Os objetivos desta tese de doutorado são: ampliar a compreensão da música contemporânea a partir do pensamento filosófico de Bergson, Bachelard e Messiaen sobre o tempo; discutir a expansão do conceito de ritmo no século XX; e aproximar do processo de composição musical a noção de plano das artes visuais. Dada a natureza específica da experiência temporal em música, essas ferramentas teóricas proporcionarão uma abordagem original do repertório contemporâneo, entendendo suas composições como processos de transformações simultâneas, constituídos de planos sonoros multidimensionais. / The objectives of this thesis are: to expand the understanding of contemporary music by applying time concepts developed by Bergson, Bachelard and Messiaen; to discuss the expansion of the concept of rhythm in the 20th century; and to approximate the concepts of planes in visual arts to the process of music composition. Given the nature of temporal experience in music, these analytical tools will enable an original approach to the contemporary repertoire, by applying the concepts of simultaneous transformation processes and multidimensional sound planes.

Esta dissertação desenvolve uma análise musical de Concert à quatre (1990-1991), obra composta por Olivier Messiaen para quatro solistas (flauta, oboé, violoncelo, piano) e grande orquestra, apresentando os procedimentos harmônicos e os principais elementos que caracterizam a linguagem do compositor. Busca identificar e compreender a utilização de conceitos estabelecidos por Messiaen, bem como investigar os processos que estruturam a harmonia de Concert à quatre, priorizando uma abordagem baseada na análise das vozes comuns. Destacando Vingt Leçons d\'Harmonie (1951) no interior do levantamento bibliográfico que relaciona estudos sobre a produção bibliográfica do compositor, associa-o com os principais elementos composicionais de Concert à quatre e aborda referenciais que remetem à formação teórico-musical de Messiaen. Utiliza a segmentação por conjuntos e o mapeamento de vozes comuns em sucessões de acordes como ferramentas analíticas. O resultado da análise demonstra como os Modos de Transposições Limitadas e seus subconjuntos estruturam a obra, concomitante à ocorrência de breves tonicizações e à formação de centros referenciais harmônicos, evidenciando alturas e intervalos recorrentes. Além disso, destaca o uso dos elementos finalizadores de seções e os constituintes de trechos transitórios, os quais consolidam a sonoridade gerada pelas seções. / This work develops a musical analysis of Concert à quatre (1990-1), a work for four soloists (flute, oboe, cello, piano) and large orchestra, by Olivier Messiaen, presenting the harmonic procedures and the main elements that characterize his compositional language. Seeks to identify and understand the use of concepts established by Messiaen, as well as investigate the processes that structure Concert à quatre harmony getting priority to an approach based on analysis of common voices. Highlighting Vingt Leçons d\'Harmonie (1951) within the literature that relates studies on the bibliographic production of the composer, it associates this production with the main compositional elements of Concert à quatre and addresses references that refer to Messiaen\'s theoretical and musical studies. It uses sets segmentation and mapping common voices chord sequences as analytical tools. The analysis shows how the Modes of Limited Transposition and its subsets structure the work, being concurrent with the occurrence of brief tonicizations and forming harmonic reference centers, showing classes and recurring intervals. Furthermore, it emphasizes the use of the elements that are finishers constituent sections and transient portions, looking forward to consolidate the sound generated by each section.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo investigar as possibilidades de aplicação dos principais conceitos da solmização e do contraponto na música inglesa entre os séculos XVI e XVII. Para a realização deste propósito, partindo de uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica, foram selecionados os tratados de William Bathe (c. 1596), Thomas Morley (1597), Thomas Campion (c. 1613), John Playford (1655) e Christopher Simpson (1667) que foram sistematicamente estudados. Em seguida, selecionaram-se 40 canções compostas pelos autores das preceptivas acima. As peças foram analisadas de forma a verificar se as regras do contraponto e da solmização oferecidas nos tratados possibilitam uma aplicação prática real nos exemplos musicais, e, de forma geral, se os preceitos contidos nos tratados permitem o efetivo aprendizado da solmização e do contraponto. Considerando a escassez de trabalhos em português discorrendo especificamente sobre a solmização e sobre o contraponto na música inglesa, este trabalho oferece uma contribuição relevante para futuros estudos sobre o assunto. / The objective of this study is to investigate the possibilities of the use of the main concepts of solmization and counterpoint in the English music betweeen the XVI and XVII centuries. To this purpose, I carried a comprehensive bibliographical research and then selected and systematically studied the following treatises: William Bathe (c. 1596), Thomas Morley (1597), Thomas Campion (c. 1613), John Playford (1655) and Christopher Simpson (1667). Secondly, I chose and analyzed 40 songs by these authors in order to verify if the rules of counterpoint and solmization presented in the treatises in actual fact enable a practical use in the musical samples and, broadly speaking, if the precepts found in the treatises promote the effective learning of solmization and counterpoint. Taking into consideration the lack of studies in the Portuguese language specifically covering solmization and counterpoint in the English music, this study offers a relevant contribution to future studies on this subject.

