The Brista 1 plant is a wood chip-fired combined heat and power (CHP) plant located near Märsta, northwest of Stockholm, Sweden. The primary purpose of the plant is to supply heat to the northwest district heating grid. In order to meet increasing demand for district heating, Fortum Heat is constructing a second CHP plant next to Brista 1. The Brista 2 plant will use a mixture of municipal and industrial waste as fuel. Due to changes in the European Green Certificate program, the fuel subsidies for wood chips will be significantly reduced. This will cause the Brista 1 plant to incur significantly increased operating costs. The Brista 2 plant, however, will not be affected by these changes and will therefore be much cheaper to run than Brista 1. However, due to the large demand for district heating it will be necessary to run both plants in parallel at certain times in order to meet the heating demand and/or maximize revenue during periods of high electricity demand. A computer program has been constructed using MATLAB which simulates the Brista 1 and 2 plants and their combined operation in both backpressure and direct condensing mode. The results show that the optimum allocation of heat production does not seem to be affected by electricity price assuming both plants are operated in backpressure mode. The reason for this would seem to be that the production costs (fuel, emissions, O&M) are unaffected by the electricity price. Therefore, the allocation which maximizes electrical power production, and thus revenue from electricity sales, will always be favored. In certain cases, it is more profitable to run the Brista 1 plant in direct condensing mode. The reason for this would seem to be that the thermal efficiency is somewhat higher, and that at low electricity prices the revenues from electricity sales do not offset the cost of the reduced heat production.

In my thesis I am concerned with defining the influence of the free selected factors - age structure, education and type of housing - on waste recycling by people living in the town of Třebíč. The theoretical part of thesis is focused on theoretical information and factual data. I explain the terms, with which we meet in the context of waste management, and I also introduce the legislation governing the waste management. I mention the early days of sorting and compare the present not only in European countries but also in the Czech Republic. The following part is a presentation of the town of Třebíč and its waste management. For more complete context, I included the cooperation of the town with the firms that have the waste management as their main activity, and the public. Before the next part, I describe the objectives and the hypotheses. In the empirical part, I explain the results from a questionnaire survey conducted among resident of the town Třebíč. Respondents answered twenty questions concerning the classification of waste in their household, thanks to which I obtained data for the evaluation of hypotheses. The aim was to demonstrate the influence of age, education and housing type on waste sorting. The findings confirm the influence of two factors - age and type of housing. Age affects...

The city is a place of accumulation, production and reproduction of production resources and consumption of goods, but waste typically accumulates outside it. It falls out of our horizon physically and mentally. The waste we produce changes the landscape and transforms the processes on earth without most of us visiting the "places of transformation". The project works with the idea of redirecting the final phase of the production chain back to the place of consumption by producing elements of public space from municipal waste. The presentation of waste leads to an awareness of its amount and degree of consumption. At the same time, waste becomes something much more ambivalent, possibly useful or even beautiful.

<p>U okviru disertacije, kori&scaron;ćenjem ve&scaron;tačkih neuronskih mreža razvijeni su modeli za predviđanje količina ambalažnog i biorazgradivog komunalnog otpada u Republici Srbiji do kraja 2030. godine. Razvoj modela baziran je na zavisnosti između ukupne potro&scaron;nje domaćinstva i generisane količine dva posmatrana toka otpada. Pored toga, na bazi zavisnosti sa bruto domaćim proizvodom (BDP), definisan je i model za projekciju zastupljenosti osnovnih opcija tretmana komunalnog otpada u Republici Srbiji za isti period. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, stvorene su polazne osnove za procenu potencijala za reciklažu ambalažnog otpada, kao i za procenu u kojoj meri se može očekivati da određene količine biorazgradivog otpada u narednom periodu ne budu odložene na deponije, &scaron;to je u skladu sa savremenim principima upravljanja otpadom i postojećim zahtevima EU u ovoj oblasti.</p> / <p>By using artificial neural networks, models for prediction of the quantity of<br />packaging and biodegradable municipal waste in the Republic of Serbia by<br />the end of 2030, were developed. Models were based on dependence<br />between total household consumption and generated quantities of two<br />observed waste streams. In addition, based on dependence with the Gross<br />Domestic Product (GDP), a model for the projection of share of different<br />municipal solid waste treatment options in the Republic of Serbia for the same<br />period, was created. Obtained results represent a starting point for assessing<br />the potential for recycling of packaging waste, and determination of<br />biodegradable municipal waste quantities which expected that in the future<br />period will not be disposed at landfills, in accordance with modern principles<br />of waste management and existing EU requirements in this area.</p>

The thesis deals with the legal definition of waste; it analyzes the meaning of the concept of waste in international, European and Czech legislation. The paper mentions the rich jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which has significantly influenced the concept of waste in the Directive 2008/98/EC. The thesis also concerns with the Act. No. 185/2001 Coll., on waste, and with the concept of by-product and concept of end-of-waste status. The paper also shows the classification of waste in the Czech legislation and defines the categories of hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste and municipal waste.

Este trabalho apresenta resultados de análises de estabilidade por métodos de equilíbrio limite e análises tensão-deformação para um aterro sanitário de grande porte reforçado com geossintéticos e alteado com diques periféricos sucessivos segundo o método de montante de barragens de rejeitos, visando a aumentar sua capacidade de armazenamento. Os valores dos parâmetros de resistência elásticos e elasto-plásticos dos materiais foram definidos com base na bibliografia, privilegiando-se os obtidos em campo. Os parâmetros dos reforços geossintéticos (geogrelhas) foram obtidos dos catálogos técnicos de empresa fabricante de geogrelhas. Nas análises equilíbrio-limite verificou-se também a influência das pressões neutras nos fatores de segurança por meio da variação do parâmetro de pressão ru de 0 a 0,3. Os resultados dos métodos de equilíbrio limite mostraram que a construção de diques periféricos sucessivos não aumenta significativamente o fator de segurança do aterro para qualquer altura e a de diques reforçados aumenta-o para alturas até 30m. Por outro lado, o reforço dentro do maciço aumenta consideravelmente o fator de segurança para qualquer altura do aterro. As pressões neutras no maciço podem reduzir significativamente o fator de segurança, em até 25% para as configurações propostas. O fator de segurança 1,5 é atingido para ru = 0,2, para as alturas de até 30m nas configurações com reforço no interior do maciço sanitário. As análises tensão-deformação mostraram que as deformações são principalmente verticais, sendo que as horizontais representam até 30% das totais. As deformações verticais máximas foram de 4%, valor muito inferior aos encontrados na bibliografia em aterros monitorados (10 a 40%), provavelmente porque as contribuições da decomposição da matéria orgânica e do creep ao longo do tempo superam o efeito do peso próprio do maciço. A análise conjunta das duas metodologias mostra que os fatores de segurança obtidos nas análises tensão-deformação são muito próximos aos obtidos nas análises equilíbrio-limite para ru =0,1; que o uso de reforços no interior do maciço sanitário proporciona um aumento no fator de segurança da ordem de 30%, o que justifica a continuação deste estudo focalizando aspectos práticos construtivos e operacionais; e que a configuração em diques sucessivos e maciço sanitário reforçado mostrou-se, dentre as alternativas estudadas, a mais eficiente e eficaz para a configuração de aterro estudada, uma vez que permitiu obter o fator de segurança desejado sem a necessidade de reforço dos diques de solos. / This paper presents results of stability analysis by limit-equilibrium methods and stress-strain analysis for a large sanitary landfill reinforced with geosynthetics and raising with perimeters soil dikes according to the method used in tailing dams in order to increase their ability to storage. The values of strength parameters, elastic and elasto-plastic materials were defined based on the literature, privileging those obtained in the field. The parameters of geosynthetic reinforcements (geogrids) were obtained from the catalogs of technical manufacturer of geogrid. The analyzes limit-equilibrium were verified also the influence of the factors of safety pore pressures by varying the parameter pressure ru 0 to 0.3. The results of limit-equilibrium methods showed that the construction of dikes successive peripheral does not significantly increase the safety factor of the landfill for any height and the use of reinforced dikes increases it to heights up to 30m. Moreover, the reinforcement into the mass increases substantially the safety factor for any height of the landfill. The pore pressures in mass can significantly reduce the safety factor in up to 25% for the proposed configurations. The safety factor of 1.5 is achieved for ru =0.2, for heights up to 30m with enhanced settings inside the massive sanitary. The stress-strain analyzes showed that the deformations are mainly vertical and the horizontal represent up to 30% of the total. The maximum vertical deformations were 4%, value that is much lower than those described in the bibliography for landfill sites monitored (10-40%), probably because the contributions of organic matter decomposition and \"creep\" over time outweigh the effect of self-weight of the massif. The joint analysis of the both methods show that safety factors obtained in the stress-strain analyzes are very near the limit-equilibrium analyses for ru =0.1, that the use of solid reinforcement inside the landfill provides a factor increase in security of the order of 30%, its which justifies the continuation of this study focusing on practical aspects of construction and operational and that the configuration in successive dikes and massive sanitary reinforced proved to be, among the alternatives studied, the most efficient and effective configuration of landfill studied, since it allowed to obtain the desired safety factor without the need to strengthen the soil dikes.

The work deals with the critical assessment of the requirement of Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste for a gradual reduction in landfilling of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW). The aim of this work was to evaluate this requirement in terms of economic efficiency using the meta-analysis of selected complex studies based on cost-benefit analysis. Studies focused on natural and technical parameters and available specific data for Czech Republic of particular ways of processing BMW were also used for finding of private and social costs and benefits balance. Based on the results of this balance is not possible to decide whether fulfillment of the requirement will increase economic efficiency. Results are calculated from large number of input values, some of which shows significant variability. Oxidation rate of uncaptured CH4 in the process of landfilling BMW is characteristic example. This parameter varies between values 10 % and 90 %. While for value 10 % would separate collection of biowastes and its composting presented option with higher economic efficiency, for value 90 % is the result opposite.

Este trabalho apresenta resultados de análises de estabilidade por métodos de equilíbrio limite e análises tensão-deformação para um aterro sanitário de grande porte reforçado com geossintéticos e alteado com diques periféricos sucessivos segundo o método de montante de barragens de rejeitos, visando a aumentar sua capacidade de armazenamento. Os valores dos parâmetros de resistência elásticos e elasto-plásticos dos materiais foram definidos com base na bibliografia, privilegiando-se os obtidos em campo. Os parâmetros dos reforços geossintéticos (geogrelhas) foram obtidos dos catálogos técnicos de empresa fabricante de geogrelhas. Nas análises equilíbrio-limite verificou-se também a influência das pressões neutras nos fatores de segurança por meio da variação do parâmetro de pressão ru de 0 a 0,3. Os resultados dos métodos de equilíbrio limite mostraram que a construção de diques periféricos sucessivos não aumenta significativamente o fator de segurança do aterro para qualquer altura e a de diques reforçados aumenta-o para alturas até 30m. Por outro lado, o reforço dentro do maciço aumenta consideravelmente o fator de segurança para qualquer altura do aterro. As pressões neutras no maciço podem reduzir significativamente o fator de segurança, em até 25% para as configurações propostas. O fator de segurança 1,5 é atingido para ru = 0,2, para as alturas de até 30m nas configurações com reforço no interior do maciço sanitário. As análises tensão-deformação mostraram que as deformações são principalmente verticais, sendo que as horizontais representam até 30% das totais. As deformações verticais máximas foram de 4%, valor muito inferior aos encontrados na bibliografia em aterros monitorados (10 a 40%), provavelmente porque as contribuições da decomposição da matéria orgânica e do creep ao longo do tempo superam o efeito do peso próprio do maciço. A análise conjunta das duas metodologias mostra que os fatores de segurança obtidos nas análises tensão-deformação são muito próximos aos obtidos nas análises equilíbrio-limite para ru =0,1; que o uso de reforços no interior do maciço sanitário proporciona um aumento no fator de segurança da ordem de 30%, o que justifica a continuação deste estudo focalizando aspectos práticos construtivos e operacionais; e que a configuração em diques sucessivos e maciço sanitário reforçado mostrou-se, dentre as alternativas estudadas, a mais eficiente e eficaz para a configuração de aterro estudada, uma vez que permitiu obter o fator de segurança desejado sem a necessidade de reforço dos diques de solos. / This paper presents results of stability analysis by limit-equilibrium methods and stress-strain analysis for a large sanitary landfill reinforced with geosynthetics and raising with perimeters soil dikes according to the method used in tailing dams in order to increase their ability to storage. The values of strength parameters, elastic and elasto-plastic materials were defined based on the literature, privileging those obtained in the field. The parameters of geosynthetic reinforcements (geogrids) were obtained from the catalogs of technical manufacturer of geogrid. The analyzes limit-equilibrium were verified also the influence of the factors of safety pore pressures by varying the parameter pressure ru 0 to 0.3. The results of limit-equilibrium methods showed that the construction of dikes successive peripheral does not significantly increase the safety factor of the landfill for any height and the use of reinforced dikes increases it to heights up to 30m. Moreover, the reinforcement into the mass increases substantially the safety factor for any height of the landfill. The pore pressures in mass can significantly reduce the safety factor in up to 25% for the proposed configurations. The safety factor of 1.5 is achieved for ru =0.2, for heights up to 30m with enhanced settings inside the massive sanitary. The stress-strain analyzes showed that the deformations are mainly vertical and the horizontal represent up to 30% of the total. The maximum vertical deformations were 4%, value that is much lower than those described in the bibliography for landfill sites monitored (10-40%), probably because the contributions of organic matter decomposition and \"creep\" over time outweigh the effect of self-weight of the massif. The joint analysis of the both methods show that safety factors obtained in the stress-strain analyzes are very near the limit-equilibrium analyses for ru =0.1, that the use of solid reinforcement inside the landfill provides a factor increase in security of the order of 30%, its which justifies the continuation of this study focusing on practical aspects of construction and operational and that the configuration in successive dikes and massive sanitary reinforced proved to be, among the alternatives studied, the most efficient and effective configuration of landfill studied, since it allowed to obtain the desired safety factor without the need to strengthen the soil dikes.

<p>У оквиру дисертације, развијен је модел управљања биоразградивим отпадом из комерцијалних објеката за Град Нови Сад а који се може применити и на друге градове у Србији и земљама у окружењу. Модел је развијен на бази поређења три модела која су сагледавана у различитим деловима Европе и Америци и идентификације свих комерцијалних објеката на територији Града Новог Сада, по врсти услуге коју пружају, величини, броју запослених, мерењем састава и количине отпада на репрезентативном броју комерцијалних објеката за храну и пиће и хотели. Мерења су вршена током седам дана узастопно, три пута у току различитих годишњих доба, мерењем целе количине генерисаног отпада и утврђивањем његовог састава. Предвиђена су четири могућа сценарија која је могуће применити на систем управљања отпадом.</p> / <p>U okviru disertacije, razvijen je model upravljanja biorazgradivim otpadom iz komercijalnih objekata za Grad Novi Sad a koji se može primeniti i na druge gradove u Srbiji i zemljama u okruženju. Model je razvijen na bazi poređenja tri modela koja su sagledavana u različitim delovima Evrope i Americi i identifikacije svih komercijalnih objekata na teritoriji Grada Novog Sada, po vrsti usluge koju pružaju, veličini, broju zaposlenih, merenjem sastava i količine otpada na reprezentativnom broju komercijalnih objekata za hranu i piće i hoteli. Merenja su vršena tokom sedam dana uzastopno, tri puta u toku različitih godišnjih doba, merenjem cele količine generisanog otpada i utvrđivanjem njegovog sastava. Predviđena su četiri moguća scenarija koja je moguće primeniti na sistem upravljanja otpadom.</p> / <p>Within the framework of the dissertation, a model of biodegradable waste management from commercial facilities for the City of Novi Sad has been developed, which can be applied to other cities in Serbia and surrounding countries. The model was developed on the basis of comparing three models that were examined in different parts of Europe and America and the identification of all commercial facilities in the territory of the City of Novi Sad, by type of service they provide, the size, the number of employees, the measurement of the composition and quantity of waste on a representative number of commercial facilities for food and drink and hotels. Measurements were carried out over seven consecutive days, three times during different seasons, measuring the entire amount of generated waste and determining its composition. There are four possible scenarios that can be applied to the waste management system.</p>

<p>Deponijski gas koji nastaje kao rezultat anaerobnih procesa unutar<br />otpada na deponiji može da se iskoristi kao obnovljivi izvor<br />energije, smanjujući ujedno i zagađenje vazduha. Tretman procedne vode<br />u savremenim postrojenjima za prečišćavanje reverznom osmozom daje<br />neželjeni ostatak &ndash; koncentrat, koji se uobičajeno recirkuliše na<br />deponiju kao vid tretmana. Ova disertacija se bavi uticajem<br />recirkulacije na produkciju deponijskog gasa, kako bi se omogućila<br />bolja upravljivost i predikcija čitavog procesa upravljanja otpadom<br />sa ciljem održanja stabilne proizvodnje deponijskog gasa i povećanja<br />mogućnosti njegovog iskorišćenja u termo-energetskim postrojenjima.</p> / <p>Landfill gas resulting from the anaerobic processes in the waste at the landfill<br />can be used as a renewable energy source, reducing both air<br />pollution. Treatment of leachate in modern plants for the purification using<br />reverse osmosis gives unwanted residue - concentrate, which is typically<br />recirculated back to the landfill as a form of its treatment. This thesis deals<br />with the influence of recirculation in the production of landfill gas, to allow for<br />better handling and prediction of entire process of waste management in<br />order to maintain stable production of landfill gas and increasing<br />opportunities for its utilization in thermal and power plants.</p>