Environmental degradation is a global challenge that affects all. One of the most prominent impacts of environmental degradation is the climate change phenomenon. The adverse impacts of climate change have given rise to responses aimed at retarding, halting and learning to live with the already present effects of climate change. These responses to climate change fall into two broad categories: mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation addresses the climate change challenge through seeking a reduction or elimination of anthropogenic generated greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Adaptation on the other hand addresses climate change through reducing the adverse impacts of climate change as well as exploiting economic and social opportunities presented by climate change. Green procurement has been identified as one of the climate change intervention measures. This is because research shows that procurement policies and practices of both the public and private sectors have the potential to influence environmentally friendly modes of production and the provision of ‘greener’ goods and services that include infrastructure. In many developing countries the big spending power of the public sector, particularly municipalities, makes them influential players in the nature of goods and services production and provision. Against this background, this study investigates the role of South African metropolitan municipalities in addressing environmental decay through green procurement. Specifically, the study aims to assess the levels of green procurement practices of goods and services within South Africa metropolitan municipalities. This is achieved through; (i) determining the level of understanding of sustainable development, and (ii) determining the extent to which green procurement is practiced in South African metropolitan municipalities, and identifying policy and legislative requirements (if any) that support green procurement practices. Given the complexity of means, policy and practices around the green procurement drive; the study employed a mixed method approach. The mixed method approach employed three methods namely: document analysis, interviews and the use of a questionnaire. Analysis of data included content analysis, inductive thematic analysis and basic numerical analysis of the questionnaire, using MS Excel. The study made two broad findings; (i) there is generally a good understanding of the sustainable development discourse among South Africa’s metropolitan officials; and (ii) policy response to green procurement shows that the older metropolitans that include the City of Cape Town, City of Johannesburg, City of Tshwane, Ekurhuleni, eThekwini and Nelson Mandela Bay have made greater progress making explicit reference to green procurement in different policies compared to the younger metropolitans such as Buffalo City and Mangaung. Despite the general understanding of the sustainable development discourse and evidence of explicit reference to green procurement in some metropolitan policy documents there is a general lack of comprehensive implementation of green procurement practices across all the metropolitan municipalities. The current implementation is sporadic and largely through a number of projects that are not always linked to give rise to effective synergies. The study concludes that there is limited implementation of green procurement policies and strategies in all metropolitans. This may be attributed to limited policy understanding and lack of education and training around green economy transition and green procurement issues. The study recommends the mainstreaming of the green procurement concept into already existing policies and to establish new policies where there are none. There is a need to translate the policies into legislation and regulations that carry incentive to reward and encourage the desired green procurement practices. There is further need to put in place sanctions to discourage and halt undesired procurement practices. / Environmental Sciences / D. Litt. et Phil. (Environmental Management)

This research is an examination of the practical application of intergovernmental relations (IGR) and co-operative government at the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM)’s Department of Housing and Human Settlements. By use of questionnaire and direct interviews, the research extracted responses from methodically selected employees and officials at the Department of Housing and Human Settlements in the CTMM. Literature study was combined with document analysis and a part of participant observation to gather data and information that has been examined and analysed in the study that has established the need for training and skilling for officials and employees in financial and project management. The need for the rolling back of political interference, regular review of legislation to keep abreast with the changing environment and international standards and improved institutional communication are but some of the observations and arguments that the research has established from a careful reading of data gathered. The enabling policies, laws and regulations that are in place remain largely good on paper, but still limited in their practical application. It is argued in this research that housing and human settlements are a provision that is central in the democratic and development life of the Republic of South Africa, and that the provision of sustainable human settlements