Este trabalho irá discutir o emprego da forma sonata na música atonal da primeira metade do século XX a partir das análises das seguintes sonatas para piano: Opus No. 1 de Alban Berg, Opus 33a de Arnold Schoenberg e a Sonata 1942 de Cláudio Santoro. Em comum estas obras apresentam seu plano estrutural de forma sonata resultante de procedimentos composicionais desligados do sistema de funcionalidades do tonalismo. O objetivo será verificar como a forma sonata pode ser estruturada a partir de técnicas dodecafônicas, qual a relevância do uso desta forma clássica para a técnica empregada e através de quais procedimentos construtivos esta forma se faz possível dentro de uma linguagem atonal, já que se origina da realização da harmonia tonal tradicional. A pesquisa fundamenta-se em ferramentas analíticas e em corpo teórico desenvolvido na área musicológica nas últimas décadas, principalmente. Como conclusão irá apresentar os elementos composicionais e conceituais que conectam as obras entre si e com a tradição clássica da forma sonata, além de apontar para a ocorrência de técnicas composicionais importantes para o desenvolvimento da música a partir da primeira metade do século XX. / This thesis studies the use of Sonata form in the atonal music of the first half of the XXth Century, based in the analysis of the following Piano Sonatas: Alban Bergs Opus 1, Arnold Schoenbergs Op.33a e Claudio Santoros Sonata 1942. These works share procedures of developing structural plans similar to Sonata forms that use compositional procedures disconnected from the functions of the tonal system. Our main purpose will be to verify how a Sonata may be structured after dodecaphonic techniques. Other goals is to evaluate the relevance of the use of a classical form for the method of the dodecaphonic technique, and what are the developing procedures that allow this form to be employed in the atonal language, since it originated in close connection with the traditional tonal harmony. The research is based in analytical techniques and in the body of knowledge developed by recent musicological analysis. As a conclusion it presents the compositional and conceptual elements that connect the three works and also each of them with the classical tradition of the Sonata form. Besides that it points also to the use of compositional techniques important for the development of the musical language after the first half of the XXth Century.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar as influências e traços da retórica na gênese das formas musicais. Parte-se do pressuposto de que, a partir do desenvolvimento de uma música instrumental autônoma, emancipada da palavra, a herança retórica contribuiu para a disposição formal do material sonoro, bem como para harmonizar coerentemente as relações entre forma e conteúdo. O estudo propõe uma visão da retórica grega e latina contraposta à abordagem tradicionalmente sistemática das formas musicais. Ambas são, então, relacionadas por meio dos conceitos retóricomusicais, estabelecidos e codificados preponderantemente no século XVIII, em consonância com a fundamentação aristotélica. Esta intersecção permite uma reavaliação das práticas analíticas, enriquecendo-as a partir da introdução da metáfora da oração e da função persuasiva que integram o processo composicional. Vislumbra-se, por tais procedimentos, a reavaliação das possibilidades semânticas ocultas pela codificação sintática. / This research aims to investigate the influences and traces of rhetoric in the genesis of the musical forms. It is based on the assumption that, starting from the development of an autonomous instrumental music, emancipated from the word, the rhetoric inheritance contributed for the formal disposition of sonorous material, as well to harmonize coherently the relation between structure and content. The study proposes a vision of Greek and Latin rhetoric as compared to the traditionally systematic approach of the musical forms. Both are, then, related through rhetoric-musical concepts, established and codified predominantly in the eighteenth century, in consonance with the Aristotelic bases. This intersection permits a re-evaluation of the analytical practices, enriching them with the introduction of the metaphor of the oration and by the persuasive function that integrates the compositional process. One gains a glimpse, that through such procedures, of the re-evaluation of the semantical possibilities hidden by the syntactic codification.

