play vital roles in development and physiology of diverse organs such as our heart and liver. Polyploidy is also observed with high frequency in many tumors, and division of such cells frequently creates aneuploidy (chromosomal imbalances), a hallmark of cancer. Despite its frequent occurrence and association with aneuploidy, little is known about the specific role that polyploidy plays in diverse contexts. Using a new model tissue, the Drosophila rectal papilla, we sought to uncover connections between polyploidy and aneuploidy during organ development. Our lab previously discovered that the papillar cells of the Drosophila hindgut undergo developmentally programmed polyploid cell divisions, and that these polyploid cell divisions are highly error-prone. Time-lapse studies of polyploid mitosis revealed that the papillar cells undergo a high percentage of tripolar anaphase, which causes extreme aneuploidy. Despite this massive chromosome imbalance, we found the tripolar daughter cells are viable and support normal organ development and function, suggesting acquiring extra genome sets enables a cell to tolerate the genomic alterations incurred by aneuploidy. We further extended these findings by seeking mechanisms by which the papillar cells tolerated this resultant aneuploidy.</p> / Dissertation