enriches the livelihoods of communities in so far as other services such as education, recreation, health care, electricity, economic opportunities, safety, transport and communication are also dependent on the availability of sustainable human settlements and the amenities that comes with it. It is the recommendation of the present research that if the policies, regulations, laws and goals that govern the IGR towards the delivery of sustainable human settlements are to achieve maximum fruition, there is a need for vigorous monitoring and evaluation mechanisms that will ensure that budgets are efficiently used, that standing decisions are implemented and that partisan politics and corruption and opportunistic tendencies are eliminated as these hinder performance and delivery. / Public Administration and Management / MPA

The premise of the research concerns negative spatial legacies and questions doubting the existence of the true post-apartheid city in South Africa. The study describes the socio-spatial structure of the functional urban core of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM). An empirical analysis, a unique segregation-desegregation classification, a relative socio-economic classification and three continuity-discontinuity hypotheses was used to compare past and present socio-spatial characteristics. Structural racial-residential segregation is evident along with high levels of socio-economic inequality. Spatial polarisation of societal attributes has created a clear north-west and south-east divide in the study area. The study area is described as one with a central-south citadel (inhabited by the wealthy) and a dynamic periphery (diverse but relatively deprived). Current socio-spatial characteristics can be attributed to strong spatial legacies, ineffective policy interventions and underlying socio-spatial influences that inhibit true inclusivity and equality in the study area. / Geography / M. Sc. (Geography)

Nas Normas Brasileiras de Contabilidade Aplicadas ao Setor Público encontra-se a NBC T 16.11, que visa estabelecer a utilização do Sistema de Informações de Custos no Setor Público (SICSP), em que, pela Portaria no 753/2012 do STN, definiu- se que a sua implantação deveria ocorrer até o final de 2014. Neste contexto, é imprescindível conhecer quais as dificuldades e expectativas que os atores envolvidos nesse processo de implantação possuem e qual a contribuição do SICSP para o desenvolvimento local. Com efeito, este trabalho tem por norte discutir: Qual a percepção dos usuários sobre a importância do Sistema de Informações de Custos no Setor Público para a gestão e desenvolvimento municipal? Assim, para iniciar a discussão, colocou-se como objetivo geral do estudo investigar a percepção dos responsáveis pela implantação do SICSP, quanto à sua contribuição como ferramenta de Gestão e Planejamento para o Desenvolvimento dos respectivos Municípios. A pesquisa se utilizou do questionário como instrumento de coleta de dados em campo. A metodologia da análise de dados aplicada ao questionário se valeu da análise univariada e com o auxílio do teste qui-quadrado, utilizou-se também a análise bivariada. Demonstra-se, por meio da pesquisa de campo, aliada ao referencial teórico, alicerçado pelas pesquisas bibliográfica e documental que, findado o prazo legal de implantação, grande parte dos respondentes ainda não concluíram o processo, mesmo entendendo que o SICSP contribui significativamente para a gestão e desenvolvimento do município. Como resultado e conclusão, nota- se, que há uma carência de pessoal qualificado tecnicamente para a implantação e utilização do SICSP bem como se salienta ainda que o quantitativo de pessoal é insuficiente em muitos dos casos pesquisados. / Norm T16.11 of the Brazilian Accounting Norms (Normas Brasileiras de Contabilidade - NBC), regulated through Law regulation no. 753/2012 of the National Treasury Department, is applied to the Public Sector and provides rules for the Public Sector Cost Information System determining that its implantation should have been effective until the end of 2014. In such context, it is indispensable to know the difficulties and expectations facing the people involved in the implantation process, as well as the Public Sector Cost Information System contribution to local development. Thus, the present work aims at discussing if users understand the importance of the Public Sector Cost Information System to municipal management and development. The study general objective is to investigate if people in charge of implanting the Public Sector Cost Information System see it as a management and planning tool to help municipality development. The study field research methodology used questionnaires as data collection tool. Data analysis= was performed using univariate analysis with the help of chi-squared test and bivariate analysis. Based on the field research, that was associated to a theoretical referential and to bibliographic and documental researches, we inferred that although the legal implantation term have expired, most of the interviewed have not yet completed the process, even though they understood that the Public Sector Cost Information System contributes significantly to improve municipality management and development. The study conclusion is that there is a lack of technically qualified personnel to implant and use the Public Sector Cost Information System. We also highlight that in most of the study cases personnel qualification is unsatisfactory.