La présente recherche se traduit par une étude critique, analytique et comparative combinée à la transcription de tout le corpus musical du mâlûf tunisien tel qu’il nous a été transmis dans un ouvrage datant de 1871 intitulé Ghâyatu al-surûri wal-munâ’ al-jâmi‘u li-daqâ’iqi raqâ'iqi al-mûsîqâ wal-ghinâ (Bien-être et bonheur parfait par le raffinement de la musique et du chant). Ce document représente une référence unique pour mieux percevoir la réalité musicale de l’époque mais aussi pour une meilleure approche comparative quant aux différentes mutations que la musique tunisienne a pu connaître durant la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle et ce à divers niveaux dont celui de la terminologie, de l'instrumentation, de l'interprétation et du corpus aussi bien vocal qu'instrumental. / The present research is a critical, analytical and comparative study combined with the transcription of the whole Tunisian mâlûf’s musical corpus as it was transmitted in the 1871 work entitled Ghâyatu al-surûri wal-munâ ' al-jâmi‘u li-daqâ'iqi raqâ' iqi al-mûsîqâ wal-ghinâ (Perfect welfare and happiness through the refinement of the music and singing). This document represents a unique reference to a better understanding of the musical reality at that time but also a better comparative approach related to the different transformations of the Tunisian music during the second half of the 19th century at diverse levels among which there are the terminology, instrumentation, interpretation (performance) as well as the vocal and instrumental corpus.

Fait unique dans l’histoire du cinéma, les partitions du gigantesque cycle dischronique qu’est la saga Star Wars, couvrant une période très étirée de vingt-huit ans, sont toutes de la main de John Williams. Cette constance compositionnelle devrait a priori faire des deux trilogies (1977-1983 et 1999-2005) un tout cohérent et unifié, d’autant que George Lucas envisage les six épisodes comme une seule et même entité. Pourtant, l’unité musicale de l’hexalogie et la signature musicale « starwarsienne » sont loin d’aller de soi, prenant la forme d’un idéal dénué de fondements solides réels.En adoptant une approche comparative transversale et en faisant varier différentes échelles d’analyse (épisode, trilogie, saga), la présente thèse a ainsi pour projet de montrer de quelles manières le matériau musical, les pratiques compositionnelles de Williams, mais aussi le traitement et l’intégration de la partition au sein du complexe audio-visuel font l’objet de profondes transformations entre les deux trilogies. Notre recherche interroge également dans quelle mesure et selon quelles modalités ces changements dans l’écriture musicale et l’utilisation de la partition dans les différents épisodes sont liés aux mutations des techniques cinématographiques, en particulier aux bouleversements dunumérique. Mettant à profit l’exploitation de sources manuscrites inédites et d’entretiens personnels réalisés auprès de l’orchestrateur principal de Williams, Conrad Pope, et de son music editor Kenneth Wannberg, notre travail met en oeuvre une interdisciplinarité affirmée au croisement de l’analyse musicale, de l’histoire du cinéma et des technologies. / The scores of the Star Wars saga, a gigantic dischronic cycle spanning over a long period of twentyeight years, are all composed by John Williams, a unique configuration in cinema history. This compositional consistency should theoretically establish the two trilogies (1977-1983 and 1999-2005) as a coherent and unified whole, especially as George Lucas considers the six episodes as one single entity. Nevertheless, the hexalogy’s musical unity and the existence of a Star Wars musical signature are far from self-evident, instead taking the form of an ideal devoid of real, solid foundations.By adopting a comparative cross-disciplinary approach and by resorting to different scales of analysis (episode, trilogy, saga), this dissertation aims to show in which ways the musical material, Williams’ compositional practice as well as the use and integration of the score within the audiovisual complex are subjected to profound transformations between the two trilogies. This research also questions how and to what extent these changes in Williams’s writing and the score’s treatment in the different episodes are related to the mutations of film techniques, especially those of the digital age.Drawing on unreleased hand-written sources and personal interviews conducted with Williams’ main orchestrator, Conrad Pope, and his music editor, Kenneth Wannberg, this dissertation implements a firm interdisciplinarity at the intersection of musical analysis, cinema and technology history

