by Lau Chiu Kay. / Bibliography: leaves 84-92 / Thesis (M.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1983

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 19-45). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

The purpose of this case study was to explore and understand the function of music in an infant community. By observing the musical behaviors of seven children under the age of two in both childcare and home settings, I sought to gain new insights that can inform parents, caregivers, and educators about the engagement with and possible functions of music for infants. The theories of Communicative Musicality and psychobiological needs informed this study and provided the lenses through which I observed infant musicality. Data collection comprised semi-structured interviews with parents at home, interviews with teachers, weekly infant room observation fieldnotes, weekly infant music class video observations, parent and teacher diary entries, and artifacts such as memos, videos, and photos from the childcare and home settings. Data analysis involved identifying infant musical behaviors and their possible functions with respect to the child’s musical experience, framed as episodes. Through the use of portraiture, the individual music making of each infant was described within the contexts of the home, school, field observation, and music class settings, and relationships that developed through musical interactions were highlighted within the infant community. Results indicate that vocal and movement behaviors were the most prominent behaviors identified overall, and communication had the highest frequency of all functions. In contrast to the school-based teacher and researcher field observation settings where vocal behaviors were high, movement behaviors were identified as most prevalent during music class. The child-centered emergent curriculum provided space for the infants to demonstrate choice and leadership by setting up musical toys, pointing to an instrument, moving to indicate direction in a song, bringing song books to adults, singing fragments of songs, participating on the periphery, and gesturing for more. Infants listened and engaged in music class by moving and playing instruments and displayed their attentiveness by later recalling and initiating these activities in other settings. Increased infant room vocalizations outside music time included those resulting from delayed imitation and extensions from music class. Music is a social endeavor wherein infants build community, motivating leadership, friendship, and kinship.

This qualitative, multi-case study examined trans and non-binary singers in the applied voice studio. The purpose of this study was to explore (1) the impact of music participation on the identities of trans and non-binary singers, (2) the experiences of trans and non-binary singers taking private singing lessons, and (3) the strategies and practices of their voice teachers. Purposeful sampling of four singers included two trans men and two non-binary individuals. Four teachers with prior experience in teaching trans or non-binary singers included two teachers identifying as trans men, and two cisgender (one female, one male) teachers. Data were collected through interviews and lesson observations, presented through portraiture analysis to provide an insider’s view of the experiences, perspectives, and practices of the participants. Findings and implications emerged through cross-case analyses. The results indicate that gender impacts musical spaces. While participation in musical activities created an outlet for some singers to explore their trans or non-binary identity, the reification of the gender binary in musical spaces was oppressive for others. Students modeled high self-efficacy by showing perceived competence to change discriminatory policies and practices in music and the performing arts. Teachers demonstrated emotional support in the applied studio by being cognizant of student needs. While the training of each student looked distinct, teachers affirmed students through student-centered pedagogical approaches, allowing students to guide their vocal training and development. Teachers discussed the need for adept understanding of vocal technique in training trans and non-binary singers. All four trans men (two students and two teachers) discussed their voice modification through testosterone replacement therapy. The two non-binary singers, not engaged in medical voice modulation, discussed changes in their voices through singing lessons. The research posits that curricular development in vocal pedagogy courses is needed to educate singing teachers on cultural competency and trans and non-binary vocality. This study revealed the need to examine applied teacher readiness in educating trans and non-binary singing. Research on the longitudinal effects of testosterone on the voice is warranted. Additional scholarship is needed in working with trans or non-binary voices not engaging in hormone replacement therapy.

Music conservatories play an important role in the musical development of musicians. Students often choose to attend a conservatory because they are seeking to focus their efforts on honing their skills as performers, composers, or both. The use of music technology has increased in recent years as hardware and software has become more user friendly, resulting in the incorporation of music technology into the professional practice of musicians. While the innovation of technology has been swift, the adoption of music technology by educators in music conservatories has been slow when compared to those in other institutions of higher education. With each passing year, conservatories are graduating an increasing number of musicians who are met with greater expectations than those of previous generations. This multi-site case study investigated the perceived role of technology in the conservatory curriculum as reported by conservatory students and faculty. Further, this study examined the supports that are in place, for both students and faculty, in regard to integrating technology into current and future curricula. Research has been conducted to investigate the integration of technology into curricula; however, the research tends to focus on challenges for technology integration rather than technology as a tool for supporting sound pedagogical practice. Findings from this study indicate that students wish to see an increased presence of music technology in the curriculum as they hone their skills during their studies. Further, increased access to music technology, as well as support on using music technology in effective and engaging ways during instruction was identified. Conservatories can benefit from additional staff positions to support the use of music technology, frequent and relevant professional development for faculty, additional computer laboratories for student and faculty use, and increased communication between students, faculty and administration on the use of music technology throughout the conservatory. The implications of the findings and recommendations have the potential to positively impact the experience of students in conservatory communities. Future avenues of research might investigate the relevance of conservatory pedagogy in modern music performance and composition, pathways to support consistent and relevant professional development, and necessary supports to increase access to music technology for faculty and students.