A existência de uma estrutura democrática imbuída de requisitos, de instituições e de leis é espaço para reflexão não somente sobre questões relacionadas ao poder do voto, mas as de cunho extra-eleitoral, que se revelam em democracia participativa. No BrasilaConstituição de 1988 avigorou o princípio participativo, interessando para este estudo o orçamento participativo, preconizado pela Lei Complementar n° 101/2000. O recorte para a presente pesquisa incide sobre a ação coletiva na fase de implementação de políticas públicas, quando da elaboração da Lei Orçamentária Anual, à luz da teoria de Elinor Ostrom. A estudiosa defende a necessidade de criação de incentivos para a cooperação e de mecanismos de decisão conjunta no trato do recurso comum, indicando às instituições características desejáveis, designadas de Princípios deDesign, os quais, quando presentes, levariam a resultados positivos de gestão de recursos comuns. O estudo assenta-se na problemática do orçamento público, no Município de Quatro Barras, estado do Paraná, Brasil. O objetivo geral é o de avaliar a ação coletiva na elaboração de orçamento público do município em comento a partir da edição da Lei de Responsabilidade – 2000 a 2016. Em termos de classificação da pesquisa, quanto à sua natureza, pode ser enquadrada como básica. No que compete à forma de abordar o problema, trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa. Assim, como principais resultados encontrados tem-seque a legislação trouxe a possibilidade (obrigatoriedade) de participação popular na elaboração do orçamento público municipal, e o arranjo institucional faz uso de mecanismos na tentativa de contemplar a legislação realizando audiências públicas, para as quais ocorre o chamado da população por intermédio da publicação em jornal oficial, de circulação diária, que contempla o local, o horário e a data em que ocorrerá a discussão das metas e prioridades para a Lei Orçamentária Anual. No entanto, o aporte teórico trazido indica que a ação coletiva no Município de Quatro Barras é uma pseudoparticipação e que a ausência do preenchimento das unidades de registro se traduz em ausência de ação coletiva. / The existence of a democratic structure within their own requirements, institutions and laws is a place for reflection not only on issues related with to the power of the popular vote, but also those out of election process at the democracy. After 1988 the Brazilian Constitution rised the people participation principle with participative budget, previewed by Complementary Law n. 101/2000. The following study focuses on collective action in the implementation phase of public policies at drafting the Annual Budget Law under the precepts of the Elinor Ostrom's theory. The author defends the need to create incentives for cooperation and joint decision-making mechanisms in the management of public resources, suggesting to the institutions the desirable characteristics called Design Principles which when present would lead to positive results of public resource management. This study is issued of the public budget in the Quatro Barras county, state of Paraná, Brazil. The general objective is to analyze the collective action to plan the public budget of the municipality following the edition of the Law of Responsibility - 2000 to 2016. In terms of the classification of the research its nature can be understood as basic. In what concerns about methodology and objective approach it is a qualitative research. Thus the main results found are that the legislation brought the possibility (obligatoriness) of popular participation in the county public budget planning. The institutional arrangement makes use of mechanisms in the attempt to contemplate the legislation doing public audiences for which it occurs the community call through notes at official newspaper of daily circulation, which mention the place, time and date in which the discussion of goals and priorities for the Annual Budget Law will occur. However, the theoretical contribution made indicates that the collective action in the Quatro Barras county is a false participation and that the absence of achievement of the registration units realize into an absence of collective action.