Musical analysis has traditionally been located within the context of musicology. It is therefore an activity usually considered the purview of music scholars rather than practical musicians. The musical analyses produced by music scholars therefore provide us with intellectual understandings of musical works, rather than insights into the experience of listening to or playing music. In this thesis, I will propose that those agents involved in practical music-making can produce insights into musical works that are as valid as the work of traditional music scholarship. I will attempt to re-conceptualize the position of the ‘knower’ or ‘experiencer’ - the performer - of music as one with primary access to knowledge of a musical work, and therefore ideally suited to offer analyses of these works. The establishment of the performer as a bearer of central analytical knowledge functions in direct opposition to the traditional distinction between ‘theory’ and ‘practice’. My thesis will trace the Platonic origins of the philosophical separation of practice and research, and as an alternative to the traditional separation of practice and research, I shall explore the concept of Practice-Based Research (PBR). My exploration of PBR will be informed by phenomenological approaches to music scholarship. As a field of enquiry which concerns itself with experience, the phenomenology of music suggests that the mind and body of the practitioner are important sources of musical insight. To address this issue, Bourdieu’s notion of habitus will be explored. The habitus will be shown to contain a vast network of socio-cultural codes informing the practitioner’s relationship with the musical work. A central aim of this thesis is to explore the possibilities of using practice-based research as the foundation for the study and analysis of a composition, in order to allow for a deeper understanding of the work by means of the generation and harnessing of practical knowledge. Thus, the theoretical outline of PBR provided in this thesis will be applied to a piece of practical performance-based analysis. As such, an analysis of Mahler’s Quartetsatz will be used as the basis on which to draw knowledge in this project.

No abstract available / Dissertation (MMus)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Music / unrestricted

François Bayle (né en 1932), compositeur de musique électroacoustique et directeur du Groupe de Recherches Musicales (GRM) de 1966 à 1997, a toujours affirmé son intérêt pour les arts plastiques. Ce constat nous incite à penser qu'il existe une incidence importante des éléments picturaux sur le processus de création, et par conséquent des répercussions majeures sur l'écoute et la perception d'un style particulier au compositeur.Une première partie aborde les notions de lumière et d'obscurité, qui semblent correspondre à deux pôles musicaux récurrents (transparence/brouillage), tandis que le modèle de la couleur concernerait des données musicales s'appliquant à une pièce entière, et s'apparenterait à l'idée de ton général, au sens pictural du terme.Les modèles du fond et de la forme graphique se comprennent comme description des variations sonores sur une petite échelle de temps. L'étude de leurs rapports, notamment par l'établissement d'une typologie des situations d'écoute, permet de mettre en évidence des choix esthétiques basés sur des axes sonores équilibrés, et une musique pensée comme doublage du monde sonore réel.Une dernière partie s'interroge sur les possibilités d'intégration de modèles picturaux, par définition statiques, dans une structure musicale dynamique. Il apparaît que, si les procédés de juxtaposition sont prédominants, la structure générale n'en est pas moins orientée, offrant une double lecture de la pièce ou du cycle. / François Bayle (born 1932), French composer of electroacoustic music and head of the Groupe de Recherches Musicales (GRM) from 1966 to 1997, has always claimed an interest in plastic arts. This leads us to think that pictorial elements have an important impact on our perception of the composer's style.The first section addresses the notions of light and darkness, which seem to match two poles (transparency/blur), while the model of color is related to the whole piece, and could be compared to the general tone of a painting.The models of background and graphical form can be understood as descriptions of sonic variations on a short time scale. The study of their relation to one another, in particular thanks to a typology of listening situations, enables us to bring to light esthetical choices based on balanced axes, and conveys the music as a double of the real sonic world.The last section investigates the integrational possibilities of pictorial models, which are static by definition, within a dynamic musical structure. Even if juxtaposition processes prevail, the general structure is oriented, and offers a second reading to the piece.Keywords : composition, electroacoustic music, musical analysis, François Bayle, painting, plastic arts, Groupe de Recherches Musicales (GRM), color, form, morphology