M.Tech.

Unaccustomed eccentric exercise can lead to decreases in muscle force production, increases in soreness, swelling, stiffness, and discomfort. The purpose of this study was to test the dose response of pomegranate juice concentrate on serum markers of muscle permeability, inflammation, and total anti-oxidant status. To test this hypothesis, 45 healthy recreationally active males (22.3 ± 0.5 y, 73.8 ± 1.71 kg, 174.9 ± 0.9 cm) were recruited from the local Austin community for participation in this study. Subjects were disqualified from participation in the study if in the past 6 months they were engaged in an exercise training program. Subjects were placed into either the placebo group, the once-daily, or twice-daily pomegranate juice concentrate supplementation group. Subjects performed a total of 8 days of supplementation. On day 4, all subjects came to the laboratory and underwent an eccentric exercise protocol consisting of 2 minutes of downhill running at -10% grade at 7.5 mph repeated 10 times, resulting in ~20 minutes of total downhill running. Thereafter, subjects performed 50 eccentric elbow extensions each lasting 5 seconds using a weight equal to their concentric one-repetition maximum. Blood measures were made pre-exercise (baseline), and 2, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post exercise and analyzed for interleukin-6, creatine kinase, myoglobin, and total anti-oxidant status. Creatine kinase was significantly elevated at 96 hours post exercise, but with no significant differences between treatments. Myoglobin was significantly elevated above baseline at 2 and 96 hours, but with no differences between treatments. There was no effect for time or treatment on the total anti-oxidant status of the serum. Il-6 was significantly higher at 2 and 24 hours after exercise, but with no difference between treatments. The percent increase in interleukin-6 from baseline was significantly lower in the twice-daily POM supplementation group versus placebo (124.3 ± 9.4, 188.6 ± 16.0% of baseline; respectively) during the 2-96 hours following eccentric exercise, but no statistical difference between 1x and 2x or 1x and placebo was observed. This suggests that 8 days of supplementation with pomegranate juice concentrate twice a day significantly reduces the percent increase in a marker of inflammation (interleukin-6) during the 96 hours following eccentric exercise; however, neither supplement was different than the placebo in regards to all other measures. / text

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The involvement of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the sympathetic nervous system in the development of delayed-onset muscle soreness has not been established. I assessed the effect of etanercept, a TNF- α inhibitor, and atenolol, a β1-receptor antagonist, on DOMS induced in the quadriceps muscle. Thirteen male subjects reported to the exercise laboratory on three separate occasions, 6-15 weeks apart. In a randomised, double-blind cross-over format, I administered etanercept (25mg), atenolol (25mg) or placebo, one hour before the exercise. Subjects then completed four sets of 15 repetitions at 80% of their one repetition maximum (1RM) on a 45° inclined leg press machine. Muscle strength changes were detected by remeasuring the subject’s 1RM 24h, 48h and 72h after the exercise. Sensitivity to pressure of the quadriceps muscle was measured using a pressure algometer before and 24h, 48h and 72h after exercise. The subject’s perception of the pain was measured with the visual analogue scale and McGill Pain Questionnaire. Muscle tumour necrosis factor-alpha concentration was measured before exercise and then 2h and 24h after exercise in four subjects. Muscle strength was impaired 24h and 48h after exercise regardless of agent administered (P < 0.001). At 72h after exercise, muscle strength was significantly improved (P < 0.01) in subjects receiving etanercept and atenolol compared to those receiving placebo. The subject’s were significantly more sensitive to pressure applied to the quadriceps 24h, 48h and 72h after exercise compared to before exercise, regardless of agent administered (P < 0.001). The VAS was elevated significantly at all three time intervals, with no difference after etanercept or atenolol administration compared to that of placebo. There was no significant difference in the muscle TNF-α concentration between any of the time intervals or between subjects receiving placebo and etanercept (P=0.065). The administration of atenolol and etanercept, at the regimen used, had no effect on the soreness associated with DOMS.

The primary objective of this study was to determine if the intake of omega-3 fatty acids (O3FA), from self-selected foods and supplements, was associated with a reduction in muscle soreness in collegiate rowers. Several groups of collegiate rowers were identified as potential subjects and, using an IRB-approved protocol, 61 volunteers from this subject pool agreed to participate in the study. At the end of the first week of fall practice, subjects were asked to provide information on age, weight, height, ethnicity, rowing level, sun exposure, exercise regimen, pre- and peak-soreness and exertion levels, hydration status, and food/supplement intake. A Talag scale was used to determine the severity of muscle soreness, and a modified Borg scale was used to determine the exertion intensity level. A food frequency questionnaire using a 10-point Likert scale was used to assess food and supplement intake, with a special focus on O3FA. Subjects with a higher intake of EPA/DHA rich bottled supplemental fish oil, taken by spoon, had significantly higher soreness levels than those with lower intakes (p = 0.028). Higher soreness was also significantly associated with higher intake of EPA/DHA rich fish oil capsules (p < 0.001). Lower soreness was significantly associated with higher fruit intake (p = 0.030). These findings suggest that high intakes of O3FA from fish oils, regardless of liquid or capsule form, may be contraindicated for collegiate rowers wishing to reduce muscle soreness. Recommending fruit intake may be warranted for rowers wishing to reduce muscle soreness.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

O dano muscular leva a uma diminuição da função muscular. O Ultrassom Terapêutico (UST) tem mostrado promover o reparo dos tecidos, podendo ter um efeito positivo na recuperação do dano muscular. O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever os efeitos UST no dano muscular induzido pelo exercício. A amostra foi constituída de 40 sujeitos randomizados em grupo experimental (n=20) ou placebo (n=20). Os procedimentos do estudo compreenderam a avaliação da dor muscular, pico de torque isométrico (PTI), amplitude de movimento (ADM), espessura muscular, ecogenicidade, creatina cinase (CK) e interleucina 6 (IL-6) nos momentos pré, 0h, 24h, 48h, 72h e 96h após o protocolo de dano muscular nos flexores do cotovelo dominante; protocolo de indução de dano com quatro séries de10 contrações excêntricas e concêntricas no dinamômetro isocinético. O grupo experimental foi tratado com UST, com frequência de 1MHz, intensidade de pico de 0,8W/cm², intensidade média de 0,16W/cm² e razão de pulso de 1:4 no momento 0h, 24h, 48h, e 72h após o protocolo de dano muscular. O grupo placebo (n=20) recebeu aplicação do UST com todos os parâmetros zerados. Os resultados demonstram que a dor aumenta significativamente (p<0,05) após 24h e permanece elevada até 96 horas nos dois grupos (p<0,05). O PTI e ADM diminuem enquanto a espessura e a ecogenicidade muscular aumentam significativamente logo após o dano muscular e permanecem alterados até 96h (p<0,05). A concentração plasmática de CK aumentou significativamente após 72h e permaneceu elevada até 96 horas (p<0,05). A concentração plasmática de IL-6 não se alterou. Quando comparado os grupos, o grupo experimental demonstrou menor força do que o grupo placebo logo após o protocolo de dano (p<0,05). O grupo experimental apresentou uma queda menor na ADM de flexão em 96 horas comparado com o grupo placebo (p<0,05). O UST pulsado aplicado diariamente não reduz significativamente a dor, espessura muscular, ecogenicidade muscular e a creatina cinase mesmo após 96h do dano muscular. A aplicação do UST pulsado após o dano parece ter efeito negativo sobre a força muscular. No entanto, seu efeito é positivo em relação à ADM de flexão após 96h. / Muscle damage leads to a decrease of muscle function. Therapeutic Ultrasound (UST) has shown to promote tissue repair and may have a positive effect on the recovery of muscle damage. The aim of this study was to describe the UST effects on muscle damage induced by exercises. The sample consisted of 40 randomized people in the experimental (n=20) or placebo group (n=20). The study procedures understood the assessment of muscle pain, peak torque isometric (PTI), range of motion (ROM), muscle thickness, echointensity, creatine kinase (CK) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) for the pre and 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after the protocol of muscle damage in the dominant elbow flexors; damage induction protocol with four series of ten eccentric and concentric contractions on the isokinetic dynamometer. The experimental group was treated with UST with a frequency of 1MHz, peak intensity of 0.8 W/cm², average intensity of 0,16W/cm² and pulse rate of 1:4 in the 0h, 24h, 48h e 72h following the protocol of muscle damage. The placebo group received application of UST with all parameters set to zero. The results demonstrate that pain increases significantly and remains high after 24 to 96 hours in both groups (p<0.05). The PTI, ADM decrease while thickness and muscle echointensity increase significantly soon after muscle damage and remain changed to 96h (p<0.05). The plasma concentration of CK increased significantly after 72h and remained elevated up to 96 hours (p<0.05). The plasma concentration of IL-6 did not change. When comparing groups, the experimental group demonstrated lower force than the placebo group soon after the injury protocol (p<0.05). The experimental group had a smaller decrease in flexion ROM within 96 hours compared with the placebo group (p<0.05). The pulsed UST daily applied did not significantly reduce pain, muscle thickness, muscle echointensity and creatine kinase , even after 96 hours of muscle damage. The application of pulsed UST after the damage seems to have a negative effect on muscle strength. However, its effect is positive in relation to flexion ROM after 96 hours.

O dano muscular leva a uma diminuição da função muscular. O Ultrassom Terapêutico (UST) tem mostrado promover o reparo dos tecidos, podendo ter um efeito positivo na recuperação do dano muscular. O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever os efeitos UST no dano muscular induzido pelo exercício. A amostra foi constituída de 40 sujeitos randomizados em grupo experimental (n=20) ou placebo (n=20). Os procedimentos do estudo compreenderam a avaliação da dor muscular, pico de torque isométrico (PTI), amplitude de movimento (ADM), espessura muscular, ecogenicidade, creatina cinase (CK) e interleucina 6 (IL-6) nos momentos pré, 0h, 24h, 48h, 72h e 96h após o protocolo de dano muscular nos flexores do cotovelo dominante; protocolo de indução de dano com quatro séries de10 contrações excêntricas e concêntricas no dinamômetro isocinético. O grupo experimental foi tratado com UST, com frequência de 1MHz, intensidade de pico de 0,8W/cm², intensidade média de 0,16W/cm² e razão de pulso de 1:4 no momento 0h, 24h, 48h, e 72h após o protocolo de dano muscular. O grupo placebo (n=20) recebeu aplicação do UST com todos os parâmetros zerados. Os resultados demonstram que a dor aumenta significativamente (p<0,05) após 24h e permanece elevada até 96 horas nos dois grupos (p<0,05). O PTI e ADM diminuem enquanto a espessura e a ecogenicidade muscular aumentam significativamente logo após o dano muscular e permanecem alterados até 96h (p<0,05). A concentração plasmática de CK aumentou significativamente após 72h e permaneceu elevada até 96 horas (p<0,05). A concentração plasmática de IL-6 não se alterou. Quando comparado os grupos, o grupo experimental demonstrou menor força do que o grupo placebo logo após o protocolo de dano (p<0,05). O grupo experimental apresentou uma queda menor na ADM de flexão em 96 horas comparado com o grupo placebo (p<0,05). O UST pulsado aplicado diariamente não reduz significativamente a dor, espessura muscular, ecogenicidade muscular e a creatina cinase mesmo após 96h do dano muscular. A aplicação do UST pulsado após o dano parece ter efeito negativo sobre a força muscular. No entanto, seu efeito é positivo em relação à ADM de flexão após 96h. / Muscle damage leads to a decrease of muscle function. Therapeutic Ultrasound (UST) has shown to promote tissue repair and may have a positive effect on the recovery of muscle damage. The aim of this study was to describe the UST effects on muscle damage induced by exercises. The sample consisted of 40 randomized people in the experimental (n=20) or placebo group (n=20). The study procedures understood the assessment of muscle pain, peak torque isometric (PTI), range of motion (ROM), muscle thickness, echointensity, creatine kinase (CK) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) for the pre and 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after the protocol of muscle damage in the dominant elbow flexors; damage induction protocol with four series of ten eccentric and concentric contractions on the isokinetic dynamometer. The experimental group was treated with UST with a frequency of 1MHz, peak intensity of 0.8 W/cm², average intensity of 0,16W/cm² and pulse rate of 1:4 in the 0h, 24h, 48h e 72h following the protocol of muscle damage. The placebo group received application of UST with all parameters set to zero. The results demonstrate that pain increases significantly and remains high after 24 to 96 hours in both groups (p<0.05). The PTI, ADM decrease while thickness and muscle echointensity increase significantly soon after muscle damage and remain changed to 96h (p<0.05). The plasma concentration of CK increased significantly after 72h and remained elevated up to 96 hours (p<0.05). The plasma concentration of IL-6 did not change. When comparing groups, the experimental group demonstrated lower force than the placebo group soon after the injury protocol (p<0.05). The experimental group had a smaller decrease in flexion ROM within 96 hours compared with the placebo group (p<0.05). The pulsed UST daily applied did not significantly reduce pain, muscle thickness, muscle echointensity and creatine kinase , even after 96 hours of muscle damage. The application of pulsed UST after the damage seems to have a negative effect on muscle strength. However, its effect is positive in relation to flexion ROM after 96 hours.

O dano muscular leva a uma diminuição da função muscular. O Ultrassom Terapêutico (UST) tem mostrado promover o reparo dos tecidos, podendo ter um efeito positivo na recuperação do dano muscular. O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever os efeitos UST no dano muscular induzido pelo exercício. A amostra foi constituída de 40 sujeitos randomizados em grupo experimental (n=20) ou placebo (n=20). Os procedimentos do estudo compreenderam a avaliação da dor muscular, pico de torque isométrico (PTI), amplitude de movimento (ADM), espessura muscular, ecogenicidade, creatina cinase (CK) e interleucina 6 (IL-6) nos momentos pré, 0h, 24h, 48h, 72h e 96h após o protocolo de dano muscular nos flexores do cotovelo dominante; protocolo de indução de dano com quatro séries de10 contrações excêntricas e concêntricas no dinamômetro isocinético. O grupo experimental foi tratado com UST, com frequência de 1MHz, intensidade de pico de 0,8W/cm², intensidade média de 0,16W/cm² e razão de pulso de 1:4 no momento 0h, 24h, 48h, e 72h após o protocolo de dano muscular. O grupo placebo (n=20) recebeu aplicação do UST com todos os parâmetros zerados. Os resultados demonstram que a dor aumenta significativamente (p<0,05) após 24h e permanece elevada até 96 horas nos dois grupos (p<0,05). O PTI e ADM diminuem enquanto a espessura e a ecogenicidade muscular aumentam significativamente logo após o dano muscular e permanecem alterados até 96h (p<0,05). A concentração plasmática de CK aumentou significativamente após 72h e permaneceu elevada até 96 horas (p<0,05). A concentração plasmática de IL-6 não se alterou. Quando comparado os grupos, o grupo experimental demonstrou menor força do que o grupo placebo logo após o protocolo de dano (p<0,05). O grupo experimental apresentou uma queda menor na ADM de flexão em 96 horas comparado com o grupo placebo (p<0,05). O UST pulsado aplicado diariamente não reduz significativamente a dor, espessura muscular, ecogenicidade muscular e a creatina cinase mesmo após 96h do dano muscular. A aplicação do UST pulsado após o dano parece ter efeito negativo sobre a força muscular. No entanto, seu efeito é positivo em relação à ADM de flexão após 96h. / Muscle damage leads to a decrease of muscle function. Therapeutic Ultrasound (UST) has shown to promote tissue repair and may have a positive effect on the recovery of muscle damage. The aim of this study was to describe the UST effects on muscle damage induced by exercises. The sample consisted of 40 randomized people in the experimental (n=20) or placebo group (n=20). The study procedures understood the assessment of muscle pain, peak torque isometric (PTI), range of motion (ROM), muscle thickness, echointensity, creatine kinase (CK) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) for the pre and 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after the protocol of muscle damage in the dominant elbow flexors; damage induction protocol with four series of ten eccentric and concentric contractions on the isokinetic dynamometer. The experimental group was treated with UST with a frequency of 1MHz, peak intensity of 0.8 W/cm², average intensity of 0,16W/cm² and pulse rate of 1:4 in the 0h, 24h, 48h e 72h following the protocol of muscle damage. The placebo group received application of UST with all parameters set to zero. The results demonstrate that pain increases significantly and remains high after 24 to 96 hours in both groups (p<0.05). The PTI, ADM decrease while thickness and muscle echointensity increase significantly soon after muscle damage and remain changed to 96h (p<0.05). The plasma concentration of CK increased significantly after 72h and remained elevated up to 96 hours (p<0.05). The plasma concentration of IL-6 did not change. When comparing groups, the experimental group demonstrated lower force than the placebo group soon after the injury protocol (p<0.05). The experimental group had a smaller decrease in flexion ROM within 96 hours compared with the placebo group (p<0.05). The pulsed UST daily applied did not significantly reduce pain, muscle thickness, muscle echointensity and creatine kinase , even after 96 hours of muscle damage. The application of pulsed UST after the damage seems to have a negative effect on muscle strength. However, its effect is positive in relation to flexion ROM after 96 hours.

Bakgrund Träningsvärk är ett vanligt förekommande fenomen som uppstår efter ovan, excentrisk eller högintensiv träning. Svullnad, muskelömhet, samt nedsatt muskelfunktion och ledrörlighet är symptom som är förknippade med träningsvärk. Det finns ett antal olika behandlingsmetoder för att lindra dessa symptom. För närvarande finns dock en diskrepans i litteraturen angående de olika behandlingarnas effekt.   Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur ett kylbandage applicerat över m. quadriceps femoris direkt efter utförd träning påverkar muskelstyrka, knäledens rörlighet och upplevd träningsvärk 48 timmar efter träning.   Metod Nitton personer rekryterades till studien. Vid första tillfället utvärderades låromfång, upplevd träningsvärk och m. quadriceps femoris flexibilitet med Ely’s test. I en isokinetisk träningsmaskin mättes maximalt och genomsnittligt vridmoment vid 60°/s och 180°/s. Försökspersonerna genomgick ett styrketräningsprotokoll innehållande koncentriska och excentriska moment. Vänster m. quadriceps kylbehandlades sedan med kylbandage i 60 min. Fyrtioåtta timmar senare upprepades samtliga mätningar. Muskelflexibilitet, låromfång, muskelstyrka samt smärta användes som utvärderingsmått.   Resultat Resultatet visade signifikant mindre upplevd träningsvärk i behandlat ben än i obehandlat vid aktiv knäextension. Det fanns en signifikant ökning av genomsnittligt vridmoment för obehandlat ben vid 180°/s. Ingen signifikant skillnad erhölls gällande knäledens rörlighet, upplevd träningsvärk vid Ely’s test, eller skillnad i maximalt vridmoment och totalt utfört arbete.   Konklusion Kylbandage som appliceras över m. quadriceps femoris direkt efter högintensiv träning kan eventuellt lindra upplevd träningsvärk, men minskar ej de relaterade funktionsnedsättningarna. Mot tidigare litteratur och diskrepansen i denna, är vidare forskning nödvändig för att fastställa kylbehandlingens effekter på träningsvärk. / Background Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is common after unaccustomed, eccentric or high-intensity exercise. Swelling, soreness, impaired muscle function and joint mobility are associated with DOMS. There are several types of treatment strategies to relieve these symptoms. However, there is a discrepancy in the literature regarding the effect of these treatments.   Objective The purpose was to investigate how a cold bandage applied on quadriceps femoris immediate after performed high-intensity exercise, affects strength, muscle flexibility and perceived DOMS 48 hours post-exercise.   Methods Nineteen subjects were recruited. At the first occasion thigh circumference, Ely’s test and DOMS were evaluated. Peak torque and average peak torque were measured with a training device at 60°/s and 180°/s. The participants underwent a strengthening exercise protocol consisting of concentric/eccentric components. The left quadriceps femoris was then treated with a cold bandage for 60 minutes. All tests were repeated 48 hours post-exercise. Muscle flexibility, thigh circumference, strength and perceived DOMS were evaluated.   Results There was significantly less self-estimated DOMS in the treated leg compared to the untreated, during an active extension of the knee. There was a significant increase of the average peak torque in the untreated leg at 180°/s. No significant difference was obtained regarding muscle flexibility, self-estimated DOMS during Ely’s test, peak torque or total work.   Conclusion A cold bandage applied on quadriceps femoris after high-intensity exercise may be effective as treatment of self-estimated DOMS, but has no beneficial effect on the loss of function. Further research is required to establish the effect of the treatment strategy.