Game-based learning, or the process of adapting an educational concept into a game-based structure, has been studied by researchers for nearly a century. Over the last several decades, new technologies have allowed digital media to create a multibillion- dollar entertainment industry commonly known as video games. Video games have become a tool for many educators who have the potential to engage and motivate students to learn in various subjects and disciplines. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of digital game-based learning in comparison to other teaching methods as related to music education and to explore the perspectives of young students regarding video games both in school and in their personal lives. Ninety-two (n = 92) fifth and sixth grade students in a northeastern U.S. elementary school completed a mixed-method experimental study consisting of a pretest/posttest control group, surveys, and in-depth interviews. Results showed that students who had access to educational video games combined with the assistance of an instructor achieved higher mean scores compared with students who had access to either video games without instruction or instruction without video games. Survey and interview data suggested that students enjoyed playing video games on a regular basis for reasons such as enjoyment, socialization, and distraction. The majority of respondents believed that video games can and should be used in educational practices, including music education, but current educational games are inadequate because they do not possess the qualities of entertainment that are inherent in commercially designed games. These findings suggested that educational video games may be potentially used as an effective tool in the music classroom to teach musical concepts and skills. In addition, benefits may also include increased student motivation, engagement, and a hands-on approach to learning that is based on the students’ individual needs. However, it may be necessary for video games to be used in combination with a qualified teacher to prevent confusion, distraction, and possible frustration. Pairing quality instruction with engaging technology that is relevant in children’s lives may be highly beneficial for the continued development of music education.

This study explored the personal narratives of six AFAB (“assigned female at birth”) singers – three cis and three trans/non-binary performers of varying ages, ethnicities and locales – to understand how their experiences informed their musical, vocal and gender identities and shaped their musical and vocal lives. Using semi-structured interview process, the singers recounted their memories and understanding of significant events in their development, and together, each singer and I explored those recollections through a process of collaborative self-exploration. Emerging themes from those narratives underscored the need for further investigation into the intersection of AFAB voice, singing and gender, as both existing literature and the results of this study suggest a deeper understanding of the issues around gender socialization, normative expectations and voice is necessary to appropriately and effectively prepare singers at all levels of their musical and vocal education. Study results found that there are many sources of socially-mediated influences which shape AFAB singers’ development of self, their individual and social identities, and their perceptions of their voice – particularly in the context of normative expectations that define gender and gender identities. While all study participants clearly experienced pleasure in musical performance, the narratives revealed a complex web of expectations and influences that contributed significant amounts of anxiety, with both physiological and psychological repercussions, to the performers’ lives. The ways in which the singers both fell victim to and addressed these sources of stress suggest many topics for further exploration and discussion within the professional voice and music education community, including the role of expert influence, the development of personal agency and perceived self-efficacy, as well as the need for individualized, holistic approaches to vocal pedagogy.

This study was an investigation of the effects of guided listening upon instrumental music performances of junior college students. The study also sought to discover possible significant relationships between perception and performance variables. It was concluded that the guided listening program was ineffective in improving music performances of junior college students. It was recommended that (a) this study be replicated utilizing string, voice, and piano students, (b) an experimental study be made to investigate the effects of music theory instruction upon music performance, (c) an experimental study be made to investigate the effects of music history instruction upon music performance, and (d) an investigation be made of the Abeles performance constructs interpretation, tone, rhythm-continuity, intonation, tempo, and articulation, in an effort to ascertain ways in which expression of these constructs may be improved.

