Orientador: Edi Lúcia Sartorato / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T14:38:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Svidnicki_MariaCarolinaCostaMelo_D.pdf: 3787463 bytes, checksum: 29bd7c40aa78f66813f8c5ccbd4806be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A perda da audição é uma doença sensorial comum, que pode ser causada por fatores genéticos ou ambientais. Os recentes avanços na biologia molecular têm permitido a determinação das causas genéticas da perda auditiva, e mais de 100 genes já foram relacionados com este fenótipo. Devido à elevada heterogeneidade genética envolvida, um grande número de pacientes permanece sem diagnóstico molecular, pois apenas um pequeno conjunto de genes é geralmente analisado. Isso indica a necessidade de novas estratégias metodológicas para o rastreamento simultâneo de mutações em múltiplos genes. Neste trabalho, um painel para genotipagem utilizando o sistema de espectrometria de massa iPLEX MassARRAY® (Sequenom Inc.), contendo 86 alterações em 17 genes, foi otimizado e testado, visando sua aplicação no diagnóstico molecular de indivíduos com perda auditiva. Inicialmente, um teste com indivíduos controles mostrou falha em 20% das alterações. Na tentativa de se obter uma maior taxa de genotipagem, os primers das alterações que falharam foram redesenhados e ressintetizados. Novos testes com 25 indivíduos controles mostraram um significativo aumento na taxa de genotipagem, e a especificidade e sensibilidade da técnica foram estimadas em mais de 95%. Após a otimização dos ensaios, um grupo de 180 indivíduos, com perda auditiva não-sindrômica com causa presumidamente genética, foi rastreado utilizando o painel desenvolvido, e a validação das mutações identificadas foi realizada por sequenciamento de DNA ou PCR seguido de análise de restrição enzimática. Alterações genéticas foram confirmadas em 31% dos indivíduos, sendo que em 20,6% dos casos analisados foi possível esclarecer a etiologia da perda auditiva. Alterações no gene GJB2 foram as mais prevalentes, porém outras mutações também foram identificadas nos genes SLC26A4, CDH23, MT-RNR1, MT-TS1, MYO15A e OTOF. A genotipagem de mutações usando o sistema iPLEX MassARRAY® mostrou melhor custo-benefício em comparação com as técnicas convencionais, e permitiu rastrear um conjunto mais abrangente de genes do que aqueles atualmente analisados. Portanto, o painel desenvolvido é viável para o rastreamento inicial de mutações envolvidas com a perda auditiva não-sindrômica e poderá auxiliar no diagnóstico dos pacientes afetados / Abstract: Hearing loss (HL) is a common sensorial disorder, which can be caused by genetic or environmental factors. Recent advances in molecular biology have allowed the determination of the genetic causes of HL, and more than 100 genes have been linked to the phenotype. Due to the extraordinary genetic heterogeneity involved in HL a large percentage of patients remain without any molecular diagnosis. This indicates the need for new methodological strategies for simultaneously screening for mutations in multiple genes. In this work, we optimized and tested a panel of 86 mutations in 17 different genes, screened using the mass spectrometry system, iPLEX MassARRAY® (Sequenom Inc.), in order to determine the molecular etiology of hearing loss. An initial genotyping of control subjects, showed failures in 20% of the selected alterations. In an attempt to achieve greater genotyping rates, the tests that failed were redesigned and new primers were synthesized. Further tests with 25 control subjects were then performed and showed significant increase in genotyping rate. The sensitivity and specificity of the technique showed average values above 95%. Additionally, a group of 180 individuals, with nonsyndromic hearing loss with presumably genetic causes, was tested using the developed panel, and the validation of the identified mutations was performed by DNA sequencing or PCR followed by restriction enzyme analysis. Genetic alterations were confirmed in 31% of patients, and in 20.6% of the individuals was possible to elucidate the etiology of HL. Mutations in the GJB2 gene were the most prevalent, but other mutations in the SLC26A4, CDH23, MT-RNR1, MYO15A, and OTOF genes were also identified. Genotyping of mutations using iPLEX MassARRAY® Spectrometry System proved to be faster and more cost-effective, compared to conventional techniques, and enabled the screening of a broader set of genes and mutations than those currently analyzed to establish the molecular etiology of hearing loss. Hence, the developed panel is feasible for the initial screening mutations involved in non-syndromic hearing loss and may aid in the diagnosis of affected patients / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Doutora em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Leguminous plants are able to fix nitrogen by establishing a symbiotic relationship with soil dwelling bacteria, called rhizobia. The model plant Medicago truncatula forms a partnership with Sinorhizobium meliloti whereby the plant gains bioavailable nitrogen and in exchange the bacteria gains carbohydrates. This process occurs within nodules, which are structures produced on the roots of the plants within which nitrogen is fixed. M. truncatula incomplete root elongation (MtIRE) was localized to the infection zone, which is zone II of indeterminate nodules. It was shown to encode a signaling kinase so it was anticipated to play a role in nodulation. Mutants of MtIRE in the R108 background, mutagenized with the Tnt1 retrotransposon, were obtained from reverse screen, and were assessed to determine if a disrupted MtIRE gene was the cause of nitrogen fixation defective nodules. Mutant line NF1320, having a mutant phenotype, showed typical Mendelian segregation of 3:1 when backcrossed to R108. Experimental results show that MtIRE gene is not the cause of the mutant phenotype, but was linked to the causative locus. MtIRE co-segregated with the mutant phenotype 83%. Southern blot and the first version of the M. truncatula genome (version 3.5) reported a single MtIRE gene and this was shown to be on chromosome 5 but the latest version of the M. truncatula genome (version 4.0) showed a second copy of the gene on chromosome 4. The genome sequence is based on the A17 reference genome. Both genes are 99% identical. Genetic markers that originate from flanking sequence tags (FSTs) on both chromosome 4 and 5 were tested in an attempt to find an FST that co-segregated with the mutant phenotype 100%. An FST derived from a Tnt1 insertion in Medtr4g060930 (24F) co-segregated with the mutant phenotype closely, with 76% co-segregation. Medtr4g060930 (24F) is on chromosome 4, making it likely that the Tnt1 inserted in the MtIRE gene is also on chromosome 4, and thus the defective gene is on chromosome 4.

Thauera aminoaromatica MZ1T, a floc-forming bacterium isolated from an industrial activated sludge wastewater treatment plant, overproduces exopolysaccharide (EPS) leading to viscous bulking. This phenomenon results in poor sludge settling and dewatering during the clarification process. To identify genes responsible for bacterial flocculation, a whole genome phenotypic sequencing technique was applied. Genomic DNA of MZ1T flocculation-deficient mutants were subjected to massively parallel sequencing. The resultant high-quality reads were assembled and compared to the reference genome of the wild type genome. We identified nine nonsynonymous mutations and one nonsense mutation putatively involved in EPS biosynthesis. Complementation of the nonsense mutation located in an EPS deacetylase gene restored the flocculating phenotype. The FTIR spectra of EPS isolated from the wild-type showed reduced C=O peak of the N-acetyl group at 1665 cm-1 as compared to the spectra of MZ1T floc-deficient mutant EPS, suggesting that the WT EPS was partially deacetylated. Gene expression analysis also demonstrated the deacetylase gene transcript increased before flocculation occurred. The results suggest that the deacetylation of MZ1T EPS is crucial for flocculation. The information obtained from this study will be useful for preventing viscous bulking and wastewater treatment system failure, and may have potential applications in the biotechnology sector for the controlled removal of cells.

N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are fatty acid derivatives in plants that negatively influence seedling growth. N-Lauroylethanolamine (NAE 12:0), one type of NAE, inhibits root length, increases radial swelling of root tips and reduces root hair numbers in a dose dependent manner in Arabidopis thaliana L. (ecotype Columbia). A forward genetics approach was employed by screening a population of T-DNA “activation-tagged” developed by the Salk Institute lines for NAE resistance to identify potential genes involved in NAE signaling events in Arabidopsis thaliana L. (ecotype Columbia). Seeds of the activation tagged lines were grown at 0, 25, 30, 50, 75 and 100 µM N-lauroylethanolamime (NAE 12:0). Ten plants which displayed NAE tolerance (NRA) seedling phenotypes, compared with wildtype (Columbia, Col-0) seedlings were identified. I focused on one mutant line, identified as NRA 25, where the tolerance to NAE 12:0 appears to be mediated by a single dominant, nuclear gene. Thermal asymmetric interlaced (TAIL) PCR identified the location of the T-DNA insert as 3.86 kbp upstream of the locus At1g68510. Quantitative PCR indicated that the transcript level corresponding to At1g68510 is upregulated approximately 20 fold in the mutant relative to wildtype. To determine whether the NAE tolerance in NRA 25 is associated with overexpression of At1g68510 I created overexpressing lines of At1g68510 with and without GFP fusions behind the 2X35S CaMV promoter. As predicted, results with overexpressing lines of At1g68510 also exhibited enhanced resistance to NAE when compared with the wildtype. Confocal images of the fusion proteins suggest that GFP-At1g68510 is concentrated in the nucleus and this was confirmed by counterstaining with 4', 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindol (DAPI). Futhermore, At1g68510 overexpressing lines and NRA 25 line also exhibited tolerance to abscisic acid (ABA) during seedling germination. The findings suggests that At1g68510 overexpression mediates seedling tolerance to both ABA and NAE, a mechanism independent of fatty acid amide hydrolase in which its overexpression leads to NAE resistance but hypersensitivity to ABA. The next steps are to identify the association of At1g68510 with specific genomic regions or interacting proteins that may be additional components of NAE signaling in plants.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Our analysis of functional networks perturbed in ASD suggests that both truncating and non-truncating de novo mutations contribute to autism. Moreover, we find that truncating mutations affecting the same exon lead to strikingly similar intellectual phenotypes in unrelated ASD probands and propose that exons, rather than genes, represent a unit of effective phenotypic impact for truncating mutations in autism. The phenotypic effects are likely mediated by nonsense-mediated decay of splicing isoforms and similar patterns may be observed in other genetic disorders. While multiple cell types and brain areas are affected, the impact of ASD mutations converge on a strongly interconnected system of neural structures that involve basal ganglia loops and the limbic system. We observe that distant projections constitute a disproportionately large fraction of the network composition, suggesting that the integration of diverse brain regions is a key property of the neural circuit. We demonstrate that individual de novo mutations impact several disparate components of the network and may further explain the phenotypic variability. Overall, our study presents a method that, to our knowledge, is the first unbiased approach using genetic variants to comprehensively discover and identify the neural circuitry affected in a psychiatric disorder.

Photoactivated psoralens and other agents that form DNA interstrand crosslinks are highly cytotoxic and are useful in treating a range of diseases, including vitiligo, psoriasis, and some forms of cancer. Unlike many lesions that damage only one strand of the duplex DNA, DNA interstrand crosslinks form covalent bonds with both strands. Thus, repairing these lesions is complicated both by the lack of an undamaged strand to serve as a template for resynthesis following excision, as well as the potential to form double strand breaks if both strands are incised. A number of models have proposed that repair is likely to couple nucleotide excision repair with other repair pathways such as recombination, and/or translesion synthesis. However, several aspects of these models remain speculative, and how these medically relevant lesions are repaired by cells still remains elusive. In this study, I use Escherichia coli as a model organism to characterize which gene products contribute to survival in the presence of psoralen-induced DNA interstrand crosslinks. In Chapter II, I demonstrate that although nucleotide excision repair initiates repair, not all subunits contribute equally to survival. Notably, uvrC is less sensitive to psoralen-induced damage than either uvrA or uvrB. I found that Cho, an alternative endonuclease, accounts for the increased resistance of uvrC mutants and contributes to survival in the presence of UvrABC. Cho was not required following angelicin treatment, a psoralen derivative that only forms monoadducts, suggesting that Cho function is specific for interstrand crosslink repair. However, Cho, by itself, is not required for the initial incision and only modestly enhances the rate that psoralen crosslinks are incised in vivo. Following incision, many of the intermediates in the repair process remain speculative. In Chapter III, I examine how recombination and translesion synthesis mutants contribute to survival of psoralen-induced damage. I show that both recBC and recF contribute to survival, but that neither mutant is as hypersensitive as recA, potentially suggesting that pathways involving either single strand gaps or double strand break intermediates can occur during repair. Finally, I show that Polymerase V is responsible for the translesion synthesis that contributes to survival in the case of psoralen-induced damage in E.coli.

Genetic mutation is the ultimate source of new phenotypic variation in populations. The importance of mutation cannot be understated, and constitutes a significant evolutionary force. Although single mutations may have little to no impact on organismal performance or fitness, when multiplied across the total number of potential sites within the genome, mutation can have a large impact. Accurate measurement of the rates, molecular mechanisms, and distributions of effects of mutations are critical for many applications of evolutionary theory. Despite the importance of both deleterious and beneficial mutations, their genome-wide patterns and phenotypic consequences are poorly understood when considering the mitochondrial genome. Mitochondria are organelles that are essential for eukaryotic life. They contain their own genome and generate bioenergy (ATP) necessary to sustain life via the electron transport chain (ETC). Because of their role in eukaryotic physiology, understanding how mitochondrial genetic and phenotypic variation can impact populations and evolutionary outcomes is essential. Past studies have implicated DNA-damaging oxidative stress as a source of mutations within somatic tissue, but there is a gap in knowledge regarding its role in heritable damage within the germ line. In this thesis, I aimed to test this possibility by characterizing the phenotypic and mutational consequences of high intracellular ROS levels caused by mitochondrial ETC genetic damage. I performed experiments using Caenorhabditis elegans ETC mutant, gas-1, and mutation-accumulation (MA) lines generated from this ancestral genotype. I quantified organismal fitness (fecundity and longevity), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi m), and ATP levels in these lines, and compared the results to those from a set of wildtype control lines. I begin with a general introduction to the hypothesis and the C. elegans system in Chapter I. In Chapter II, I report the findings from this work. In short, I found that while gas-1 MA lines began the experiment with low lifetime fecundity in comparison to the wildtype strain, their fecundity showed no further decline as expected, and even exhibited higher fecundity levels on days 3-5 of reproduction relative to the gas-1 progenitor. The gas-1 progenitor exhibited higher rates of ROS compared to wildtype, whereas the MA lines reverted back to wildtype levels; a similar pattern was observed for delta psi m, while ATP levels were low in the gas-1 progenitor and remained low in the MA lines. I interpret these findings in light of high-throughput sequencing results from these lines showing that, while nuclear and mitochondrial DNA mutation rates were equal to wildtype in these lines, the genomic pattern of mutation was highly nonrandom and indicative of selection for beneficial or compensatory sequence changes. Because ROS levels declined to wildtype in the evolved (MA), this study was unable to address whether ROS is a major contributor to heritable mutation in this system. I hypothesize that, in addition to their putatively compensatory genetic changes, gas-1 lineages experienced physiological compensation allowing them to survive, and that this was associated with a "slow living" phenotype. In Chapter III, I summarize general conclusions and implications of this study and end by providing suggestions for further study.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa are medically important bacteria that are notorious for causing nosocomial infections. To gain more knowledge into understanding how this organism operates, it was decided to explore the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. Pyrimidine synthesis, being one half of the DNA structure, makes it a very important pathway to the organism’s survivability. With previous studies being done on various genes in the pathway, pyrE has not been studied to the fullest extent. To study the function of pyrE, a site directed mutagenesis was done to completely knock out pyrE, which encodes the protein orotate phosphoribosyl transferase that is responsible for converting orotate into orotate monophosphate (OMP). A mutation in this step leads to accumulation and secretion of orotate into the medium. Analyzing virulence factors produced by the mutant and comparing to the wild type, some intriguing features of the mutant were discovered. One of the findings was the over expression of virulence factors pyoverdin and pyocyanin. Pyocyanin over expression, based on the results of this study, is due to the accumulation of orotate while over production of pyoverdin is due to the accumulation of dihydroorotate. The other virulence factors studied were motility assays, exoproducts, and growth analysis. All virulence factor production was reduced significantly in the mutant compared to the wild type. The casein protease assay showed absolutely no production of proteases in the mutant. The conclusion is that orotate accumulation leads to a significant reduction in virulence factor production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition to that, it was found that excess orotate in the wild type led to a decrease in quorum sensing regulated products.

Drosophila melanogaster encounter periods of increased temperature or decreased oxygen in its native environment. One consequence of these environmental stresses is increased production of reactive oxygen species that damage major molecules within cells. Another consequence is that flies fall into a protective coma where biological functions are minimized to conserve energy expenditures. This biological phenomenon is called spreading depression. The overarching aim of this project is to determine if methionine sulfoxide reductases affect entrance or exit from the protective coma induced by acute thermal stress. The data revealed that complete deficiency of Msr in young flies causes a faster induction of the coma. In both young and old flies, Msr does not affect average recovery time but does affect the pattern of recovery from coma. Entrance into the coma is age dependent with young flies maintaining activity longer than before entering into the coma as compared to old flies. / by Karin Schey. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

Mitochondrial disorders resulting from defects in oxidative phosphorylation are the most common form of inherited metabolic disease. Mutations in the human mitochondrial translation elongation factor GFM1 have recently been shown to cause the lethal pediatric disorder Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency Syndrome (COXPD1). Children harboring mutations in GFM1 exhibit severe developmental, metabolic and neurological abnormalities. This work describes the identification and extensive characterization of the first known mutations in iconoclast (ico), the Drosophila orthologue of GFM1. Expression of human GFM1 can rescue ico null mutants, demonstrating functional conservation between the human and fly proteins. While point mutations in ico result in developmental defects and death during embryogenesis, animals null for ico survive until the second or third instar larval stage. These results indicate that in addition to loss-of-function consequences, point mutations in ico appear to produce toxic proteins with antimorphic or neomorphic effects. Consistent with this hypothesis, transgenic expression of a mutant ICO protein is lethal when expressed during development and inhibits growth when expressed in wing discs. In addition, animals with a single copy of an ico point mutation are more sensitive to acute hyperthermic or hypoxic stress. Removal of the positively-charged tail of the protein abolishes the toxic effects of mutant ICO, demonstrating that this domain is necessary for the harmful gain-of-function phenotypes observed in ico point mutants. / Further, expression of GFP-tagged constructs indicates that the C-terminal tail enhances ectopic nuclear localization of mutant ICO, suggesting that mislocalization of the protein may play a role in the antimorphic effects of mutant ICO. Taken together, these results illustrate that in addition to loss-of-function effects, gain-of-function effects can contribute significantly to the pathology caused by mutation in mitochondrial translation elongation factors. / by Catherine F. Trivigno. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.