Nas Normas Brasileiras de Contabilidade Aplicadas ao Setor Público encontra-se a NBC T 16.11, que visa estabelecer a utilização do Sistema de Informações de Custos no Setor Público (SICSP), em que, pela Portaria no 753/2012 do STN, definiu- se que a sua implantação deveria ocorrer até o final de 2014. Neste contexto, é imprescindível conhecer quais as dificuldades e expectativas que os atores envolvidos nesse processo de implantação possuem e qual a contribuição do SICSP para o desenvolvimento local. Com efeito, este trabalho tem por norte discutir: Qual a percepção dos usuários sobre a importância do Sistema de Informações de Custos no Setor Público para a gestão e desenvolvimento municipal? Assim, para iniciar a discussão, colocou-se como objetivo geral do estudo investigar a percepção dos responsáveis pela implantação do SICSP, quanto à sua contribuição como ferramenta de Gestão e Planejamento para o Desenvolvimento dos respectivos Municípios. A pesquisa se utilizou do questionário como instrumento de coleta de dados em campo. A metodologia da análise de dados aplicada ao questionário se valeu da análise univariada e com o auxílio do teste qui-quadrado, utilizou-se também a análise bivariada. Demonstra-se, por meio da pesquisa de campo, aliada ao referencial teórico, alicerçado pelas pesquisas bibliográfica e documental que, findado o prazo legal de implantação, grande parte dos respondentes ainda não concluíram o processo, mesmo entendendo que o SICSP contribui significativamente para a gestão e desenvolvimento do município. Como resultado e conclusão, nota- se, que há uma carência de pessoal qualificado tecnicamente para a implantação e utilização do SICSP bem como se salienta ainda que o quantitativo de pessoal é insuficiente em muitos dos casos pesquisados. / Norm T16.11 of the Brazilian Accounting Norms (Normas Brasileiras de Contabilidade - NBC), regulated through Law regulation no. 753/2012 of the National Treasury Department, is applied to the Public Sector and provides rules for the Public Sector Cost Information System determining that its implantation should have been effective until the end of 2014. In such context, it is indispensable to know the difficulties and expectations facing the people involved in the implantation process, as well as the Public Sector Cost Information System contribution to local development. Thus, the present work aims at discussing if users understand the importance of the Public Sector Cost Information System to municipal management and development. The study general objective is to investigate if people in charge of implanting the Public Sector Cost Information System see it as a management and planning tool to help municipality development. The study field research methodology used questionnaires as data collection tool. Data analysis= was performed using univariate analysis with the help of chi-squared test and bivariate analysis. Based on the field research, that was associated to a theoretical referential and to bibliographic and documental researches, we inferred that although the legal implantation term have expired, most of the interviewed have not yet completed the process, even though they understood that the Public Sector Cost Information System contributes significantly to improve municipality management and development. The study conclusion is that there is a lack of technically qualified personnel to implant and use the Public Sector Cost Information System. We also highlight that in most of the study cases personnel qualification is unsatisfactory.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Helda Elaine Volz.pdf: 601457 bytes, checksum: 173aa7fa3c7c5ac32f8ccef6061de010 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-07 / This work is the result from an investigative, descriptive and analytical process of a case study. Given that, we defined as object of research - the transfers of ICMS quota share - to the city of Toledo - Parana, specifically concerning the Ecological ICMS, for the period 2004/2008. In the methodological process we elected, as general objective to apprehend, understand and analyze the composition of the ICMS quota share resulting from the application of the State Law 9491, regarding the Ecological ICMS; the technical and political processes of Municipal Administration in the conduction and monitoring of its Environmental Factor as a way of promoting quality of life for the population. In this sense, the problem was guided to decipher the extent to which the Municipal Government of Toledo brings into effect actions to increase the revenue that comes from the transfer of ICMS, the Ecological ICMS in particular. The process of objectification involved intensive literature researches, documentary and interviews with direct and indirect individuals involved in all the process of deployment and implementation of the Ecological ICMS. This academic objectification led us to conclude that: the City of Toledo is able to increase the transfers of the Ecological ICMS, provided they comply with the requirement of maintenance of existing Conservation Units in their territory and encourage the creation of new areas, which would result in higher quality of life for the local population and the whole region. / Este trabalho dissertativo resulta de um processo investigatório, descritivo e analítico, de um estudo de caso. Para tanto delimitamos como objeto da pesquisa os repasses da cota-parte do ICMS ao Município de Toledo Paraná, especificamente no que concerne ao ICMS Ecológico, referente aos anos 2004/2008. No desenrolar metodológico elegemos, enquanto objetivo geral apreender, compreender e analisar a composição da cota-parte do ICMS decorrente da aplicação do disposto na Lei Estadual 9491, no que tange ao ICMS Ecológico; o processo técnico-político da Administração Municipal na condução e monitoramento do seu Fator Ambiental como forma de promover a qualidade de vida da população. Neste sentido, o problema pautou-se em decifrar em que medida a Administração Pública Municipal de Toledo efetiva ações para aumentar a receita pública por meio do repasse advindo do ICMS, em particular do ICMS Ecológico. O processo de objetivação contou com intensas pesquisas bibliográficas, documentais e entrevistas com sujeitos diretos e indiretos envolvidos em todo o processo de implantação e implementação do ICMS Ecológico. Esta objetivação acadêmica levou-nos a concluir que: o Município de Toledo tem condições de ampliar os repasses do ICMS Ecológico, desde que cumpra com a obrigatoriedade da manutenção das Unidades de Conservação já existentes em seu território e incentive a criação de novas áreas, o que resultaria em maior qualidade de vida à população local e de toda região.

The research explored the causal relationship between the communal land tenure and the stagnant agricultural productivity in rural villages. It is assumed that there is covariance between the communal land tenure and the stagnant agricultural productivity. The communal land tenure deprived the villagers of the land ownership rights to mortgage their landholdings to secure agricultural credit from financial institutions, or to advance them as own contributions to obtain Government-provided grants under the ILRAD. Under such circumstances, the villagers could not raise the level of agricultural productivity. The Permit to Occupy (PTO) certificates, issued to the landholders, provided for usufruct rights only i.e. right to occupy and use an allotment. The related research was conducted at Nonkcampa village. The metatheory, “Positivism” and the quantitative paradigm were applied to collate and analyse the data. The research findings confirmed the correlation between the land tenure and the agricultural productivity, as the respondents claimed not to have had any access to agricultural inputs. Hence, the agricultural productivity on the arable land had stagnated.

This study investigated the planning, implementation and monitoring of sustainability principles in Buffalo City Municipality (BCM), in the Eastern Cape Province. It also analysed how reporting on sustainability principles was done at this municipality. The research was conducted as a qualitative case study that used analyses of documents, questionnaires and interviews to gather data. All respondents were involved with BCM, some as municipal officials in key positions in the different directorates and others as councillors. The study was contextualised within the area of sustainable development at local government level. The focus was on how the mandate of sustainable local development at local government level was met in BCM. The focus was on the planning, implementation and monitoring of stipulations of Local Agenda 21 and sustainability principles. The study focused on the provision of basic services; inter-generational equity; integration of economic, social and environmental aspects; community involvement; institutional capacity building; partnerships, and global links. The study established that Buffalo City Municipality incorporated sustainability in its vision. There was a lack of common understanding of the meaning of sustainability. Sustainability principles featured prominently at the integrated development planning phase but were less explicitly mentioned in the implementation, monitoring and reporting phases. Sustainability principles were subsumed in the developmental goals of the municipality. The study also highlighted the need for a strategy to have an institution-wide implementation of sustainability principles which would incorporate raising awareness about sustainability and its value.

This research study evaluated and assessed the extent to which strategic management processes integrated economic, environmental and social sustainability elements in the fiveyear strategy (2012) of Elundini Local Municipality (ELM). The study focused on three areas of strategic management, that is, environmental analysis, strategic direction and strategy formulation. The study also looked at possible reasons for sustainability integration in ELM strategy or lack thereof and also recommended possible solutions. The literature reviewed revealed that there was adequate basis for municipalities to integrate sustainable development in their strategies even though sustainability was noted as an evolving, complex and changing phenomenon. Local Agenda 21 principles, national legislative & policy framework, regulations and other relevant guidelines were found to be adequate for municipalities to develop credible sustainability strategies. The objectives of the study were achieved by data collected through the review of existing literature; the review of ELM Five Year Strategy (2012-2017); and SIAT-based questionnaires that were filled in by ELM employees. The results of the study showed that economic and social sustainability activities were identified most in the ELM strategy compared to environmental sustainability. The study then mainly recommended the review of the current strategy in order to improve all areas of strategy formulation; introduction of Economic, Social and Environmental sustainability – Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (ESEs-SWOT) for internal analysis as an improvement of SWOT analysis; introduction of Sustainability Integration and Strategic Management Framework (SISMF) as an improvement to existing framework.