Orientador: Sonia Marta Rodrigues Raymundo / Banca: Fausto Borém de Oliveira / Banca: Sonia Regina Albano de Lima / Resumo: Este trabalho discute técnicas estendidas (TE) para contrabaixo acústico aplicadas em práticas de performance e em procedimentos de ensino do instrumento no Brasil. O conceito de técnicas estendidas aqui utilizado compreende duas visões muito aceitas atualmente por estudiosos do tema: elementos inovadores ou elementos tradicionais em contextos diferenciados (Ray, 2011). A revisão da literatura apresentada traz os principais trabalhos sobre o tema publicados no Brasil além de alguns selecionados da literatura estrangeira. Dentro deste contexto, foram escolhidas cinco composições do repertório brasileiro contemporâneo para contrabaixo solista ou de câmara que utilizam as TE. São elas: Interação (1985) para contrabaixo e piano de Raul do Valle (n.1936), Die Berge (1990) para contrabaixo solo de Silvia de Lucca (n.1960), Adagio (2001) para quarteto de contrabaixos de João Pedro Oliveira (n.1959), Gestos (2010) para contrabaixo, clarinete e trompete de Danilo Rossetti (n.1978) e Resto no Copo (2010) para contrabaixo e live-eletronics de Rael Bertarelli Gimenes Toffolo (n.1976). Estas composições serviram como base para um estudo de uso das TE no processo de preparação para a performance. A experiência de inserir as TE nos planos de ensino dos estudantes de contrabaixo do Instituto Bacarelli (IB)-SP são relatadas. Os resultados incluem ganhos no processo de aprendizagem e criações coletivas de peças para o grupo de contrabaixo. Como principal conclusão este trabalho apresenta possibilidades de aplicação de TE mescladas com técnicas tradicionais tanto na preparação para a performance quanto no estudo técnico do instrumento / Abstract: This discusses extended techniques (TE) applied to acoustic bass performance practices and teaching procedures in this instrument in Brazil. The concept of extended techniques used here includes the two points of view commonly accepted by scholars these days: innovating elements and traditional elements within different contexts (Ray, 2011). The annotaded bibliography includes relevant Brazilian literature on the subject as well as foreign titles. Within this context, five compositions were selected from the contemporary Brazilian contrabass solo or chamber repertoire using of TE. They are: Interação (1985) for contrabass and piano by Raul do Valle (b.1936), Die Berge (1990) for contrabass solo by Silvia Lucca (b.1960), Adagio (2001) for contrabass quartet by João Pedro Oliveira (b.1959), Gestos (2010) for contrabass, clarinet and trumpet by Danilo Rosseti (b.1978) and o Resto do Copo (2010) for contrabass and live-eletronics by Rael Bertarelli Gimenes Toffolo (b.1976). These compositions served as basis for a study on the use of the TE in the process of performance preparation. The experience of using TE in the process of teaching bass students at the Baccarelli Institute (IB) was reported. The results include optimization of the learning process and collective creations of pieces for bass groups. As main conclusion this work presents possibilities of TE mixed with tradiotional techniques applied to both performance preparation and technical studies of the intrument / Mestre

Orientador: Marisa Trench de O. Fonterrada / Banca: Alberto Tsuyoshi Ikeda / Banca: Maria Teresa Alencar de Brito / Resumo: Em virtude da Lei nº 11.769/2008, que dispõe sobre a obrigatoriedade do ensino da Música na Educação Básica, foram observadas lacunas de pesquisas em relação aos conhecimentos atuais para atender as demandas didáticas nesse nível pedagógico. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo visou verificar e registrar a existência da música, dos jogos e brincadeiras musicais da tradição na cultura da escola estudada. Objetivou, por outro viés, localizar um aspecto da vida social, representado pelo jogo e a brincadeira musicais, considerados como tema da educação musical, da educação geral e de estudos sociais. Pretendeu, além disso, analisar a viabilidade de sua utilização em aulas de Educação Musical e Arte-Educação, no ensino fundamental. Devido às múltiplas propostas inseridas no interior da temática, surgidas ao se trabalhar com a cultura popular, adotou-se como ponto de partida as relações de complexidade existentes no objeto a ser pesquisado. O estudo destas relações foi embasado no pensamento sistêmico, na teoria da complexidade aplicada à Educação e fundamentou-se, também, metodologicamente, em autores da área das Ciências Sociais, o que resultou em um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa realizada junto ao corpo discente de uma escola pública de ensino fundamental II, na cidade de São Paulo. Realizaram-se levantamento e registro, por meio de entrevistas, caderno de campo, questionários e gravações em vídeo. Ao final da investigação, analisou-se o material recolhido relativo ao tema da pesquisa, além de outros, conexos ou transversais com os seguintes resultados: os jogos e brincadeiras musicais e a educação musical se imbricam em questões técnicas musicais criadas pela ação de jogar e brincar, na sensibilização pela música, por meio dos elementos de natureza social e relacionados com o... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: student body from a public school in basic education II, in the city of Sao Paulo. The study aimed to verify the existence of traditional music, musical ludic activities and frolics, as well as to deepen its investigation and register its presence in the culture of the studied school, in case it was, indeed, present. Furthermore, it aimed to locate an aspect of social life, which is musical ludic activity and frolic, considered a matter of music education, education and social studies. It intended to analyze the feasibility of its use in Music Education and Art Education classes in primary school. Due to the multiple proposals contained within the theme, encountered when working with popular culture, the complex relations that exist within the object of research were adopted as a starting point. The study of these relations was grounded in Maturana's systems thinking (1998, 2001), Maturana; Verden-Zöller (2004) and in the complexity theory applied to Education, as it is presented in Edgard Morin's proposal (2011a, 2011b). It was also based, methodologically, in Fernandes (1979), Cândido (1975) and Magnani (1998), amongst others, in the Social Sciences area. Surveys and records were made, through interviews, field notes, questionnaires and video recordings. At the end of the study, the collected material and the content related to the research topic, in addition to others, connected or transverse, were analyzed. It was established that the study proposals achieved their goals. It is intended to forward the prepared material... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre